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Origin of the Lone Star Flag
By David L. Martin
The design of any national flag is created from the passions and the
needs of people that must “show their colors”. The origin of the Texas
“Lone Star Flag” started long before the Texas revolution. The Lone Star Flag
was created from concepts of human rights that blossomed from the “age of
enlightenment” that in turn brought about the American and French
revolutions that used combinations of the colors red, white and blue in their
flags and in the case of the Americans, the addition of stars in a blue field.
Men who were products of this era, such as, Sebastián Francisco de
Miranda (Caracas, March 28, 1750 ….July 14, 1816), Joel Roberts Poinsett
(March 2, 1779 – Charleston, South Carolina, December 12, 1851), David
Gouverneur Burnet, (April 14, 1788 -New Jersey, Dec. 5, 1870 – Texas)
brought the ideas of personal rights and revolution to South America and
Texas.
After a military and political career in Europe, Francisco Miranda
returned to the western hemisphere to free his native land (South America)
from French/Spanish rule. His vision was to establish an independent country
that would encompass all the territory from the eastern border of the Spanish
estado de Tejas to Patagonia (Argentina and Chile). On a trip to New York he
conferred with American revolutionary leaders and recruited David G. Burnet,
among others, to join him. After initial success with Miranda in Venezuela,
David G. Burnet returned to the United States and studied law.
Joel Roberts Poinsett (March 2, 1779 – Charleston, South Carolina, Dec.
12, 1851) was also a product of the European “enlightenment” thinking and
European military training. He was sent to South America by U.S. President
James Madison to serve as an agent for the United States. He greatly
influenced the revolutionaries in Chile with his nationalist governmental
ideals and helped them write the first Chilean Constitution. While he was
there, the U.S. warship Essex visited Valparaiso to show the “colors” as a
warning to anyone who would interdict U. S. merchant ships. It is reported by
Chilean history scholars that a U.S. citizen fighting with Chilean patriotic
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forces designed the first Chilean flag of the “Patria Vieja”. Whether it was
Poinsett’s influence or other U.S. influence, the Chilean national flag and
maritime flag first flown in 1817 that is called “la bandera Estrella Solitaria”
is very closely tied to the United States. This flag conceived by Jose Ignacio
(Chilean Minister of War and Navy 1817-1822) and designed by Antonio Arcos
use the “red, white and blue” with a star in the field of blue. It was very
practical for the Chilean warships and merchant
ships. When viewed from a distance, it was
easily mistaken for a U.S. flag. Even the
hesitation of several minutes by a hostile ship
could give the Chileans an advantage. Some
seventeen years later this same flag design was
used in the Gulf of Mexico for the same reason.
After Robert Poinsett left Chile and returned to
the United States, he was appointed the first
U.S. ambassador to Mexico and while there he
made an abortive, ill timed attempt to buy
La bandera Estrella
Solitaria- Chile 1817
Chile - 1817
Texas.
In 1817 David G. Burnet entered the Spanish “estado de Tejas” and
lived with the Comanche Indians for two years. He entered and re-entered
“Tejas” twice between 1826 and 1830 before settling on the San Jacinto
River with his new bride Hannah Este. Burnet was elected the first President
of the Republic of Texas (interim) and was instrumental in the adoption of at
least three of the Republic of Texas “star” flags.
Samuel May Williams (1795 – Providence, Rhode Island, 1858 – Texas)
was another adventurer of the same era with more mercantile motives. His
father was a sea captain and Samuel apprenticed in Baltimore with his uncle,
Nathaniel F. Williams, a commission merchant who incidentally sold sails to
Jean Lafitte and his brother for a privateering expedition sponsored by the
rebel Argentinian government (Henson, 1976). In 1814 Samuel traveled to
Buenos Aires on business and stayed there until late 1818. While there, he
mastered the Spanish language and Latin American business practices and
was exposed to such events as transfer of ownership of U. S. flagged
frigates, outfitted for war, to the Chilean government in Buenos Aires harbor.
On his return to the U.S., he stayed in New Orleans for a time in the same
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Hotel as Jean Lafitte. While there, due to an
undisclosed problem, he found it to his advantage
to reside under a different name. In 1822 Samuel
left New Orleans and the United States under his
assumed name to start a new life and career in
Mexico, as did a lot of other “Americans” (U.S.
Schooner
- Gulf ofhis
Mexico
ca. 1830 1
citizens). In Tejas he worked for Stephen F. Austin and
resumed
real
identity and later entered into a partnership with Thomas F. McKinney doing
business as McKinney and Williams Trading Company headquartered in
Quintana, estado de Coahuila y Tejas. They had ships that carried their cargo
along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and in order to give their captain an
advantage when encountering pirates or other hostile vessels, they used a
maritime flag similar to what Samuel had seen the Chilean Navy use in South
America. As evidenced by pictures on some of their shipping invoices from
1834, they used a flag designed with the “red, white and blue” using a star in
the blue field. They used a design that was even closer to the U.S. flag than
the Chilean “Estrella Solitaria” because they used thirteen red and white
stripes, rather than two. This flag might have been used on the steamship
“Yellowstone” that was leased by McKinney and Williams to pickup cotton at
Jared Groce´s landing on the Brazos River. On March 31, 1836 while at
Groce´s, the Yellowstone ferried the whole Texian Army under the command
of General Sam Houston to safety on the east bank of the rain swollen Brazos
River and out of harm’s way of the advancing armies of General Antonio
Lopez de Santa Anna. McKinney and Williams also gave the new Republic
$100,000.00 to buy ships and outfit them for the First Navy of the Republic of
Texas.
The Texas (Mexican breakaway State) Naval flag (Mexican tricolor
with 1824 in the white field) approved by
the Consultation for “Marque and
Reprisal” was being confused with the
Mexican National tricolor on the high
seas. Because of this, on April 9, 1836
President David G. Burnet authorized the
McKinney and Williams maritime flag
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First Republic of Texas Navy Flag 1836
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(sometimes later called the Hawkins flag) as the first Republic of Texas Navy
Flag.
Charles Bellinger Stewart (1806- Charleston, South Carolina 1885 –
Montgomery, Texas) was another adventurer/entrepreneur that was involved
in Latin-American maritime trade. He was also involved with the
revolutionary passions of the region and the last Republic of Texas Flag. He
studied medicine in South Carolina and later received a license in pharmacy
there while working for Phelps and Bonner, Druggists. In 1828 while on a trip
to Cuba, he formed a trading partnership with Laurenz Sanchez, a Spaniard.
They bought a small vessel for trade between the United States and Cuba at
which time Stewart would have been well aware of the advantage of using a
flag similar to the U. S. flag on the open sea. In 1829 and 1830 Mr. Stewart
was in New Orleans handling the U. S. side of the partnership importing
among other things, coffee. While in New Orleans Mr. Stewart met Stephen F.
Austin and as a result in 1830 he moved his business to Brazoria, Coahuila Y
Tejas, Mexico. When Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna took over the government
of Mexico and abrogated the special rights of the settlers in Tejas, Mr.
Stewart and others actively protested these changes. One of the changes
was the imposition of import duties.
When William Barrett Travis and Patrick Jack were arrested by the
Mexican military commander, John Davis Bradburn, Charles Stewart was
among colonists that obtained their release. According to the family, Travis
and Dr. Stewart were friends and when Travis departed for Bejar to fortify the
Alamo, he stopped at Stewart’s store in San Felipe de Austin for a cart load
of supplies including medical supplies. In 1832 when Domingo de Ugartechea
and his soldiers tried to stop the Texians and their cannon from going down
the Brazos River, Charles Stewart was with John Austin, Henry Smith and the
colonists. During the battle that ensued, Mr. Stewart was “detailed to make a
reconnaissance, and to get a good view of the surrounding country, he
climbed a large oak. Very soon he was discovered by a Mexican
sharpshooter whose marksmanship proved bad, as one of the balls fired by
the Mexican struck the trunk of the oak near the head of Dr. Stewart.” Mr.
Stewart went on to become a licensed physician by the Mexican government
on May 4, 1835. He was appointed as executive secretary of the consultation
under Branch T. Archer and then after November 1835, under Governor Henry
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Smith for the State of Texas of Mexico (separated from the estado de
Coahuila y Tejas). Dr. Stewart was the first delegate to sign the Declaration
of Independence of The Republic of Texas (after the president of the
convention, Richard Ellis) and he went on to hold many public offices of The
Republic as well as the State of Texas of the United States
There were many flags of the Texas revolution other than the
McKinney and Williams that expressed the local inhabitant’s sentiments and
passions. A good many of them did not encompass the lone
star theme, however at least nine did champion the single or
lone star such as:
The James Long, filibuster flag of 1818……. The first Lone
Star Flag of Tejas.
Col. James Long was a U. S. Army surgeon the organized an expedition
into the Spanish estado de Tejas with the intent of establishing a new
republic there. He was married to Jane Wilkerson Long whose determined
character and wise counsel earned her the title of “mother of Texas”. Mrs.
Long’s uncle, Gen. James Wilkerson supported Dr. Long’s expedition with
encouragement from Andrew Jackson. After the expedition failed and Dr.
Long died as a result of an intrigue in Mexico City, Jane Long stayed on and
lived the rest of her life in Texas.
The Coahuila y Tejas flag about 1824:…..This flag came about sometime after
combining los estados de Coahuila y Tejas as a
result of the Mexican constitution of 1824.
There are several reports that this flag was
flying over the Alamo when Santa Anna’s army
overran it.
Two of Tom Green's Helpers 1
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Se pte mb er 1 9, 1 83 5: The Do d son
Flag
Th e Har ris bur g c om mitt ee
of vig ilan ce and s af et y u po n he arin g Gen. Marti n Per fe cto de Co s
(el cuñ ad o de An ton io L op ez d e Sa nta Ann a) pla nn ed a n in v as ion of
Te xa s, for me d a co mp an y o f vol un teer s which incl ud ed Arc hela u s
Bynu m D od so n. Archelaus’ young wife S ara h Br adl ey Do d son de si gne d
and wi th help o f ot her H arri sb urg wome n, mad e t he fir st tri col or
Lon e Star fl ag o f T exa s. Wh en the com pa ny o f A ndr e w R obin son,
Jr., wa s mu st ere d int o th e re v oluti onar y arm y i n 1 83 5 she
pre se nte d it t o th e m em ber s. The R obin so n c om pa ny par tici pat ed
in th e sieg e o f B ex ar a nd t he cap tu re o f th e Al am o.
Late 18 35 …..C apt. Willi a m Scot t , o ne
of St eph en F. A u stin ’ s ori gin al “ Old 300 ”
colo ni st s, wa nte d a fla g f or his Mili tia
Co mpa n y o f 3 2 L yn chb urg, Tex a s m en th at
sh o wed a d e sire fo r in dep en den ce, so he
ga ve a bo ut 4 yard s of blu e s ilk t o h is Se co nd Li eut en ant, Ja me s L.
Mc G ah ey to ma ke a fl ag. Lt. Mc Ga he y to ok t he sil k to Mrs. Jo seph
Ly nch to se w th e fl ag. H e t hen a sk ed C harl e s Zan co, a lo cal
paint er o rigi nall y fro m Den ma rk, t o pain t a l arg e 5 poin ted whit e
sta r in t he mid dle of th e bl ue silk. Za nco said the fl ag l ook ed
rath er pl ain, so Mc G ahe y t old hi m t o pai nt t he w ord
IND E PEND E N C E u nde r th e star, an d the Sc ott Fla g wa s b orn . The
Sc ott Flag m ay ha ve be en de str oy e d in t he fall o f th e Al am o wh ere
Char le s Za nco die d o n Mar ch 6, 1 8 36.
THE C OME A ND TA KE IT FL A G
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O ctob er 2, 18 35
A lar ge grou p o f Te xa ns
und er C olo nel Joh n H. Moore
gath ere d in Gonz ale s and wait ed
for t he M exi ca n Ar m y to co me to
atte mpt to t ake th eir c ann on
bac k on th e we ste rn sid e o f t he
Gu ad alup e Ri v er. Whil e wai ting
Reenactment: Battle of Gonzales 1
for t he M exi ca n Ar m y to arri v e,
Cynthi a B urn s and E valin e “S ara h” Se al y, th e wi fe of Gree n D eWi tt,
mad e a fl ag fro m t he white sil k we ddin g g o wn of her da ught er
Na om i De Wit t, wh o m arri ed Willia m A. Mat the ws. T he y pain ted a
can non on the fl ag u nd er a Lo ne St ar, a nd t he word s, “C om e-a ndTa ke- It ” wer e writ ten bel o w t he c a nno n, a nd so me hi stor ian s sa y
also a bo ve t he ca nno n.
November 1835.. Joanna Troutman Flag
When Texans sent out an appeal for help against the Mexican army in
November 1835, the Georgia Battalion was organized in that state, drawing
men from small towns and large. Joanna Troutman's brothers and cousins
were involved, and she sewed a silk banner to be flown as the battalion's
battle flag. She sewed a five-pointed blue star on both sides of the banner,
with "Liberty or Death" on one side and "Ubi libertas habitat. Ubi nostra
patria est" ("Where liberty dwells, there is our country") on the other.
Joanna's flag was accepted and accompanied the Georgia Battalion to
Texas, where it was first unfurled Jan. 8, 1836, over the Americana Hotel in
Velasco. That night, as it was being lowered, the silken banner was ripped
into pieces but the tattered remnants were hoisted aloft as the battalion flag.
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From Velasco, the Georgia Battalion marched to Goliad, where it joined
the Texas troops under Col. James Fannin. Texas was declared free from
Mexico at Washington-on-the-Brazos on March 2, 1836, and Joanna's Lone
Star banner was flown at Goliad on March 8. After the Goliad massacre of
March 27, no part of the tattered banner was saved.
Selecting a flag for the new republic had been on the minds of the
delegates and the people of Texas for some time. In February 1836, before
his capture and execution by the Mexicans after the battle of Coleto Creek,
Colonel Fannin had written:
"Give us a flag to fight under, as unlike theirs as possible. We need one
and have nothing [here] to make it of, and hope the Convention will furnish
one in time to hoist it in defiance of Santa Anna." Col. Fannin (Mamie
Wynne Cox 1936)
As the convention records of March 12, 1836 reflect, the citizenry of
the Republic was unified not only for their rights, but their vision of Texas as
a star strong enough to prevail on its own. As early as March12, 1836 the
“star” was adopted as the symbol of “the republic” by the “convention”.
70 Proceedings of the Convention at Washington.
Mr. Bunton introduced the following resolution:- Resolved that
the Corn: on Military affairs be instructed to report a plan to this
house, by which supplies, arms, munitions &c. may be immediately
despatched to the seat of war: which was adopted.
On motion of Mr. Rusk. Resolved that Mr. Goodrich be appointed
a committee to procure a suitable room in which to deposit
the public archives.
Mr. Childress introduced the following resolution:: Resolved that
a single star of five points, either of gold or silver, be adopted as
the peculiar emblem of this republic: & that .every officer & soldier
of the army and members of this convention, and all friends
of Texas., be requested to wear it on their hats or bosomns: which
was adopted.
On motion of Mr. Gazley, the house adjourned till tomorrow,
9. o'clock.
Courtesy: The Univ. of Texas School of Law
May 11th, 1836 First Flag of the
Republic…..Zavala Flag
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This is probably the most romantic and mystical flags of the Republic
Flags. Did it ever exist? Was it this design? There are reports that it did. The
first Constitutional Convention had begun its work by declaring Texas'
independence from Mexico, writing a new constitution and electing the first
leaders. A committee of five delegates, Lorenzo de Zavala, William B.
Scates, Thomas Barnett, Sterling C. Robertson, Thomas J. Gazley and by
invitation of the committee, Richard Ellis, all signers of the Texas
Declaration of Independence, was selected and their choice for a design for
a new flag was approved by the entire convention on May 11th, 1836. The
design was a blue field with a white star of five points central, with the
letters T E X A S between the star points. Interestingly, Zavala, a native of
Spain, had served as Mexico's Secretary of the Treasury, Minister to Paris
and as President of the Mexican Constitutional Congress in 1824 before
moving to Texas.
Maybe this design was too popular not to have existed. A facsimile of
this flag was on the back of all the “red back” Republic of Texas currency
from 1837 until 1839.
Republic of Texas “Redback” currency 1837 – 1839 (courtesy Texas State Archives)
Dec em ber 10, 18 36
B urn et Fl a g
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Th e “Bu rne t Fl ag ” wa s na med f or t he fir st pr o vi sion al
Pre si de nt o f t he Rep ubli c o f Te xa s, Da vid Gou ve rne ur B urn et who
wa s ele cte d b y t he d ele gat e s at t h e Mar ch 1 83 6 C on ve ntio n at
Wa shi ngt on- on-t he- Braz o s. A ft er th e vi cto ry at Sa n J aci nto,
Pre si de nt D a vid G. Bur net sugg e ste d the de si gn for thi s fla g in a
No v em ber 11, 183 6 le tter to t he fir st Rep ubli c o f Te xa s C on gre s s.
Th e fir st C ong re s s o f th e R ep ubli c of Te xa s met in Colu mb ia, Te xa s
begi nni ng o n Oct ob er 3, 18 36 at a sm all mo de st h ou se . At thi s
fir st R ep ubli c o f Te xa s C on gre s s a bill wa s sp on so red to ado pt a
“Nati on al Sta nda rd ” c on si stin g o f a n az ure blu e fl ag wi th a s ingl e
gold st ar i n it s c ent er. On De ce mb er 10 , 18 36 t he re sol utio n wa s
sig ned b y Sp eak er o f t he Hou se, Ir a I ngr am and th e Pre sid ent Pro
Te m o f t he S ena te, Rich ard E lli s, who h ad se rv ed as Pre sid ent of
the March 18 36 con venti on at Wa s hingt on- on-t he- Bra zo s. Th e bil l
wa s si gne d b y t he ne wl y ele cted P r esi den t o f th e R ep ubli c o f
Te xa s, Sa m H ou sto n. Thi s w a s th e of fici al fla g o f th e R epu blic o f
Te xa s fro m D ec em ber 10, 18 36 u nti l Jan uar y 25, 183 9 wh en our
curr ent St ate of T ex as fl ag was ad opte d a s t he Rep ubli c o f Te xa s
fla g.
When Dr. Charles Stewart and the other delegates to the constitutional
convention at Washington on the Brazos signed the Texas Declaration of
Independence, they were signing their death warrant if captured by Santa
Anna. As soon as they completed the Texas Constitution, they had to join the
“runaway scrape” and keep moving the new government out of harm’s way.
They were still doing the new Republic’s business as they fled. One of the
committees that was in place during that time was the Zavala flag
committee.
In 1836 while C. B. Stewart was serving as a delegate to the Republic
of Texas Constitutional Convention at Washington on the Brazos, he left the
proceedings with Judge James Hall’s authorization for W. W. Shepperd to
officiate over the marriage of Julia Shepperd and
Stewart. W. W. Shepperd performed the marriage
between his daughter Julia Shepperd and Dr.
Stewart at Lake Creek Settlement on March 11,
1836. Stewart returned to the Convention to
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complete his duties concerning the Declaration of Independence and writing
of Constitution of the Republic of Texas. Authoritative sources quote a letter
written by Sam Houston that states that Charles Stewart was at the San
Jacinto battle and assisted as a translator after the battle. When Dr. Stewart
returned to San Felipe de Austin in 1836, he found his business had been
burned and all his merchandise in ashes. In late 1837/early 1838 Dr. Stewart
started working with his father-in-law to develop the town of Montgomery
and subsequently re-established his apothecary along with his medical
practice. In 1838 W. W. Shepperd and Dr. Stewart donated land and buildings
to help establish the county of Montgomery, Texas.
In late 1838 Dr. Stewart with some old acquaintances and political
allies from as far back as the disturbances at Anahuac (Oliver Jones, Richard
Ellis, Thomas Barnett and Charles Stewart..see index) were members of a
committee sponsored by William H. Wharton to create a new national flag.
Dr. Stewart frequented Houston as part of his normal business activities and
his involvement with the committee included making the first freehand
drawing of the flag conceived by the committee.
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Charles Stewart flag the original drawing of the third flag of the Republic of
Texas
(Courtesy..Sam Houston Research Center, Texas State Archives, Liberty, Texas)
The Charles Stewart flag, the original drawing of the third flag of the
Republic of Texas, is a “free hand” drawing of the concept of the flag
committee of 1838 - 1839. The original is in the Sam Houston Library and
Research branch of the Texas State Archives. It was described as on linen in
1936 by Mamie Wynne Cox, DRT (reporter and author) and the seal is on one
side and flag on the other. It was not originally colored, having the letters of
the colors written into their appropriate spaces (as you can plainly see even
today). Early family records state that some of the Stewart children colored
the spaces of the flag and Mr. Stewart was upset about it. The Stewart seal
and flag are irregular and the star is not concentric which is consistent with
a “freehand drawing”.
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Mirabeau B. Lamar signature on the Stewart flag
The Lamar signature on the Stewart flag when photographed in 1936
by Mamie Wynne Cox was more natural and flowing than it is now (after
preservation)
A copy of the original flag was needed, as was customary for all documents
at that time, and Peter Krag was contracted :
“for drafting the contemplated
National flag & seal for the use of the Senate, as accompanying the Report of
the Committee. $10.~~ Houston 15th Janry 1839. Oliver Jones Chairman of
the above Committy “
Krag Draft of Texas Flag 1
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Webster’s definition of drafting is copying or recreating.
Courtesy: Texas
Archives
State Library and
His draft
was on
paper, so it
was
apparently
intended to
accompany
the flag
legislation
and was
kept with
the
congressional records through the years.
There has always been a slight mystery , because both flags were signed
upside down, as if they had been pushed across the table. In any case, that
seems to prove that they were signed at the same time.
Peter Krag had been in Houston for about a year prior to being hired to do the
draft (copy) of the Stewart flag. He did a very good job.
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The pride in his craftsmanship shows in his work and in his job application to
President Lamar a couple of months later (see below).
Courtesy: Montgomery County Genealogical Library
In conclusion:
This subject was researched thoroughly to bring to light all possible
documentation avialable at this time concerning the origin of the Texas Lone
Star Flag. The research has shown that Wharton, Stewart, Williams, Ellis,
Barton, Burnet, Jones, and others mentioned in the article moved in the
same social and sometime family circles from the early 1830’s and on
through the confrontation at Anahuac, the consultation days, the writing of
the Republic of Texas Constitution and the days of the Republic of Texas.
They were some of the major decision makers and most of them knew the
value of the Red, White and Blue flag with a star. They all had roles in
developing the Texas Lone Star Flag as a group and as individuals.
William H. Wharton has been given credit by some for putting these
colors together to create the our Lone Star Flag. However, we have the
record of the flag he proposed and it was much different than the Lone Star
Flag. It was designed for political purposes and the record shows that it was
possibly used once.
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Research shows that Peter Krag did not design the flag, either. He was an
archectural draftman new to Texas in 1839 and was paid $10.00 for a draft
(copy) of the original freehand drawing of the Lone Star Flag.
Documentation provided in this article and the family history in the form of
written accounts by his son and daughter comfirm that the original freehand
drawing of the first Texas Lone Star Flag signed by Mirabeau B. Lamar on a
piece of linen was the work of Dr. Charles Berringer Stewart.
In 1997 the Texas legislature confirmed that Montgomery County is the home
of the Texas Lone Star Flag by reading House Resolution 1123 into the
legislative record.
My thanks to the many friends and colleauges that provided valuable
research, documentation and advise for this article.
David L. Martin
Bibliography
Combs, J. F. (n.d.). Son of Signer of Texas Independence Preserves Many Original Paper.
Cox, M. W. (1936). The Romantic Flags of Texas. Banks Upshaw and Company, Dallas.
Delaney, F. M. (1976). Signers of the Declaration of Independence of Texas. Dallas Morning News
.
Dixon, S. H. (n.d.). Men Who Made Texas Free.
Drake, J. C. (2008). A Brief History of the Texas Navy Flag. The Texas Navy Association .
First Signer of Texas Independence Charter Was Medical Pioneer. (March 3, 1940). The Houston
Chronicle .
Henson, M. S. (1976). Samuel May Williams: Early Texas Entrepreneur. Texas.
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Robertson, W. S. (1907). Francisco de Miranda and the Revolutionizing of Spanish America.
Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1907 , pp. Volume 1, pages 189-540.
SAMUEL MAY WILLIAMS, Texas Pioneer, Businessman and Freemason. Grand Lodge of texas.
Texas, D. C. (1836). Journals of the Convention of the Free, Sovereign, and Independent People
of Texas, in General Convention, Assembled H.P.H. Gamel, The Laws of Texas, 1822-1897,
Volume 1. Journals of the Convention ,page 890
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