Chapter and Topic of this Review Guide: Ch. 1: History, Background, and Perspectives
Psychology
Overt Behaviors
Covert Behaviors
Empirical Evidence
Scientific Observation
Research Method
Critical Thinking
Animal Models
Description
Understanding
Prediction
Control
Stimulus
Introspection
Structuralism
Functionalism
Natural Selection
Behaviorism
Stimuli
Responses
Conditioned Response
Cognitive Behaviorism
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Observable actions and responses
Hidden, internal events
Information gained from direct observation
An empirical investigation that is structured so that it answers questions about the world
Systematic approach to answering scientific questions
Ability to evaluate, compare, analyze, critique, and synthesize information
In research, an animal whose behavior is used to derive principles that may apply to human behavior
In scientific research, the process of naming and classifying
In psychology, understanding is achieved when the causes of behavior can stated
An ability to accurately forecast behavior
Altering conditions that influence behavior
Any physical energy sensed by an organism
To look within; to examine one’s own thoughts, feelings, or sensations
The school of thought concerned with analyzing sensations and personal experiments into basic elements
School of psychology concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environments
Darwin’s Theory that evolution favors those plants and animals best suited to their living conditions
School of psychology that emphasizes the study of overt, observable behavior
Events in the environment
Any muscular action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behavior
Learned reaction to a particular stimulus
An approach that combines behavioral principles with cognition (perception, thinking, anticipation) to explain behavior
Behavioral Psychology
Hitting someone
Remembering
Noticing that the garage door opens when you press the button
Mozart increases babies’ intelligence
EEG measures brain waves
“Does punishment work?”
Chimpanzees and speech
Describing how a monkey reacts to an electric shock
Understanding why bystanders are often unwilling to help in an emergency
Predicting that plants in sunlight will grow more than plants in the dark
The classroom environment in which one teaches
Sounds
To stop and examine your own thoughts
Holding an apple, and noticing its color, roundness, and weight
A college freshman getting acquainted with his dorm roommate for the first time
The peppered moth changes colors to match the bark of the trees in which it lived
Studying how a chimpanzee reacts to an electric shock
Burning your hand on the stovetop
A reflex
Pavlov’s dog
Visiting a website because it has free games. A behaviorist would say you play because you are rewarded by the pleasure of game play. A cognitive behaviorist would add that you expect to find free games on that site

Gestalt Psychologist
Unconscious
Repressed
Psychoanalysis
Neo-Freudians
Psychodynamic Theories
Humanism
Determinism
Free Will
Self-Image
Self-Evaluation
Frame of Reference
Self-Actualization
Cognitive Neuroscience
Positive Psychology
Cultural Relativity
Social Norms
Psychologist
A school a psychology emphasizing the study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis in the parts
Playing “Happy Birthday” on the guitar with all of the notes in order, but only one note per hour wouldn’t sound like anything. But if you played each note right after the other it would sound like “Happy Birthday”
Asleep Contents of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires not directly known to a person
Held out of awareness
A Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of conscious conflicts
A psychologist who accepts the broad features of Freud’s theory but has revised hat theory to fit his or her own concepts.
Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces.
An approach to psychology that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals.
Never thinking about being sick until you are sick
A patient laying on a couch with a psychoanalyst asking questions and recording responses
Karen Horney, Carl Jung, Erik Erikson
The idea that all behavior has prior causes that would completely explain one’s choices and actions if all such causes were known.
The idea that human beings are capable of freely making choices or decisions.
Your perception of your own body, personality, and capabilities.
Refers to appraising yourself as good or bad.
A humanistic psychologist may determine that the anger his or her patient is experiencing is due to their car not starting (problem), not getting a high grade on their midterm
(potential), etc.
Sleep walking
Deciding what shoes you are going to wear today ALL BY YOURSELF.
Looking in the mirror and thinking to yourself, “man I’m ugly.”
Stealing from a grocery store and thinking to yourself, “it’s ok, I’m superman.”
Karma Mental perspective used to interpret events
The ongoing process of fully developing one’s personal potential
An attempt to discover connections between mental events and activity in the brain
The study of human strengths, virtues, and optimal behavior
The idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which it occurs
Unspoken rules that define acceptable and expected behavior for members of a group
A person highly trained in the methods, factual knowledge, and theories of psychology
Id, ego, superego
Developing a high self esteem
What happens in the brain when you feel happy?
Studying how Michael Phelps swims so fast
Eating with hands is an acceptable behavior in Japanese cultures
Raising your hand in class to be called on by the teacher
Clinical psychologist

Clinical Psychologist
Counseling Psychologist
Psychiatrist
Psychoanalyst
Counselor
Psychiatric Social Workers
Psychologist who specializes in the treatment of psychological and behavioral disturbances or who does research on such disturbances
Psychologist who specializes in the treatment of milder emotional and behavioral disturbances
Medical doctor who treats mental disorders, usually by doing psychotherapy
Mental health professional trained to practice psychoanalysis
An advisor who helps solve problems with marriage, career, school, work, or the like
Mental health professional trained to apply social science principles to help patients in clinics and hospitals
Psychotherapy; investigates clinical problems, develops methods of treatment
School Counselor
“I’m a psychiatrist, and I can prescribe drugs!”
An M.D. who knows a lot about psychology
Queen Latifah from What Happens in
Vegas
Someone who visits the patient’s home, school, or job to alleviate problems
Experimental self-observation Wilhelm Wundt
B.F. Skinner
Observed and measured stimuli of various kinds. Then he used introspection to probe his reaction to various stimuli.
With the Skinner Box, he could present stimuli to animals and record specific responses
“Designed Culture” based on positive reinforcement can encourage desirable behavior
Douglas Kenrick and Steve Macfarlane Studied empirical evidence approach Proved that empirical evidence is valuable to psychology
Wilhelm Wundt Father of Psychology Making psychology an independent science from philosophy. Personal
William James
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
Max Wertheimer
Mary Calkins
Broadening psychology to include animal behavior
Behaviorism Viewpoints
Skinner Box
First person to advance the Gestalt viewpoint
First woman president of American
Psychological Association experience
Helped to establish psychology as a serious discipline
Advanced Behaviorism
Advanced operant conditioning
Advanced Gestalt viewpoint, which studied learning in whole units
Research on memory
Margaret Washburn
Sigmund Freud
Abraham Maslow
Published The Animal Mind , an influential textbook on animal behavior
Extensive research, theories, and viewpoints on the unconscious mind
Founder of humanistic psychology
First woman awarded a Ph.D. in
Psychology
Added psychological treatment methods to psychiatry through psychoanalysis
Offered his positive view of human potential as an alternative to the schools of behaviorism and psychoanalysis