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SECTION 16-3 REVIEW
F ORMATION OF S PECIES
VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms.
1. morphology
2. geographic isolation
3. punctuated equilibrium
MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.
1. One limitation of the morphological species concept is that
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a.
b.
c.
d.
morphological characteristics are not easy to observe.
it cannot be applied to extinct organisms.
members of different species often appear quite different.
there can be morphological differences among individuals in a single population.
2. According to the biological species concept, a species is a population of organisms that
a.
b.
c.
d.
can successfully interbreed but cannot breed with other groups.
have a similar structure and appearance.
are physically separated from other organisms with a similar appearance.
can hybridize with each other to produce infertile offspring.
3. Fish populations that do not interbreed because they live in different ponds may evolve
into separate species due to
a. ecological isolation.
b. geographic isolation.
c. prezygotic isolation.
d. postzygotic isolation.
4. Bird populations that do not interbreed because they cannot recognize each other’s
mating calls may evolve into separate species due to
a. ecological isolation.
b. geographic isolation.
c. prezygotic isolation.
d. postzygotic isolation.
5. A pattern of rapid evolutionary changes followed by long periods of no change is
described as
a. gradual evolution.
b. punctuated equilibrium.
c. reproductive isolation.
d. continuous speciation.
Modern Biology Study Guide
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SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.
1. What are two limitations of the biological species concept?
2. What is one advantage of prezygotic isolation over postzygotic isolation?
3. Describe two pieces of evidence indicating that speciation does not always occur at the same rate.
4. Critical Thinking Some scientists predict that if global warming continues over the next few centuries, melting of the polar ice caps will raise the level of the oceans, causing some peninsulas to
become islands. How might this change eventually affect the species that live on these peninsulas?
Mating activity
1. The graph below shows the mating seasons of several species of frogs. On the basis of the information shown in the graph, do the peeper frog and the leopard frog likely have barriers to reproduction in addition to slightly different mating seasons? What other barriers might be in operation?
Explain your answers.
Peeper frog
Leopard frog
Wood frog
Pickerel frog
March
86
Section 16-3 Review
April
May
Tree frog
Green frog
Bullfrog
June
July
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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, frog; b, horse; c, pig; d, gorilla
Section 16-1
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. Population genetics is the study of evolution from
a genetic point of view.
2. A gene pool is the total genetic information available in a population.
3. Allele frequency is the frequency of a certain allele
among all alleles of the same gene in a population.
4. Phenotype frequency is the frequency of individuals with a particular phenotype in a population.
5. Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium is a condition
in which the allele frequencies in a population
remain the same from generation to generation.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. b
2. c
3. b
4. d
5. a
SHORT ANSWER
1. Individuals represented by the two ends are those
with extreme variations of a specific trait.
2. Variations arise through mutation, recombination
during meiosis, and the random fusion of gametes
during fertilization.
3. (1) No net mutations occur; (2) individuals neither
enter nor leave the population; (3) the population
is large; (4) individuals mate randomly; and (5)
selection does not occur.
4. no, because those genes are not available for the
next generation
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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
Phenotype frequencies: red = 0.625 × 0.625 = 0.391;
white = 0.375 × 0.375 = 0.141; pink = 1 – 0.391 – 0.141 =
0.468. Allele frequencies: R = 0.391 + (0.468 ÷ 2) =
0.625; r = 0.141 + (0.468 ÷ 2) = 0.375.
Section 16-2
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. Immigration is the movement of individuals into a
population; emigration is the movement of individuals out of a population.
2. Gene flow is the movement of genes from one population to another; genetic drift is a change in allele
frequencies in a population due to random events.
3. Random mating is mating that occurs without
regard to genetic makeup; assortative mating is
mating based on similarity of characteristics.
4. In stabilizing selection, individuals with the average form of a trait have the highest fitness; in
directional selection, individuals with one extreme
form of a trait have the highest fitness.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. c
2. d
3. a
4. c
5. b
SHORT ANSWER
1. mutations, migration, genetic drift, nonrandom
mating, and natural selection
2. By producing totally new alleles for a trait, mutations can change allele frequencies.
3. Matings with some degree of kinship may occur,
increasing the chance of offspring with disorders
caused by recessive genes.
4. The bright coloration may increase a male’s
chances of being selected for mating by a female.
5. Genetic homozygosity leaves no variation for natural selection to act on. Therefore, a new disease
could wipe out the entire population.
6. directional selection; the cow would not eliminate all
white flowers because the allele for white flowers is
also carried by plants with pink flowers, which are
not eaten. Crosses between plants with pink flowers
would continue to produce some plants with white
flowers.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, disruptive; b, directional; c, stabilizing
Section 16-3
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. Morphology is the internal and external structure
and appearance of an organism.
2. Geographic isolation is the physical separation of
members of a population.
3. Punctuated equilibrium is a pattern of species
formation in which periods of sudden speciation
are preceded and followed by long periods with
little speciation.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. d
2. a
3. b
4. c
5. b
SHORT ANSWER
1. A satisfactory definition is not provided for
species of extinct organisms or for organisms that
do not reproduce sexually.
2. Individuals do not waste gametes by producing
offspring that cannot reproduce.
3. Some species of moths on the Hawaiian Islands
appear to have evolved during the past thousand
years, whereas speciation in other organisms may
take millions of years. The fossil record shows
that periods of a few thousand years during
which many species appeared were separated
by much longer periods during which there was
little speciation.
4. If the peninsulas become islands, the species that
live there could become geographically isolated
and eventually evolve into different species.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
1. They may have other barriers to mating, such as
geographic isolation, postzygotic isolation, and
prezygotic isolation (they may not recognize one
another’s mating call).
Section 17-1
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A hominid is a human or one of the immediate
ancestors of humans.
2. Prehensile means capable of grasping.
3. An opposable thumb is a thumb that can be
positioned opposite the fingers.
4. A great ape is a gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, or
chimpanzee.
5. Bipedalism is the ability to walk primarily on
two legs.
6. Anthropoid primates include marmosets, monkeys, apes, and humans.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. a
2. b
3. c
4. b
5. d
Modern Biology Study Guide Answer Key
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