Bio 1 Lab Review Sheet for Exam
This review has been created to aid in your preparation for the lab exam. This review covers a representative portion of the
potential material, and is not intended to be comprehensive. Be aware that this will be a challenging exam which requires
intensive preparation.
• The exam will have 25 questions (2 pts. each), 12 stations.
• You have 2 minutes per station - once you leave a station there is no returning to that station.
Lab 1 – Measurement, Microscopy, and the Living Cell
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Be able to perform conversions between the units described in your lab manual.
For example:
o Convert 30mm into _________nm
Be able to calculate a molecular weight given the molecular formula and a periodic table. Be able to calculate moles
of a particular molecule.
Compute the total magnification of the compound microscope when using each objective: scanning, low, high. When
should you use each objective?. (Ex: If you are viewing a prepared slide through the high power lens your field of
view is being magnified how many times?)
Know the proper way to handle the compound and dissecting microscopes.
Know how to use a balance, fixed volume pipettor, pipette bulb/pipette, graduated cylinder. .
Be able to identify organelles in prepared slides
Know the functions of various organelles
o Be able to tell the difference between a plant and an animal cell; a prokaryote and a eukaryote.
o Leucoplasts function in the storage of ____________. Know what they look like.
o Where are the chloroplasts located with respect to the vacuole in a plant cell?
Lab 2 – The Process of Scientific Inquiry
(covered in lab reports; not tested on practical)
Lab 3 – Macromolecular Composition of Cells
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What macromolecule is depicted by the following empirical formula? CH2O
The breakdown of polysaccarides into monosaccharides is a ____________reaction. Formation of macromolecules from
their building blocks is a ____________ reaction.
Know the basic structure of each class of macromolecules. (Ex: What macromolecule is comprised of an amino group
(NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen (H) and one of several possible side groups (R)?)
What macromolecule does the Biuret Test test for? Iodine Test? Sudan IV Test? Benedicts Test? Know what a positive
test result looked like for each test.
What is the function of a positive control? A negative control?
A weak acid will break what bond in protein structure? What is this process called?
Lab 4 – Membranes and Molecular Transport
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If you were given a prepared slide of elodea depicting a hypertonic solution would the cell be plasmolyzed or turgid?
What about a hypotonic solution? Know what each state looks like.
Be able to identify and explain movement of (protein/glucose/something else) molecules through an artificial membrane
(dialysis tubing).
Describe the impact on beets placed in a test tube with absolute ethanol or boiling water. What was affected: the protein
or the lipid in membrane structure?
Lab 5 - Energy And Enzymes
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Was lactase hydrolysis of ONPG an endergonic or an exergonic reaction? Recognize a graph of each type of reaction.
What does an enzyme do physically? Describe its importance.
How does enzyme concentration impact the rate of reaction? Temperature? pH?
Know general characteristics of enzymes. Are enzymes used up or destroyed or changed when they help facilitate
chemical reactions?
Be familiar with the spectrophotometer: what is it used for, how do you calibrate it, what does the absorbance reading tell
you, etc.
Be able to interpret a graph depicting absorbance reading. Be able to calculate the reaction rate (slope of line)
Did you have a higher reaction rate for E1 or E2?
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Lab 6 – Cellular Metabolism
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If you were provided the results of the yeast fermentation experiment would you be able to explain the results? Which
test tube was the negative control for yeast? Negative control for sugar? Could you predict the ability of yeast to ferment
a sugar that you have not previously tested?
What is phenol red, and why did we use it? When you added phenol red to the yeast fermentation tubes and some of
them turned yellow, what was that telling you?
What gas is given off during fermentation?
Use the chemical equation to describe the effect of CO2 on the pH of a solution.
What was the purpose of the KOH in the respirometer experiment?
What gas was consumed during aerobic respiration of the corn seedlings in the respirometer? Where was this aerobic
respiration taking place (organelle)?
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Lab 7 – Photosynthesis
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Know characteristics of the visible spectrum-In what portion of the visible spectrum is photosynthesis active?
Know the relationship between wavelengths of absorbed vs. reflected light in the visible spectrum.
Know the effect light intensity has on photosynthesis.
Know what different stages of photosynthesis are and where they occur.
Lab 8 – Chromosomes and Cell Division
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Recognize and be able to interpret a karyotype analysis. Know what characteristics are used to distinguish between
metaphase chromosomes. Understand the term telocentric.
Explain what a diploid (2n) chromosome count means, and know how many chromosomes (or homologous pairs) there are
in the human and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Explain what cells are haploid.
Identify stages of mitosis on onion root tip prepared slides.
Know when mitosis is used (what the purpose and end results of the process are).
Explain how meiosis is different from mitosis and describe the products of meiosis.
Be able to identify a popbead model of each of the stages of mitosis/meiosis.
Lab 10 – Transmission Genetics
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Understand each of the following terms if used in a sentence: Allele, gene, monohybrid, dihybrid, law of segregation, law of
independent assortment, codominance, incomplete dominance, test cross, dominance/recessiveness, true-breeding,
chi-square, punnett square, degrees of freedom, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous
Be able to describe and diagram a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross. Identify the dominant traits based on the F1
phenotype. Predict the phenotypic ratios of the F2 individuals.
Be able to accept and/or reject a hypothesis if you were given the chi-square summation value, along with the degrees of
freedom, and a probability table. Know how degrees of freedom are calculated. Know what a large (or small) chi-square
value means.
Know how to calculate expected values and a chi-square value if given observed counts; be able to explain what
assumptions you use to calculate the expected values.
Distinguish between mutations: ebony, sepia, vestigal. Further, be able to distinguish male from female.
Chapter 9 – Mutation
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Explain why are mutations more readily observed in haploid organisms. Describe how we induced mutations in penicillium
spores.
Know how to determine the percent lethal colonies if given the number of colonies on a control plate and the number of
colonies after each length of UV irradiation.
Describe the two types of mutations we identified and how we identified
them.
Chapter 11 – Human Genetics
Here you see the gel electrophoresis of PCR reactions of the D1S80 locus of 4
individuals (lanes 1-4). The outermost lanes show a DNA size standard (100
bp ladder).
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Explain the process of PCR and know the purpose of PCR.
Be familiar with the equipment used, including pipettes.
Explain agarose gel electrophoresis.
Where were the DNA samples loaded?
Where is the negative pole of the electric field during electrophoresis?
Which is the smallest (100 bp) band of the DNA size standard?
Approximately what size are all of the bands seen in lanes 1-4?
Which of these four persons is homozygous for the D1S80 VNTR?
Which two individuals cannot be discriminated by this PCR?
Lab 12 - Animal Development
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Know the stages of development for both starfish and frog, on models or on slides. (Fertilized egg, cleavage, morula, blastula,
gastrula)
Be able to identify the blastodisc, blastocoel, blastopore, archenteron, vegetal hemisphere, yolk cells, animal hemisphere, yolk
plug, allantois, somites
Be able to identify ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Give examples of tissues that arise from each.
What will the archenteron develop into in the adult starfish? What will the blastopore become?
Explain the function of the external circulation around the chick embryo (all the blood vessels that were not part of the
embyro itself). The somites in the chick are composed of which germ layer? Which are the two most advanced organ
systems in the chick embryos that you observed?