4
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Date: ____________
Rating: ___________
Text pages: 58–95
TOPIC 1: CELLS
1. The study of the functions and activities performed by the body structures is (physiology)
.
2. The study of body structures that can be seen with the naked eye, and what they are made up of, is
3.
(anatomy)
.
(Histology)
is the science of the minute structures of organic tissues.
4. What is a cell? (the basic unit of all living things)
5. Describe protoplasm. (Protoplasm is a colorless jellylike substance containing food elements such as
proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water.)
6. Match the following cell structures to their definitions:
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
a)
(cytoplasm)
all the protoplasm of a cell except that which is in the
nucleus
b)
(cell membrane)
structure that encloses the protoplasm
c)
(nucleus)
dense protoplasm found in the center of the cell
7. Cells divide into two identical cells called (daughter cells)
.
8. Constructive metabolism, in which larger molecules are built from smaller ones, is called
(anabolism)
.
9. The phase of metabolism in which complex compounds are broken down into smaller ones is called
(catabolism)
10. Body tissues are composed of 60 to 90 percent (water)
.
.
19
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FUNDAMENTALS FOR ESTHETICIANS WORKBOOK
11. Match each of these examples of tissue with its tissue type:
bone
lymph
muscle
skin
spinal cord
a)
(muscle)
muscular tissue
b)
(bone)
connective tissue
c)
(lymph)
liquid tissue
d)
(spinal cord)
nerve tissue
e)
(skin)
epithelial tissue
12. Match each of these organs with its function:
heart
kidneys
lungs
liver
stomach
a)
(lungs)
supply oxygen to the blood
b)
(liver)
removes toxic products of digestion
c)
(kidneys)
excrete water and waste products
d)
(stomach)
digests food
e)
(heart)
circulates the blood
13. List the ten major body systems:
a)
(circulatory)
b)
(digestive)
c)
(endocrine)
d)
(excretory)
e)
(integumentary)
f ) (muscular)
g)
(nervous)
h)
(reproductive)
i)
(respiratory)
j)
(skeletal)
CHAPTER 4
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
21
RAPID REVIEW TEST
Date: _____________
Rating: ____________
Insert the correct term in the space provided.
epithelial tissue
glands
liquid tissue
metabolism
mitosis
nervous system
organ
system
1. Most cells reproduce in a process known as (mitosis)
.
2. Anabolism and catabolism are the two phases of (metabolism)
.
3. The tissue that carries food, hormones, and waste products through the body is (liquid tissue)
.
4.
(Epithelial tissue)
is the tissue that supports, protects, and binds together other body tissues.
5. A/an (organ)
6. A (system)
is a group of tissues that perform a specific function.
is made up of organs working together to perform one or more functions.
7. The endocrine system is made up of specialized (glands)
.
8. The brain and spinal cord are part of the (nervous system)
.
TOPIC 2: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
1. How many bones are there in the skeletal system? (206)
2. Bones are connected by movable and immovable (joints)
3. Bone is composed of about two-thirds (mineral)
4. Name the five primary functions of the skeletal system:
a)
(gives shape and support to the body)
b)
(protects various internal structures and organs)
c)
(serves as attachments for muscles and acts as levers to produce body movement)
d)
(helps produce white and red blood cells)
e)
(stores most of the body’s calcium supply and other minerals)
.
matter.
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FUNDAMENTALS FOR ESTHETICIANS WORKBOOK
5. Elbows and knees are examples of (movable)
joints.
6. The skull is divided into two parts, the (cranium)
and the
.
(facial skeleton)
7. Use the following two illustrations to identify the bones of the cranium and face in the corresponding spaces.
a)
(parietal bone)
b
(occipital bone)
c)
(frontal bone)
d)
(sphenoid bone)
a.
c.
d.
g.
h.
b.
e)
(zygomatic arch)
e.
f ) (temporal bone)
g)
(ethmoid bone)
h)
(lacrimal bone)
i)
(nasal bone)
j)
(maxilla)
k)
(mandible)
i.
j.
k.
c.
a.
d.
f.
g.
h.
i.
g.
j.
k.
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
23
8. Match these cranial bones with their descriptions:
ethmoid bone
frontal bone
occipital bone
parietal bones
sphenoid bone
temporal bones
a)
(sphenoid bone)
joins all the bones of the cranium together
b)
(frontal bone)
forms the forehead
c)
(occipital bone)
hindmost bone of the skull
d)
(temporal bones)
form the sides of the head in the ear region
e)
(parietal bones)
form the sides and crown of the cranium
f ) (ethmoid bone)
bone between the eye sockets
9. Identify the bones of the neck, shoulder, and back in the corresponding spaces.
a)
(clavicle)
b)
(sternum)
c)
(ribs)
d)
(cervical vertebrae)
e)
(hyoid)
d.
e.
a.
f.
b.
f ) (scapula)
c.
10. The (hyoid bone)
11. How many pairs of ribs are there in the thorax? (12)
is a U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue.
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FUNDAMENTALS FOR ESTHETICIANS WORKBOOK
12. Match these bones of the shoulder, arm, and hand with their definitions:
carpus
metacarpus
scapula
clavicle
phalanges
ulna
humerus
radius
a)
(scapula)
shoulder blade
b)
(metacarpus)
palm
c)
(clavicle)
collarbone
d)
(ulna)
larger bone of the forearm
e)
(humerus)
largest bone of the arm
f ) (phalanges)
finger bones
g)
(carpus)
wrist
h)
(radius)
smaller bone of the forearm
13. Each shoulder consists of one (clavicle or collarbone)
(scapula or shoulder blade)
14. The thorax protects the heart, (lungs)
15. Identify the bones of the arm in the corresponding spaces.
a)
(clavicle)
b)
(humerus)
c)
(radius)
d)
(ulna)
and one
.
, and other internal organs.
CHAPTER 4
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
25
RAPID REVIEW TEST
Date: _____________
Rating: ____________
Insert the correct term in the space provided.
Adam’s apple
cervical vertebrae
cheekbones
lacrimal bones
lower jawbone
maxillae
radius
sternum
1. The bones of the upper jaw are the (maxillae)
.
2. The mandible forms the (lower jawbone)
.
3. The eye sockets are formed by small, thin bones called the (lacrimal bones)
.
4. The two zygomatic or malar bones form the (cheekbones)
.
5. The hyoid bone is also called the (Adam’s apple)
.
6. Part of the thorax is the (sternum)
or breastbone.
7. The smaller forearm bone, on the thumb side, is the (radius)
.
8. The uppermost seven bones of the vertebral column are called the (cervical vertebrae)
.
TOPIC 3: THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
1. What are the main functions of the muscular system?
a)
(covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton tissue)
b)
(contracts and moves various parts of the body)
2. The body has over 600 muscles, which account for approximately (40)
3. What are the three types of muscle tissue?
a)
(striated, also called skeletal or voluntary)
b)
(nonstriated, also called involuntary, visceral, or smooth)
c)
(cardiac)
percent of its weight.
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FUNDAMENTALS FOR ESTHETICIANS WORKBOOK
4. The (origin)
5. The (insertion)
is the part of the muscle that does not move.
is the part of the muscle at the more movable attachment to the skeleton.
6. Pressure in massage is usually directed from the (insertion)
to the (origin)
.
7. List seven ways in which muscular tissue can be stimulated.
a)
(massage)
e)
b)
(electrical current)
f) (nerve impulses)
c)
(light rays)
g)
d)
(heat rays)
(moist heat)
(chemicals)
8. The following muscles are located in the scalp, neck, ear, eyebrow, nose, and mouth. Indicate where each
of these muscles is located.
a)
(mouth)
orbicularis oris
b)
(eyebrow)
orbicularis oculi
c)
(scalp)
frontalis
d)
(ear)
auricularis anterior
e)
(nose)
procerus
f ) (neck)
sternocleidomastoideus
9. Identify the muscles of the head, face, and neck in the corresponding spaces.
a)
(frontalis)
b)
(orbicularis oculi)
h.
i.
a.
c)
(auricularis superior)
j.
d)
(auricularis anterior)
e)
(buccinator)
f ) (orbicularis oris)
g)
k.
b.
c.
l.
d.
(platysma)
e.
h)
f.
(epicranius)
i)
(aponeurosis)
j)
(temporalis)
m.
n.
o.
g.
p.
CHAPTER 4
k)
(occipitalis)
l)
(auricularis posterior)
m)
27
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
(masseter)
n)
(sternocleidomastoideus)
o)
(trapezius)
p)
(levator scapulae)
10. The (epicranius)
is the broad muscle that covers the top of the skull.
11. The (auricularis)
superior, anterior, and posterior are the muscles of the ear.
12. The masseter and temporalis muscles are sometimes referred to as the (chewing)
muscles.
13. The eyebrow muscle that draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically is the
muscle.
(corrugator)
14. The (procerus)
covers the bridge of the nose and lowers the eyebrows.
15. Match each of these muscles to its function:
buccinator
depressor labii inferioris
levator anguli oris
levator labii superioris
mentalis
orbicularis oris
risorius
triangularis
zygomaticus major/minor
a)
(buccinator)
compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips
b)
(risorius)
draws the corner of the mouth out and back, as in
grinning
c)
(orbicularis oris)
compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips
d)
(levator anguli oris)
raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward
e)
(mentalis)
elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of
the chin
f ) (depressor labii inferioris)
depresses the lower lip and draws it to one side
g)
(zygomaticus major/minor)
elevates the lip, as in laughing
h)
(levator labii superioris)
elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as in
expressing distaste
(triangularis)
pulls down the corners of the mouth
i)
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FUNDAMENTALS FOR ESTHETICIANS WORKBOOK
16. The broad, flat muscle covering the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back controling
the shoulder blade is the (latissimus dorsi)
.
17. The (serratus anterior)
raising the arm.
is a muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and in
18. Match each of these muscles in the shoulder or arm to its description:
biceps
deltoid
extensors
flexors
pronators
supinator
triceps
a)
(flexors)
wrist muscles involved in bending the wrist
b)
(biceps)
muscle producing the contour of the front and inner
side of the upper arm
c)
(extensors)
muscles that straighten the wrist, hand, and fingers
d)
(triceps)
large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper
arm and extends the forearm
e)
(supinator)
muscle that rotates the radius outward and the palm
upward
f ) (pronators)
muscles that turn the hand inward so that the palm
faces downward
g)
large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint
(deltoid)
19. Identify the muscles of the shoulder and arm in the corresponding spaces.
a)
(deltoid)
b)
(biceps)
c)
(pronator)
d)
(supinator)
e)
(flexor)
a.
f.
b.
g.
c.
f ) (triceps)
g)
(extensor)
d.
e.
g.
CHAPTER 4
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
29
RAPID REVIEW TEST
Date: _____________
Rating: ____________
Insert the correct term in the space provided.
aponeurosis
heart
nonstriated
occipitalis
1.
orbicularis oculi
pectoralis
platysma
sternocleidomastoideus
striated
trapezius
muscles function automatically, without conscious will.
(Nonstriated)
2. Cardiac muscle is found only in the (heart)
.
3. The muscles that are attached to the bones and are controlled by the will are (striated)
muscles.
4. The back of epicranius, called the (occipitalis)
, draws the scalp backward.
5. The tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis is the (aponeurosis)
6. The (platysma)
7. The (sternocleidomastoideus)
.
extends from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin.
lowers and rotates the head.
8. The ring muscle of the eye socket that closes the eye is the (orbicularis oculi)
9. The (trapezius)
back and helps to rotate the arm.
10. The (pectoralis)
the swinging movements of the arm.
.
covers the back of the neck and upper and middle regions of the
major and minor are muscles of the chest that assist
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FUNDAMENTALS FOR ESTHETICIANS WORKBOOK
TOPIC 4: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. What is the primary function of the nervous system? (It is responsible for coordinating all the many
activities that are performed both inside and outside of the body.)
2. Name the principal components of the nervous system.
a)
(brain)
b)
(spinal cord)
c)
(nerves)
3. What are the three main subdivisions of the nervous system?
a)
(central nervous or cerebrospinal system)
b)
(peripheral nervous system)
c)
(autonomic nervous system)
4. The spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves make up the (central nervous)
(cerebrospinal)
5. The (autonomic)
blood vessels, and heart.
or
system.
nervous system controls the involuntary muscles, such as the glands,
6. The (peripheral)
central nervous system.
nervous system carries impulses, or messages, to and from the
7. What is the largest, most complex nerve tissue in the body? (The brain.)
8. How many pairs of cranial nerves originate in the brain? (12)
How many pairs of spinal nerves extend from the spinal cord? (31)
9. Where are the spinal nerves distributed? (To the muscles and skin of the trunk and limbs.)
10. A nerve cell is also called a (neuron)
11. What is the function of dendrites? (Dendrites are nerve fibers that receive impulses from other neurons.)
12. What is the function of the axon? (The axon sends impulses away from the cell body to other neurons,
glands, or muscles.)
.
CHAPTER 4
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
31
13. Which type of nerve carries impulses from the brain to the muscles? (motor or efferent nerves)
14. Which type of nerve carries impulses from the sense organs to the brain? (sensory or afferent nerves)
15. Pulling the hand away quickly from a hot stove is an example of a (reflex)
16. The (fifth cranial nerve)
is also known as the trifacial or trigeminal nerve.
17. The three branches of the trifacial or trigeminal nerve are the:
a)
(ophthalmic nerve)
b)
(mandibular nerve)
c)
(maxillary nerve)
18. Identify the nerves of the head, face, and neck in the corresponding spaces.
a)
(supraorbital)
b)
(supratrochlear)
c)
(zygomatic)
d)
(infratrochlear)
e)
(infraorbital)
f ) (nasal)
g)
(temporal)
h)
(facial)
i)
(buccal)
j)
(mental)
k)
(mandibular)
l)
(cervical)
m)
(cervical cutaneous)
n)
(greater auricular)
o)
(auriculotemporal)
p)
(posterior auricular)
q)
(greater occipital)
r)
(lesser occipital)
.
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FUNDAMENTALS FOR ESTHETICIANS WORKBOOK
19. Match each of the following nerves with its function:
auriculotemporal
infraorbital
infratrochlear
mental
nasal
supraorbital
supratrochlear
zygomatic
a)
(infraorbital)
affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose,
upper lip, and mouth
b)
(supratrochlear)
affects the skin between the eyes and upper side of the
nose
c)
(mental)
affects the skin of the lower lip and chin
d)
(auriculotemporal)
affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to
the top of the skull
e)
(zygomatic)
affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek
f ) (infratrochlear)
affects the membrane and skin of the nose
g)
(supraorbital)
affects the skin of the forehead, scalp, eyebrow, and
upper eyelid
h)
(nasal)
affects the point and lower side of the nose
20. The chief motor nerve of the face is the (seventh [facial] cranial)
nerve.
21. Match each of the following nerves with its function:
buccal
cervical
posterior auricular
mandibular
temporal
zygomatic
a)
(temporal)
affects the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead,
eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of the cheek
b)
(cervical)
affects the side of the neck and the platysma muscle
c)
(mandibular)
affects the muscles of the lower lip and chin
d)
(buccal)
affects the muscles of the mouth
e)
(zygomatic)
affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek
f ) (posterior auricular)
affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the
skull
CHAPTER 4
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
33
22. Match each of the following cervical nerves with its function:
cervical cutaneous
greater auricular
greater occipital
smaller occipital
a)
(smaller occipital)
affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear
b)
(greater auricular)
affects the face, ears, neck, and parotid gland
c)
(greater occipital)
affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head
d)
(cervical cutaneous)
affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the
breastbone
23. List the principal nerves of the arm and hand and what parts they supply.
a)
(digital nerve: supplies the fingers)
b)
(radial nerve: supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand)
c)
(median nerve: supplies the arm and hand)
d)
(ulnar nerve: supplies the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand)
TOPIC 5: THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. What is the primary function of the circulatory system? (It controls the steady circulation of blood
through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels.)
2. Name the two divisions of the circulatory system and their components:
a)
(blood vascular system—heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries)
b)
(lymph vascular system—lymph, lymphatics, lymph nodes, and other structures)
3. What is the function of lymph? (Lymph carries waste and impurities away from the cells.)
4. What is the function of the heart? (The heart keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system.)
34
FUNDAMENTALS FOR ESTHETICIANS WORKBOOK
5. Identify the parts of the heart in the corresponding spaces.
a)
(right pulmonary artery)
b)
(pulmonary veins)
c)
(right atrium)
d)
(pericardium)
e)
(tricuspid valve)
l.
a.
k.
b.
j.
f ) (right ventricle)
g)
c.
(left ventricle)
h)
(mitral valve)
i)
(left atrium)
j)
(pulmonary veins)
k)
(left pulmonary artery)
l)
(aorta)
i.
d.
h.
e.
f.
g.
6. The interior of the heart contains four chambers and (four)
valves.
7. When the heart contracts and relaxes, blood flows in, then travels from the (atria)
(ventricles)
to the
and out of the heart.
8. What is the normal heartbeat rate in a resting state? (72–80 beats per minute)
9. Name the functions of the following:
a) pulmonary circulation
(sends the blood from heart to lungs to be purified)
b) systemic circulation
(carries the blood from the heart throughout body and back to heart)
c) arteries
(carry oxygenated blood away from heart to capillaries)
d) capillaries
(connect smaller arteries to the veins; bring nutrients to the cells and carry away
waste materials)
e) veins
(carry blood containing waste products from capillaries back to the heart)
10. Blood has the following characteristics:
a) There are (8 to 10)
b) Blood is about (80)
pints in the human body.
percent water.
CHAPTER 4
c) The normal temperature of blood is (98.6°)
d) Blood is bright red in the (arteries)
35
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Fahrenheit.
and dark red in the (veins)
.
e) Blood is composed of red and white (corpuscles or cells)
, (platelets)
, and (hemoglobin)
(plasma)
,
.
11. Name the five primary functions of blood.
a)
(carries water, oxygen, food, and secretions to all cells)
b)
(carries away carbon dioxide and waste products to be eliminated through the lungs, skin, kidneys, and
large intestines)
c)
(helps to equalize the body temperature)
d)
(protects the body from harmful bacteria and infections through the action of the white blood cells)
e)
(closes tiny injured blood vessels by forming clots)
12. Red blood cells or corpuscles are produced in the (red bone marrow) .
13. Name the functions of these components of blood:
a) red blood cells
(carry oxygen to the body cells)
b) white blood cells
(destroy disease-causing germs)
c) platelets
(contribute to the blood-clotting process)
d) plasma
(carries food and secretions to the cells and carries carbon dioxide away from the cells)
14. Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes, a process that helps fight (infection)
15. Name the four primary functions of lymph.
a)
(carries nourishment from the blood to the body cells)
b)
(acts as a defense against invading bacteria and toxins)
c)
(removes waste material from the body cells to the blood)
d)
(provides a suitable fluid environment for the cells)
.
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FUNDAMENTALS FOR ESTHETICIANS WORKBOOK
16. Identify the arteries of the head, face, and neck in the corresponding spaces.
a
(supraorbital artery)
b)
(frontal artery)
c)
(middle temporal artery)
d)
(angular artery)
e)
(infraorbital artery)
f ) (transverse facial artery)
g)
(superior labial artery)
h)
(inferior labial artery)
i)
(submental artery)
j)
(facial artery)
k)
(parietal artery)
l)
(anterior auricular artery)
m)
(occipital artery)
n)
(posterior auricular artery)
o)
(superficial temporal artery)
p)
(external carotid artery)
17. The main source of blood supply to the head, face, and neck is the (common carotid)
arteries.
18. Match each of the following arteries with the area to which it supplies blood.
angular artery
anterior auricular artery
frontal artery
inferior labial artery
infraorbital artery
middle temporal artery
occipital artery
parietal artery
posterior auricular artery
submental artery
superior labial artery
supraorbital artery
transverse facial artery
a)
(frontal artery)
forehead and upper eyelids
b)
(posterior auricular artery)
scalp, the area behind and above the ear, and the skin
behind the ear
c)
(supraorbital artery)
upper eyelid and forehead
d)
(superior labial artery)
upper lip and region of the nose
CHAPTER 4
e)
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
side of the nose
(angular artery)
f ) (infraorbital artery)
muscles of the eye
g)
(middle temporal artery)
temples
h)
(submental artery)
chin and lower lip
i)
(transverse facial artery)
skin and masseter
j)
(anterior auricular artery)
front part of the ear
k)
(occipital artery)
skin and muscles of the scalp and back of the head up
to the crown
l)
(parietal artery)
side and crown of the head
(inferior labial artery)
lower lip
m)
19. The two principal veins on each side of the neck are the internal and external (jugular)
20.
37
are found deep in the tissues, while (veins)
surface of the arms and hands.
.
are closer to the
(Arteries)
RAPID REVIEW TEST
Date: _____________
Rating: ____________
Insert the correct term in the space provided.
aorta
atrium
erythrocytes
hemoglobin
leukocytes
pericardium
platelets
radial
ulnar
valve
ventricle
1. The heart is enclosed by a membrane called the (pericardium)
.
2. The upper, thin-walled chambers of the heart are the right and left (atrium)
.
3. A (ventricle)
4. A (valve)
blood to flow in only one direction.
5. The largest artery in the body is the (aorta)
is one of the lower, thick-walled chambers of the heart.
is a structure between the chambers of the heart that allows
.
38
FUNDAMENTALS FOR ESTHETICIANS WORKBOOK
6. Red blood cells are also called (erythrocytes)
7.
.
is the iron protein that gives blood its bright red color.
(Hemoglobin)
8. White blood cells are also called (leukocytes)
.
9. Thrombocytes are also called (platelets)
.
10. The (ulnar)
the hand.
artery and its branches supply the little finger side of the arm and palm of
11. The (radial)
the hand.
artery and its branches supply the thumb side of the arm and the back of
TOPIC 6: OTHER BODY SYSTEMS
1. The (endocrine)
and health of the body.
system comprises glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities,
2. Specialized organs that remove certain elements from the blood and convert them into new compounds
are called (glands)
.
3. What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? (Exocrine or duct glands produce a
substance that travels through ducts. Endocrine or ductless glands secrete hormones directly into the
bloodstream.)
4. Sweat and oil glands are types of (exocrine)
glands.
5. Insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen are (hormones)
6. Digestive (enzymes)
be used by the body.
are chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can
7. The entire digestive process takes about (nine)
8. The (excretory)
.
hours to complete.
system purifies the body by eliminating waste matter.
CHAPTER 4
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
39
9. What does each of the following organs excrete?
a) skin
(perspiration)
b) large intestine
(decomposed and undigested food)
c) kidneys
(urine)
d) liver
(bile)
e) lungs
(carbon dioxide)
10. The respiratory system consists of the (lungs)
11. During inhalation, (oxygen)
and air passages.
is absorbed into the blood.
12. During exhalation, the lungs expel (carbon dioxide)
.
13. The respiratory system is protected on both sides by the (ribs)
.
14. The muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region is the (diaphragm)
.