CHAPTER 7 BALANCING
NATIONALISM AND
SECTIONALISM
CHAPTER 7
I will be able to identify
economic differences among
different regions of the
United States, analyze
Andrew Jackson’s
presidency, and describe the
conflict over states’ rights.
SEC 1 OBJECTIVES
I will be able to describe the effects of the
Industrial Revolution on the United States.
 I will be able to explain how two different
economic systems developed in the North and the
South.
 I will be able to summarize the American
System, a plan devised to unite the country.

REGIONAL ECONOMIES
CREATE DIFFERENCES
The Northeast continued
to develop industry while
the South and West
continued to be more
agricultural
 The Industrial Revolution
reached America by the
early-mid 19th century
 New England first to
embrace factory system
 Especially in textile
(fabric) mills

I. REGIONAL ECONOMIES

A. Another Revolution
Affects America
Mass production: goods
made in large quantities
 Led to the Industrial
Revolution


1. Great Britain Starts a
Revolution


Very guarded about their
industry
2. The Industrial
Revolution in America

Embargo Act of 1807 and
the War of 1812 made
Americans try to produce
their own goods
A. ANOTHER REVOLUTION CONT.

3. New England Industrializes
 Used rivers for power
 Used southern cotton for
textiles
 Govt. encouraged growth
with capitalism and free
enterprise
 Samuel Slater memorized
plans
 Set up factory in Rhode
Island
 1814 Francis Cabot Lowell
put all stages of textiles in
one building
 Factory System
SAMUEL SLATER


Introduction of
labor saving
machines.
Decrease in
nation’s
dependence on
foreign trade.
B. TWO ECONOMIC SYSTEMS DEVELOP

1. Agriculture in the North

Raised one or two crops to sustain
the family



Like corn and cattle
2. Cotton is King in the South
 Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney,
1793 patent
 Could clean cotton 50 times
faster
 Plantations began to grow in
number
3. Slavery Becomes Entrenched

1790 = 700,000 slaves
1820 = 1,500,000 slaves
C. CLAY PROPOSES THE AMERICAN
SYSTEM

Proposed originally by Madison in
1815



Develop transportation and internal
improvements
Establish a protective tariff
Resurrect the national bank


Thought it would unite the nation
1. Erie Canal and Other Internal
Improvements
 Toll roads (turnpikes)
 Corduroy roads
 1818, the National Road opened
after 12 years of delays


Erie Canal




Extended to Illinois in 1838
363 miles w/ locks
Opened on Oct. 26, 1825
Did not allow steamboats at first
Canal building boom
 By 1850, 3,600 miles of canals
INFRASTRUCTURE
Erie Canal-connects
Great Lakes to the
Atlantic
National RoadMaryland to Illinois
BALANCING NATIONALISM
AND SECTIONALISM

Henry Clay’s American
Plan called for a
protective tariff, a
National Bank, and an
improved
infrastructure to help
travel
C. THE AMERICAN SYSTEM CONT.

2. Tariffs and the National Bank

British goods were much cheaper than
American ones


Madison proposed the Tariff of 1816




Tariffs encouraged people to buy American
Would help pay for internal improvements
Southerners and Westerners opposed it
 Clay and Calhoun helped pass it
2nd Bank of the U.S. was chartered in
1816
1816, James Monroe was elected
President

Ushered in the Era of Good Feelings

No political divisions, extreme
patriotism, and economic growth
Toured the nation to warmwelcomes
Won every electoral vote but one in
1820


Era of Good Feelings
7.2 OBJECTIVES
Discuss how the federal government asserted its
jurisdiction over state government
 Explain how foreign affairs were guided by
national self-interest
 Summarize the issues that divided the country as
the United States expanded its borders

II. Nationalism at Center Stage

A. The Supreme Court Boosts
National Power
Chief Justice John Marshall
 Gibbons v. Ogden ruled that
Congress had power over interstate
commerce


1. Strengthening Govt. Economic
Control

McCulloch v. Maryland



National govt. was supported over state
govts.
Maryland tried to tax the Bank of U.S.
John Marshall “power to tax is
power to destroy”
2. Limiting State Powers

Marshall did this several times
B. Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy


John Quincy Adams guided
American Foreign Policy
1. Territory and Boundaries
1817 Rush-Bagot Treaty
disarmed the Great Lakes
 Convention of 1818 disarmed the
49th parallel as the Canada-U.S.
border


Americans can settle Oregon
1818 Andrew Jackson invaded
Spanish East FLA and took forts
to stop Seminole raids
 Adams-Onis Treaty 1819
 U.S. got FLA for $5 million and

gave up claims to Texas
 Agreed on a border to the Pacific
 U.S. a transcontinental power
now
B. Nationalism cont.

2. The Monroe Doctrine

1810 Miguel Hidalgo started the
Mexican Revolution

Won independence in 1821
Simon Bolivar and Jose de San
Martin led many nations to
freedom
 Brazil gained independence in
1822
 European nations threatened the
new nations


1823, Western hemisphere is closed to
further colonization

It is America’s sphere of influence
C. America Pushes West

1. Expansion in the West
 New states being added
 Communities along
major waterways
 People often settled as
communities
 Backwards lifestyles
often
 Few modern
conveniences
C. American Pushes West cont.


2. The Missouri
Compromise
1820 Missouri wants to
join the Union
A slave state
 Would upset the balance
of power
 Maine applied too


Compromise
MO: Slave
 ME: Free
 Slavery banned north of
the 36°30’ N parallel

7.3 OBJECTIVES



Describe the tension between Adams and Jackson;
describe the expansion of suffrage.
Explain Jackson’s spoils system and his appeal to the
common citizen.
Summarize the effects of the Indian Removal Act of
1830.
III. The Age of Jackson

A. Expanding Democracy

1. Tension Between Adams and Jackson

The Election of 1824






Four republican candidates
William Crawford
Andrew Jackson
Henry Clay
John Quincy Adams
 All favorite sons of their states
Striking a Bargain




Jackson won the popular vote
No majority in the electoral college
Election went to the House
Henry Clay influenced voters to pick
Adams


He became Sec. of State
“Corrupt Bargain”
A. Expanding Democracy cont.

The Adams Presidency



2. Democracy and Citizenship



Voting requirements were eased
Three times as many people voted
as the last election
The Election of 1828




Never escaped the “corrupt
bargain”
Policies ran against public
opinion, stronger fed. Govt.
Jackson supporters formed the
Democratic-Rep. or the Democrats
Adams: Natl. Republicans
Mudslinging, slogans, rallies, and
buttons introduced to
campaigning
Jackson Triumphs


John C. Calhoun VP
Landslide victory
B. Jackson’s New Presidential Style

1. Jackson’s Appeal to the Common
Citizen
Big inauguration party
 “Old Hickory”




Lived the Am. Dream
“Equal protection and equal benefits”
2. Spoils System
Put people who helped him into
govt. jobs
 Fired about 10% of federal
employees and replaced them with
allies
 His friends were his main advisors


His “kitchen cabinet”
C. Removal of Native Americans




Southeast, “Five
Civilized Tribes”
Cherokee, Creek,
Seminole, Chickasaw,
and Choctaw
Whites wanted to
remove them west of
the Mississippi
Jackson supported this
 1.
Indian Removal
Act

Passed in 1830, gave
payments for Native to
move to Okla.
C. Removal of Native Americans cont.

2. The Cherokee



Sued the state govt. and won in
the Supreme Court
Jackson vowed to ignore the
ruling
3. The Trail of Tears




1835, the Cherokee gave in,
signed a treaty
17,000 refused to honor
1838 Gen. Winfield Scott with
7,000 troops forced them to leave
Marched in brutal weather west
 Thousands died
C. Removal of Native Americans cont.

4. Native American Resistance





1832, Chief Black Hawk led the Sauk
and Fox to retake Illinois
State militia ended it
The Seminole Wars
 Osceola led them
 1835, joined forces with African
Americans
 Used guerilla tactics
 Dade Massacre killed almost 100
men
By 1842, 1,500 Americans killed in
the Seminole wars
Seminoles were allowed to stay



The only tribe to win
Gave up 100 million acres for $68
million and 32 million acres
Force to live in Okla., adapt to plains
group’s way of life
7.4 OBJECTIVES



Explain how protective tariff laws raised the
issue of states’ rights.
Summarize how Jackson destroyed the Bank of
the United States.
Identify some of Jackson’s economic policies and
their impact on his successor.
IV. States’ Rights and the National Bank

A. A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights
Issue


1. The Nullification Theory





1828, Congress passed a high tariff
The Tariff of Abominations
VP Calhoun argued states could
nullify it
Some wanted secession
Nullification had the potential to
destroy the union
2. Jackson Takes a Stand


No one was sure of his views
1830, at a state’s rights dinner


Jackson, “Our federal union… must be
preserved
Calhoun doesn’t run for the VP again
and returns to the Senate
A. Tariffs and States’ Rights cont.

3. South Carolina Rebels







1832, Congress passed a lower
tariff
Protests still raging
S.C. passed the Nullification Act
Threatened to secede
Jackson helped Clay pass a
compromise
1833 Force Bill, President could
send troops to enforce federal laws
S.C. nullified it

They claimed a victory because the
tariff was altered
B. Jackson Attacks the National Bank

1. Jackson Opposes the Bank




New Charter in 1832 by Clay and
Webster


Nicholas Biddle, bank pres. wanted
to recharter the bank early
If Jackson vetoed, it would hurt
reelection
If not, Bank continues
Jackson vetoed it
2. The Election of 1832


The people loved it and reelected him
easily
Jackson took all govt. money out, the
Bank closed


Put money in Pet Banks
3. Whig Party forms

Clay, Adams, and Webster formed a
new party to counter Jackson
C. Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s
Legacy


Martin Van Buren elected over
the Whig party
1. Jackson’s Legacy




Pet banks were corrupt and
failed
Two months after
inauguration, depression hit
the economy
Buren: Laissez-faire
 It would fix itself
 Est. the federal treasury
Criticism split the Democratic
Party
C. Van Buren cont.

2. Harrison and Tyler
1840, William Henry Harrison vs. Van
Buren
 “Tippecanoe and Tyler too”
 Log cabin campaign for Harrison


Harrison won and was inaugurated in 1841
Cold, rainy day: wore no coat, gave longest
inauguration speech
 Died a month later of pneumonia


John Tyler didn’t follow the Whig party
Expelled from the party for stopping a new
Bank of U.S.
 Called “His Accidency”
 Whigs voted on sectional ties


Killed the party
CHAPTER 7 BALANCING NATIONALISM
AND SECTIONALISM QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What factors led to the growth of the U.S. economy in the early 1800s?
(economic system, inventions, new manufacturing methods). How did
this affect the American’s lived and worked?
How did the cotton gin revive slavery in the South? How did it change
the way southerners farmed?
What did the Monroe Doctrine say? Could America effectively uphold
this doctrine in the early 1800s? Explain. Why is the doctrine still
important today?
How did the issue of tariffs almost split the country and send into
a civil war? Why was the issue of nullification so critical in keeping
the country together?
What did the U.S. government do to the “Five Civilized Tribes”?
How did the Cherokee try to resist and what eventually happened
to their people?
How did Jackson’s opposition to the Bank of the U.S. affect the
election of 1832? What did his opponents hope to do by making
Jackson veto the charter and what actually happened?