Valence electrons and Lewis Diagrams
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2/4 - 2/5 Bell ringer... • Complete the noble gas electron configuration for the following elements... ✦ Li ✦ C ✦ F ✦ Na ✦ Si ✦ Cl ✦ K ✦ Ge ✦ Br Tuesday, February 4, 14 1 Valence Electrons and Lewis Dot Diagrams Tuesday, February 4, 14 2 l e d o m c i m o t a ? t g a n h i s W u e w e ar Bonding and electrons • Bonding between atoms is based on the sharing and exchange of electrons between atoms • Only electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom can interact. (why?) H Tuesday, February 4, 14 C 3 ( : d a b y g ) : r e d n o e o h g g y g Hi r e n e w Lo Why interact? • Because of the balanced movement of e-, filled outer subshells and shells actually have much lower energy then partially filled Tuesday, February 4, 14 • To reach a filled state it is easier for some atoms to gain e- and for others to lose e- • While gaining or losing electrons can affect charge of the atom this is often a lower energy state if it results in filled orbitals 4 Valence vs Core Electrons C • Core electrons • Core e- are electrons shielded by higher energy levels thus not prone to interacting with other atoms • C for instance has 6 electrons but the 2 in the st 1 energy level are completely shielded by the 4 in the Tuesday, February 4, 14 nd 2 5 Valence vs Core Electrons C • Valence electrons • Valence e- are electrons of the outermost energy level, because these e- are exposed they readily interact with other atoms • Tuesday, February 4, 14 C’s outer 4 electrons can interact with other atoms to help fill their outer energy levels 6 More on bonding later... • Most of unit 5 is about bonding; really we’ll talk much more on all of the hows and whys of bonding • If you are writing this down then stop. Really, what are you thinking? You don’t need to write this, writing a long block about what we are doing next is just silly and you need to think before you write. Boom! Learning landmine. Tuesday, February 4, 14 7 The Octet Rule • Because p and s subshells are always the outermost they result in strong actions by atoms to fill them • Most atoms thus have strong tendency towards obtaining • One p and one s subshell together hold 8 electrons 8 electrons in their outer energy level (an octet) ✦ H is stable with 2 e-; it cannot hold more Tuesday, February 4, 14 ✦ Be is often stable with only 4 valence e- ✦ B and Al can be stable with 6 valence e- Probably not officially important Still testable. 8 Lewis Dot Diagrams • LDD were developed by Gilbert Lewis • Nominated for 35 Nobel prizes; never won. Leo knows how that feels... Tuesday, February 4, 14 9 Lewis Dot Diagrams Tuesday, February 4, 14 10 Table IIIA IVA VIIIA VA VIA B5 C6 N7 Boron Carbon Nitrogen Al 13 Si 14 uminum O8 P 15 VIIA 1 2 Oxygen F9 Fluorine S 16IA Cl 17 H1 H1 IA 1 Phosphorus 1 Silicon First, find the number of valence eNe 10 ✦ Second, arrange those e3 4 5 6 7 8 the atomic symbol Ar 18around Prof Mokeur's Periodic Prof Mokeur's Periodic Table Mr. E’s Periodic Table Table ✦2 He Sulfur Helium Neon VIIIA He 2 He 2 Chlorine Argon Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33HydrogenSeHydrogen 34 IIABr 35IIA Kr 36 Li 3 LiBe3 4 Be 4 Gallium Germanium 2Arsenic 2 Selenium Bromine H1 H Krypton Beryllium Beryllium Lithium Rubidium 3 Strontium Strontium Yttrium Rubidium Zirconium Zirconium Niobium Yttrium IIIA IVA IIIA BC56 Boron Carbon Boron B5 H1 N Hydrogen Hydrogen n 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Na 11 NaMg1112IAMg 12 5,3 4,2 -3 -4 3 ndium Tin Antimony 3 Tellurium HIodine 1 Xenon IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIB VIII Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83SodiumPo184 AtMagnesium 85 IIIBRn 86IIIB Magnesium IVB VB VIB Sodium K 19 KCa 20 CaSc2021IIAScTi2122 TiV2223 VCr2324 CrMn2425 MnFe2526 FeCo2627 19Hydrogen 4Bismuth 4 Polonium Li hallium Lead Astatine 3 BeRadon 4 H1 2 Calcium ut 113 114 Uup 115 Uus 117 Uuo Scandium 118 Potassium116 Scandium Titanium Titanium Vanadium Vanadium Chromium Chromium ManganeseManganese Iron Cobalt Potassium Calcium Iron Rb 37 RbSr3738 39 LithiumSrY38 BerylliumYZr 3940 ZrNb4041 NbMo4142 MoTc4243 TcRu4344Hydrogen RuRh4445 5 5 nuntrium Ununpentium Ununseptium Ununoctium Na 11 Mg 12 4,3 4,3 Lithium VIIIA C VA IVA CN6 7 VIA VA N 7O 8 VIIA VIA Helium VIIA Helium Nitrogen Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen Fluorine Oxygen Neon Fluorine Neon Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Phosphorus Chlorine Sulfur Argon Chlorine Argon Krypton Bromine Krypton -3 -4 -3 Antimony Tellurium Tellurium Iodine Tin Antimony Xenon Iodine Xenon Bismuth Lead Radon Astatine Prof Mokeur's Periodic Table OF89 FNe9 10 Ne 10 Al 13 AlSi1314 SiP1415 P S1516 SCl1617 ClAr1718 Ar 18VIIIA He 2 IB VIII IBIIB Aluminum Silicon IIB Aluminum 33IVAAsSe3334VASeBr3435VIABrKr3536 VIIAKr 36Helium CoNi2728 NiCu2829 CuZn2930 ZnGa3031 GaGe3132IIIAGeAs32 B5 C6 N7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Nickel Cobalt Copper Nickel Zinc Copper Gallium Zinc GermaniumGermanium Arsenic Gallium Selenium Selenium Bromine Arsenic 52 TeI52 53OxygenIXe5354 CarbonSbTe Fluorine Xe 54 Neon RhPd4546 PdAg4647 AgCd4748 CdIn4849 InSn4950BoronSnSb5051 51Nitrogen 5,314 5,3P 15 Al 13 4,2Si S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 4,2 Molybdenum TechnetiumTechnetium Ruthenium Ruthenium Rhodium Rhodium Palladium Palladium Silver Niobium Molybdenum Cadmium Cadmium Indium Silver -4 Tin Indium Cs 55 56 La56 57 LaHf5772IIIBHfTa7273IVBTaW7374VB WRe7475VIBReOs7576 77 IrPt7778VIIIPtAu7879 AuHg7980IBHgTl8081IIB TlPb81Aluminum 82 PbBi8283SiliconBiPo83 84 PoAt8485SulfurAtRn85Chlorine 86 Rn 86Argon 6 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 CsBa Yb5570 71 VIIBOsIr76 BaLu Sodium Magnesium Phosphorus 6 6 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 m Holmium Erbium Cesium Thulium 4Cesium Barium Ytterbium Lanthanum Hafnium Lutetium Lanthanum Barium Tantalum Tantalum Tungsten Tungsten Rhenium Rhenium Osmium Hafnium Iridium Osmium Platinum Platinum Gold Iridium Mercury Gold Thallium Mercury Lead Thallium Polonium Polonium Astatine Bismuth Radon Fr 87 Ra87Potassium 88 RaLrAc88 89 104 105 106 107 108 HsMt108 109IronMtDs109 110 111 112 114 115Uup 115 116 117Uus Uuo117 118Uuo 118 8 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 FrNo 102 103 AcRf89 RfDb104 DbSg105 SgBh106 BhHs107 DsRg110 RgCn111 CnUut112113 114Germanium 116Selenium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Cobalt Nickel Copper ZincUut 113 GalliumUup Arsenic Uus Bromine Krypton 7 7 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 m Einsteinium Fermium Tuesday, February 4, 14 Francium 5 Radium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Dubnium SeaborgiumSeaborgium Bohrium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Francium Actinium Rutherfordium Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Hassium Hassium Meitnerium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium CoperniciumCopernicium Ununtrium Ununtrium Bohrium Darmstadtium Roentgenium 4,3 Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Ununpentium UnunseptiumUnunseptium UnunoctiumUnunoctium Ununpentium 5,3 4,2 -3 -4 Xenon Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine 11 A Summary of trends... •Atomic size decreases •Ionization energy increases •Electronegativity increases •Nuclear charge increases •Shielding is constant (no change across) •Atomic size (radii) increases •Ionization energy decreases •Electronegativity decreases •Nuclear charge increases •Shielding is increases Tuesday, February 4, 14 12 Carbon Nitrogen Si 14 P 15 Oxygen Neon S 16IA Cl 17 Ar 18 H1 H1 IA 1 Phosphorus 1 Silicon Fluorine Sulfur Chlorine Prof Mokeur's Periodic Prof Mokeur's Periodic Table Mr. E’s Periodic Table Table 2Arsenic 2 Selenium Bromine H1 IIIA IVA IIIA BC56 Boron Carbon Boron B5 H1 He 2 He 2 VA IVA CN6 7 VIA VA N 7O 8 VIIA VIA Helium VIIA Helium Nitrogen Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen Fluorine Oxygen Neon Fluorine Neon Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Phosphorus Chlorine Sulfur Argon Chlorine Argon Krypton Bromine Krypton -3 -4 -3 Antimony Tellurium Iodine Tin Antimony Tellurium Xenon Iodine Xenon Bismuth Lead Radon Astatine Prof Mokeur's Periodic Table Rubidium OF89 FNe9 10 Ne 10 Krypton Beryllium Hydrogen Hydrogen Sn 50 Sb 51LithiumTe 52 I 53BerylliumXe 54 Lithium Na 11 NaMg1112IAMg 12 5,3 4,2 -3 -4 3 Tin Antimony 3 Tellurium HIodine 1 Xenon IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIB VIII Pb 82 Bi 83SodiumPo184 AtMagnesium 85 IIIBRn 86IIIB Magnesium IVB VB VIB Sodium K 19 KCa 20 CaSc2021IIAScTi2122 TiV2223 VCr2324 CrMn2425 MnFe2526 FeCo2627 19Hydrogen 4Bismuth 4 Polonium Li Lead Astatine 3 BeRadon 4 H1 2 Calcium 114 Uup 115 Uus 117 Uuo Scandium 118 Potassium116 Scandium Titanium Titanium Vanadium Vanadium Chromium Chromium ManganeseManganese Iron Cobalt Potassium Calcium Iron Rb 37 RbSr3738 39 LithiumSrY38 BerylliumYZr 3940 ZrNb4041 NbMo4142 MoTc4243 TcRu4344Hydrogen RuRh4445 5 5 Ununpentium Ununseptium Ununoctium Na 11 Mg 12 4,3 4,3 3Rubidium Strontium VIIIA Argon Ge 32 As 33HydrogenSeHydrogen 34 IIABr 35IIA Kr 36 Li 3 LiBe3 4 Be 4 Germanium VIIIA Yttrium Strontium Zirconium Zirconium Niobium Yttrium Al 13 AlSi1314 SiP1415 P S1516 SCl1617 ClAr1718 Ar 18VIIIA He 2 IB VIII IBIIB Aluminum Silicon IIB Aluminum 33IVAAsSe3334VASeBr3435VIABrKr3536 VIIAKr 36Helium CoNi2728 NiCu2829 CuZn2930 ZnGa3031 GaGe3132IIIAGeAs32 B5 C6 N7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Nickel Cobalt Copper Nickel Zinc Copper Gallium Zinc GermaniumGermanium Arsenic Gallium Selenium Selenium Bromine Arsenic 52 TeI52 53OxygenIXe5354 CarbonSbTe Fluorine Xe 54 Neon RhPd4546 PdAg4647 AgCd4748 CdIn4849 InSn4950BoronSnSb5051 51Nitrogen 5,314 5,3P 15 Al 13 4,2Si S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 4,2 Molybdenum TechnetiumTechnetium Ruthenium Ruthenium Rhodium Rhodium Palladium Palladium Silver Niobium Molybdenum Cadmium Cadmium Indium Silver -4 Tin Indium Cs 55 56 La56 57 LaHf5772IIIBHfTa7273IVBTaW7374VB WRe7475VIBReOs7576 77 IrPt7778VIIIPtAu7879 AuHg7980IBHgTl8081IIB TlPb81Aluminum 82 PbBi8283SiliconBiPo83 84 PoAt8485SulfurAtRn85Chlorine 86 Rn 86Argon 67 Er 68 Tm 69 CsBa Yb5570 71 VIIBOsIr76 BaLu Sodium Magnesium Phosphorus 6 6 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 um Erbium Cesium Thulium 4Cesium Barium Ytterbium Lanthanum Hafnium Lutetium Lanthanum Barium Tantalum Tantalum Tungsten Tungsten Rhenium Rhenium Osmium Hafnium Iridium Osmium Platinum Platinum Gold Iridium Mercury Gold Thallium Mercury Lead Thallium Polonium Polonium Astatine Bismuth Radon Fr 87 Ra87Potassium 88 RaLrAc88 89 104 105 106 107 108 HsMt108 109IronMtDs109 110 111 112 114 115Uup 115 116 117Uus Uuo117 118Uuo 118 99 Fm 100 Md 101 FrNo 102 103 AcRf89 RfDb104 DbSg105 SgBh106 BhHs107 DsRg110 RgCn111 CnUut112113 114Germanium 116Selenium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Cobalt Nickel Copper ZincUut 113 GalliumUup Arsenic Uus Bromine Krypton 7 7 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 nium Fermium Francium 5 Radium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Dubnium SeaborgiumSeaborgium Bohrium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Francium Actinium Rutherfordium Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Hassium Hassium Meitnerium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium CoperniciumCopernicium Ununtrium Ununtrium Bohrium Darmstadtium Roentgenium 4,3 Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Ununpentium UnunseptiumUnunseptium UnunoctiumUnunoctium Ununpentium 5,3 4,2 -3 -4 Xenon Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Cs 55 Ba 56 LaCe5758 Ce HfPr72 WPm74 ReSm75 OsEu76 IrGd77 PtTb78 7966 Hg 8067 Ho TlEr81 8269 Tm BiYb83 8471 At 5859 Ta PrNd73 5960 Nd 6061 Pm 6162 Sm 6263 Eu 6364 Gd 6465 Au TbDy65 DyHo66 6768 Pb ErTm68 6970 Po YbLu70 Lu85 71 Rn 86 6 6 Cesium 6 Cerium Lanthanum Barium Praseodymium NeodymiumNeodymium PromethiumPromethium Samarium Samarium Europium Europium GadoliniumGadolinium Terbium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Cerium Praseodymium Dysprosium Holmium Holmium Erbium Gold Mercury Thallium Terbium Dysprosium Thulium Lead Erbium Ytterbium Ytterbium Lutetium Astatine Bismuth Polonium Thulium Lutetium Radon Fm113 101Uup 102NoLr116 103Uus Fr 87 Ra 88 AcTh8990 RfThPa 104 108 109 110 112 114 115 117 Uuo 118 9091 DbPaU105 9192 SgUNp106 9293 Bh NpPu107 9394 HsPuAm 9495 Mt AmCm 9596 Ds CmBk 9697 Rg BkCf111 9798 CnCfEs 9899 Uut Es 99100FmMd 100 MdNo101 102 Lr 103 7 7 Francium Tuesday, February 4, 14 Radium 7 Thorium Rutherfordium ProtactiniumProtactinium Uranium Seaborgium Neptunium Neptunium Plutonium Plutonium Americium Meitnerium Curium Darmstadtium BerkeliumRoentgenium CaliforniumCopernicium EinsteiniumEinsteinium Fermium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Nobelium LawrenciumUnunseptium Actinium Dubnium Bohrium Hassium Ununtrium Ununpentium Thorium Uranium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Mendelevium Lawrencium Ununoctium Based off of Prof. Mokeur’s PT 13
