Chapter 7
Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism
Section 1 Regional Economies Create Differences
• Another Revolution affects America
MASS PRODUCTION-the production of goods in large
numbers
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION-social and economic
reorganization that took place as machines replaced
hand tools and large-scale factory production
developed.
o Great Britain starts a revolution
Great Britain invented the ways to make power using
swiftly flowing streams or coal – this started the
industrial revolution in the US.
o The Industrial Revolution in the US
Americans wanted to develop their own industries
instead of relying on foreign trade.
o New England Industrializes
Agriculture was not profitable in New England.
Cotton mills were created to make thread, and later,
cloth.
The North East became a “booming manufacturing
center”
See page 214
• Two economic systems develop
o Agriculture in the North
The northerners had smaller farms and grew crops that
did not require much labor to grow.
Farmers began raising crops that could be sold in city
markets, but did not need slaves.
o Cotton is King in the South
COTTON GIN-(cotton engine) an invention by Eli
Whitney that cleaned cotton.
Farmers built huge plantations and raised cotton.
• They needed slaves to work and cultivate the land.
o Slavery becomes entrenched
More plantations meant more slaves were needed.
See page 216
• Clay proposes the American System
HENRY CLAY-House Speaker who pushed the
AMERICAN SYSTEM-which would unite the nation’s
economic interests by develop transportation systems,
establish a protective tariff, and rebuild the National
Bank.
o Erie Canal and other internal improvements
The US government looked for ways to build a system of
roads.
NATIONAL ROAD-road that extended from Maryland to
Illinois.
ERIE CANAL-connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie
to open up commerce between the Atlantic Ocean to the
North.
See page 217
How the West was Won
o Tariffs and the National Bank
TARIFF OF 1816-a tariff on imported products to
encourage Americans to buy US made goods.
America was divided over the tariff. Northerners were
against the tariff, but the southerners supported it.
Most people thought the 2nd National Bank would benefit
the United States.
Section 2 Nationalism at Center Stage
• The Supreme Court boosts national power
o Strengthening government economic control
MCCULLOCH V. MARYLAND-Maryland was not
allowed to tax the Bank of the US. The court declared
the Bank constitutional.
o Limiting state powers
The court blocked state interference in business and
commerce, even if it meant blocking a state law.
• Nationalism shapes foreign policy
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS-Secretary of state who
developed a new foreign policy based on
NATIONALIASM-the belief that national interests
should be placed ahead of regional concerns.
o Territory and boundaries
The US and Canada demilitarized the border and fixed
the border on the 49th parallel.
ADAMS-ONIS TREATY-Spain gave up Florida and the
Oregon territory to the United States.
See page 221
o The MONROE DOCTRINE-a policy stated by President
Monroe of US opposition to any European interference in
the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
• Nationalism pushes America West
o Expansion to the West
Many people started moving west to escape debts or
the law, or to make money.
o Missouri Compromise
Until 1818, the US was made of 10 free and 10 slave
states. When more territories wanted to come into
the US, both the North and South were afraid the
balance would be changed.
The MISSOURI COMPROMISE-a series of agreements
passed by congress to maintain the balance of power
between slave states and free states-Maine became a
free state, and Missouri was a slave state.
See page 223
Section 3 – The Age of Jackson
• Expanding Democracy changes politics
ANDREW JACKSON-won the popular votes, but lost
the election to John Quincy Adams in 1824 when the
House had to break the tie.
o Tension between Adams and Jackson
DEMOCATIC REPUBLICAN PARTY-was created by
supporters of Jackson (Jacksonians).
o Democracy and Citizenship
Most states allowed more people to vote, which
helped Jackson.
• Jackson’s new presidential style
o Jackson’s appeal to the common citizen
Jackson presented himself as being a common man.
o Jackson’s Spoils System
Jackson believed in the SPOILS SYSTEM-giving jobs
and favors to loyal supporters.
• Removal of Native Americans
o Americans wanted the land of the Native Americans for
mining and planting.
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT of 1830-the US government
provided money to negotiate treaties that would force
Native Americans to move west. About 90 treaties
were signed.
o Cherokee fight back
The Cherokee nation tried to keep their land by using
the US legal system. They almost won until they
signed the Treaty of New Echota, which gave the last
of the land to the US for $5 million.
o TRAIL OF TEARS-The Cherokee were sent off in groups to
the West. Many of them died along the way, and their
money and livestock was stolen along the way.
o See page 227
Section 4 – States’ Rights and the National Bank
• DANIEL WEBSTER-Massachusetts senator who coined the
phrase, “Liberty first and Union afterwards.”
• A tariff raises the states’ rights issue
o Nullification theory
• JOHN C. CALHOUN-Jackson’s vice-president
• TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS-Calhoun’s name for
the 1828 tariff increase that helped the north and
the south’s expense.
• Calhoun made a nullification theory that said the
original 13 states were sovereign and could
reject a federal law it declared was
unconstitutional.
o Hayne and Webster debate states’ rights
What is more important, national laws or states’
rights?
o South Carolina Rebels
Nullification: “SC declared laws passed by Congress
were unauthorized by the Constitution & ∴null, void,
and no law”
• Jackson attacks the National Bank
BANK OF THE UNITED STATES
o Jackson opposes the bank
o Pet Banks
Loyalty to the Democratic Party
o Whig Party forms
Backed ideals of the American System—Henry Clay
Protective tariff
Use federal money to build roads & canals
Federal control of the banking system
Nationally accepted currency
See page 233
• Van Buren deals with Jackson’s legacy
o Jackson’s legacy
PANIC OF 1837—economic problem
• Bank closings
• Collapse of the credit system—lost savings
• Bankrupted 100s businesses
• 1/3 people out of work
o Harrison and Tyler
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON
• Whig Party candidate
• Won—died month later
JOHN TYLER
• Harrison’s VP
• “His Accidency”
See page 236: “Balancing Nationalism & Sectionalism”