smallest unit of sound
PHONEMES
smallest unit of language that has meaning
MORPHEMES
2 or more words
PHRASES & SENTENCES
meaning in language; meanings change over generarions.
SEMANTICS
rules of grammar
SYNTAX
2 mons; first vocalizations, whimpers, gurgles
COOING & CRYING
4-6 mons.; repetition of syllables; universal, cross-cultural
sounds initially, but later babble in native language.
BABBLING
12 mons.; one word can mean an entire phrase
ONE WORD STAGE
uses word only in one context; narrow set of objects
UNDEREXTENSION
overuse of word; wider set of objects
OVEREXTENSION
18-20 mons. 2 word sentences
TWO WORD STAGE
(telegraphic speech)
2 yrs. Increases rapidly
SEMANTICS & SYNTAX
4-5 yrs.; misuse of tense because they haven't acquired fine
grammar skills by this age.
OVERREGULARIZATION
We have an innate, built-in learning mechanism LAD
(language acquisition device)
NOAM CHOMSKY
(language theory)
critical period - language must be acquired before a certain
age to develop language fully.
language is learned through conditioning; reinforce
sounds/words.
Criticism – can't learn an infinite number of sentences.
SKINNER
(language theory)
rapid, comes w/o thought
ASSOCIATIVE THINKING
slower, need time to process & use knowledge
COGNITIVE THINKING
mental frameworks; prototype guidelines
SCHEMAS
drawing conclusions from the specific to general
INDUCTIVE REASONING
drawing conclusions from general to specific
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
guessing at random
TRIAL & ERROR
starting at the end & going back to the beginning
WORKING BACKWARD
applying rules that guarantee a solution
ALGORITHMS
rule of thumb strategies or shortcuts
HEURISTICS
chart that represents all possible combinations
MATRIX
putting problem aside for a period of time
INCUBATION
sudden realization of solution
INSIGHT
the function we assign to objects tends to remain fixed or
stable, creating an inability to solve the problem; we see
them only in terms of their customary functions.
FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS
inability to see from new perspective
FIXATION
tendency to persist w/old patterns for problem solving
MENTAL SET
tendency to confirm rather than refute; search for info. That
confirms our preconceptions
CONFIRMATION BIAS
different correct answers to the same problem; higher level
thinking
DIVERGENT THINKING
one correct answer
CONVERGENT THINKING
judging the probability of an event by how easily examples
of the event come to mind; leads to bad decision making
AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
when the sample you are judging matches your prototype;
usually leads to the correct choice
REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTIC