Chapter 4 Prefixes This chapter reviews prefixes that have been used in previous chapters and adds new prefixes as well. The following additional terms may be helpful in providing further examples of prefixes explained in the chapter. Prefixes are underlined in each term. Additional Prefixes and Terminology anesthesia anorexia ataxia abduct adduct antidote antisepsis conjunctiva dyspareunia dyspepsia dystrophy endometrium No sensation. The loss of perception of pain or touch in a part of the body; or the procedures whereby a patient has been incapable of sensation by inducing a state of total unconsciousness or by blocking the nerve pathway to a part of the body. From the Greek aisthesis, meaning “feeling or sensation.” No (lack of) appetite. From the Greek orexis, meaning “appetite.” Without coordination. From the Greek taxis, meaning “order or arrangement.” The term means a lack of motor coordination, particularly that of gait (manner of walking), and is caused by damage to the cerebellum (lower, posterior part of the brain). To draw or lead away from the body. From the Latin abducere, meaning “to lead away.” An abductor muscle pulls the limb away from the trunk of the body. To draw or lead toward the body. An adductor muscle draws a limb toward the body. An agent administered to work against a poison. From the Greek anti, meaning “against,” and dotos, meaning “what is given.” Against infection. A treatment that makes an object free of infection. From the Greek anti and sepsis, meaning “putrefaction.” The transparent membrane covering the eyeball. From the Latin meaning “connecting or joining together.” The conjunctiva connects the globe of the eye with the lid. Painful sexual intercourse. From the Greek pareunos, meaning “lying beside.” Difficult digestion. From the Greek pepsis, meaning “digestion.” Abnormal growth and development; from the Greek trophe, meaning “nourishment.” Inner lining of the uterus. From the Greek metra, meaning “uterus.” Copyright 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 55 56 epiglottis exophthalmos malaise prodrome trimester ultraviolet INSTRUCTOR’S RESOURCE MANUAL WITH TEACH LESSON PLANS FOR MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A SHORT COURSE The flap of cartilage above the entrance to the trachea. The structure was once thought of as an appendage of the tongue. From the Greek glossa, meaning “tongue.” Protruding (“out”) eyeball. Exophthalmic goiter is a condition of enlargement of the thyroid gland associated with bulging of the white of the eye (sclera). A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. From the French mal, meaning “bad” or “ill,” and aise, meaning “ease.” Early stage of an illness; that which “runs before.” From the Greek dromos, meaning “running.” The equally divided early, middle, and late stages of pregnancy. The term means a period of three months, from mestris, meaning “monthly.” Of a wavelength above and beyond that of visible violet light. Copyright 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Name Handout 4.1 Chapter 4 Multiple Choice Quiz ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ 1. Not able to breathe: A. atrophy B. tachypnea C. dysplasia D. dyspnea E. apnea 2. Before birth: A. antigen B. antepartum C. postpartum D. postnatal E. neonatal 3. Deficiency in red blood cells or of the hemoglobin within the red cells: A. aphasia B. amenorrhea C. anemia D. apnea E. dysplasia 4. Excessive (more than normal) development: A. hypoplasia B. dysplasia C. atrophy D. hypertrophy E. neoplastic 5. A return of symptoms of illness: A. remission B. resection C. prolapse D. prosthesis E. relapse 6. Difficult, painful urination: A. urinalysis B. dysuria C. polyuria D. hematuria E. uremia ❏ ❏ ❏ 7. A protein made by white blood cells and capable of destroying bacteria and viruses: A. antibody B. antibiotic C. antigen D. hemoglobin E. leukocyte 8. An irregularity that occurs at birth: A. intrauterine B. neonatal C. benign D. congenital anomaly E. ectopic pregnancy 9. Slow heartbeat: A. bradycardia B. tachypnea C. cardiomegaly D. myocardial infarction E. tachycardia ❏ 10. An artificial part: A. metacarpal B. epidermis C. prosthesis D. anomaly E. intervertebral disk ❏ 11. Pertaining to under the shoulder bone: A. subcostal B. hypodermic C. subdural D. epidural E. subscapular ❏ 12. Pertaining to both (two) sides: A. unilateral B. tricuspid C. intravenous D. sagittal E. bilateral Copyright 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 57 ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ 13. Process of recording sound waves to make an image of organs in the body: A. CT scan B. ultrasonography C. MRI D. endoscopy E. dialysis 14. Endocrine glands that are near (above) each kidney: A. adrenal B. prostate C. subcostal D. parathyroid E. transurethral 15. The spread of a cancerous tumor to another organ away from the original location: A. subcutaneous B. carcinoma C. neoplastic D. metastasis E. malignant ❏ 16. Two prefixes that mean “beyond”: A. tachy- and bradyB. pro- and preC. dys- and malD. re- and retroE. ultra- and meta- ❏ 17. A word that means “complete separation” and is the process of separating wastes from the blood: A. dialysis B. diarrhea C. urinalysis D. syndrome E. subcutaneous 58 18. A membrane that surrounds bone: A. pericardium B. peritoneum C. epidermis D. subcostal E. periosteum 19. A prefix that has the same meaning as “ante” is: A. a-, anB. antiC. proD. adE. pan20. Poly- has a similar meaning with: A. reB. dysC. synD. hyperE. hypo- ❏ 21. A group of symptoms that occur together is called a(an): A. analysis B. syndrome C. dialysis D. prognosis E. remission ❏ 22. A prefix that means “near, along the side of” is: A. neoB. proC. periD. paraE. dia- Copyright 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ❏ 23. An abnormal collection of blood above the membrane covering the brain: A. subdural hematoma B. cerebral hemorrhage C. thrombosis D. epidural hematoma E. subdural hemorrhage ❏ 24. Two prefixes that mean “within”: A. ante- and proB. endo- and intraC. hypo- and subD. syn- and conE. extra- and ec- ❏ 25. If an organ slides or falls forward, the condition is called: A. neoplasm B. relapse C. remission D. prolapse E. dysmenorrhea Copyright 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 59 Name Handout 4.2 Chapter 4 Spelling and Comprehension Quiz I. Spelling 1. 11. 2. 12. 3. 13. 4. 14. 5. 15. 6. 16. 7. 17. 8. 18. 9. 19. 10. 20. II. Comprehension: Match the terms listed above with their meanings below. within the uterus difficult breathing pertaining to a newborn painful urination after birth spread of a cancerous (malignant tumor) low blood sugar collection of blood above a meningeal layer excessive development discharge of fluid from the rectum slow heartbeat loss of movement due to nerve damage between a backbone embryo is not in the proper location pertaining to one side abnormal growth or development harmless, noncancerous falling down; drooping of a part of the body artificial part attached to the body cancerous; harmful 60 Copyright 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. III. Match the term in Column I with its meaning in Column II. Column I 1. metacarpal 2. remission 3. subscapular 4. perianal 5. relapse 6. subcostal 7. periosteum 8. retroperitoneal 9. congenital anomaly 10. antigen Column II A. behind the abdominal cavity B. below the shoulder blade C. membrane surrounding a bone D. abnormality present at birth E. foreign body; bacteria, virus F. symptoms of disease return G. pertaining to surrounding the anus H. symptoms of disease disappear I. under the ribs J. hand bone Copyright 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 61 Name Handout 4.3 Review Quiz I. Give meanings for the following prefixes: 1. ante- 9. intra- 2. anti- 10. post- 3. epi- 11. meta- 4. ab- 12. hypo- 5. ad- 13. para- 6. hemi- 14. syn- 7. hyper- 15. mal- 8. interII. Give prefixes for the following English terms: 1. one 5. surrounding 2. two 6. new 3. three 7. fast 4. four 8. slow III. Give meanings for the following suffixes: 1. -pnea 9. -pathy 2. -tension 10. -rrhea 3. -uria 11. -stasis 4. -dipsia 12. -mortem 5. -gen 13. -plasm 6. -emia 14. -graphy 7. -lysis 15. -tic 8. -partum 62 Copyright 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Name Handout 4.4 Chapter 4 Crossword Puzzle Quiz 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Across 3. prefix meaning below or deficient 5. prefix meaning against 6. prefix meaning beyond 7. prefix meaning between 8. slow discharge of urine 10. prefix meaning up or apart 11. prefix meaning slow 12. benign tumor of bone Down 1. pertaining to new birth 2. rapid breathing 3. prefix meaning above or excessive 4. surrounding the anus 5. prefix meaning before 9. painful breathing Copyright 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 63 64 INSTRUCTOR’S RESOURCE MANUAL WITH TEACH LESSON PLANS FOR MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A SHORT COURSE Handout 4.5 Chapter 4 Medical Word Doctor Using combinations of the following combining forms, suffixes and prefixes create a term to complete the following scenarios. Remember that while all medical terms contain suffixes, there are suffixes that contain roots. Combining Forms Suffixes Prefixes aden/o cutane/o men/o nat/i neur/o phas/o ren/o vertebr/o -al -ia -ous -pathy -pnea -rrhea -stasis -thesis aaddysintermetapolypreprossubtachy- 1. Your patient with diabetes must learn to inject insulin under the skin and into the tissue. 2. An extremely elevated temperature that sometimes occurs in infectious diseases, especially in young children, may be accompanied by rapid breathing, known as . 3. The tingling and painful sensations in Paula’s arm seem to point to disease of many nerves, called . 4. When the sarcoma spread from Bill’s leg to his liver, you discussed the implications of the as it related to his prognosis. 5. Every month, Carol had pain with her menstrual period. Her was uncomfortable, but she was able to go to work and take care of her family. 6. After Scott returned from Iraq, he had surgery to remove his injured leg. He was then fitted for a . 7. Pregnant women should take vitamins during their pregnancy. Copyright 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. INSTRUCTOR’S RESOURCE MANUAL WITH TEACH LESSON PLANS FOR MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A SHORT COURSE 8. The pain in Carl’s back was related to a bulging 65 disc pressing on a nerve in his spinal cord. 9. The glands are located near (above) each kidney. They secrete hormones that increase heart rate and blood pressure, and regulate salt and sugar in the body. 10. After Sally’s stroke, which caused damage to her left cerebral cortex, she developed and could not speak. Copyright 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 66 INSTRUCTOR’S RESOURCE MANUAL WITH TEACH LESSON PLANS FOR MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A SHORT COURSE Chapter 4 Answers Multiple Choice II. Comprehension Handout 4.1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. E B C D E B A D A C E E B 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. A D E A E C D B D D B D Spelling and Comprehension Quiz Handout 4.2 I. Spelling Words 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. benign bradycardia diarrhea dysplasia dyspnea dysuria ectopic pregnancy epidural hematoma hypertrophy hypoglycemia intervertebral intrauterine malignant metastasis neonatal paralysis postpartum prolapse prosthesis unilateral 12 5 15 6 17 14 10 8 9 3 2 16 11 7 20 4 1 18 19 13 within the uterus difficult breathing pertaining to a newborn painful urination after birth spread of a cancerous (malignant) tumor low blood sugar collection of blood above a meningeal layer excessive development discharge of fluid from the rectum slow heartbeat loss of movement due to nerve damage between a backbone embryo is not in the proper location pertaining to one side abnormal growth or development harmless, noncancerous falling down; drooping of a part of the body artificial part attached to the body cancerous; harmful III. Matching 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. J H B G F I C A D E Copyright 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. INSTRUCTOR’S RESOURCE MANUAL WITH TEACH LESSON PLANS FOR MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A SHORT COURSE Review Quiz Handout 4.3 I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. III. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. before, forward against above, upon away from toward; near half excessive, above between within after, behind change; beyond below, under beside, near, along the side of with, together bad unibitriquadriperineotachybradybreathing pressure urine condition thirst to produce blood condition loosening, breakdown, separation, destruction birth disease condition flow, discharge to stand, place, stop, control death formation process of recording pertaining to Copyright 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 67 68 INSTRUCTOR’S RESOURCE MANUAL WITH TEACH LESSON PLANS FOR MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A SHORT COURSE Crossword Puzzle Quiz Handout 4.4 1 N 6 2 B A H Y T A Y O C P R A H E N L E 11 B R 5 P O A N T E N R T I N T I E R A N P N A 4 7 D Y U R I T 10 3 M E N 8 T 9 D A D Y L A S P N 12 O S T E O M A A Medical Word Doctor Handout 4.5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. subcutaneous tachypnea polyneuropathy metastasis dysmenorrhea prosthesis prenatal intervertebral adrenal aphasia Copyright 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. INSTRUCTOR’S RESOURCE MANUAL WITH TEACH LESSON PLANS FOR MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A SHORT COURSE 69 Dictation Sentences Medical terms that are in bold are found in the chapter. Italicized terms may be new to students. Their definitions follow the paragraph. 1. Endocrine Glands Endocrine glands secrete hormones through the bloodstream, directly affecting the function of organs. Examples of endocrine glands are the adrenal glands, parathyroid glands, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, and pancreas. Hyperthyroidism is a condition of excessive secretion of thyroid hormone. Hyperglycemia is a high blood sugar level caused by deficient secretion of the hormone insulin from the pancreas. 2. Malignant Tumors There are two types of malignant tumors, carcinomas and sarcomas. Carcinomas are cancerous tumors arising from epithelial cells, which are lining cells in internal organs such as the lung, urinary bladder, gastrointestinal tract, and glands. Often, these cancerous tumors are called adenocarcinomas. Sarcomas arise from connective tissues, such as muscle, bone, cartilage, and fat. An example of a sarcoma is an osteosarcoma. The main characteristic of a malignant neoplasm is metastasis. If the tumor is treated with resection, chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy, remission and cure are possible. If relapse occurs, the patient may require further treatment. Osteosarcoma: malignant tumor of bone 3. Congenital Anomaly A congenital anomaly is a birth defect. Examples of neonatal abnormalities include Down syndrome, hip dysplasia, sickle cell anemia, heart defects, and spina bifida, which may involve paralysis. If the congenital anomaly arises from the genes in egg and sperm cells, it is hereditary. If it arises from the antenatal intrauterine environment, it is acquired. Hereditary: a condition transmitted from parent to offspring via genes Spina bifida: a congenital defect of the spine in which there is a gap in the vertebrae that causes outward bulging of the spinal cord and/or meninges Copyright 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.