Brace name
SoftTec OA (off the shelf)
(from: http://www.bauerfeind.
com/file/index/view/file.id/339)
Description
Indications
Bauerfeind
1. SoftTec knit provides
high degree of tension
stability and muscle play.
2. Two viscoelastic pads
above and below kneecap
to counteract swelling
and hematoma during
motion.
3. Two zippers for
easy fitting.
4. Four nonelastic straps on
the upper and lower legs
permit fine adjustment
and secure brace against
any rotational forces with
movement.
5. Anatomically contoured
carbon fiber sidebars that
can be heated and reshaped.
6. Contour shells can be
heated and adapted to
individual’s leg shape and
are connected by flat
duocentric hinge that
transfers load of knee.
7. Valgus pressure is adjusted
by filling and emptying air
bladder.
8. Silicone pads positioned
between air bladder and
surface of leg.
Medial osteoarthritis
Features
1. Easily adjusted.
Warranty
Six-month warranty
$800.00
2. Easy to don and doff.
3. Breathable
4. Available in plus sizes.
5. 3-point pressure relief
principle.
(Continued on next page)
7
Osteoarthritic Knee Braces on the Market
Manufacturer
Approximate
price list; prices
vary with vendor
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
Volume 26 & Number 1 & 2014
Copyright @ 2013 by the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Table 3. Osteoarthritis knee braces available within the United States as of January 2013
Brooks
8
Brace name
Manufacturer
DUO (Dynamic Unloading
Bledsoe
Osteoarthritis) Brace (off the
shelf and custom) (from: http://
bledsoe brace.com/products/
pdf/datasheet/soe_strong_oa_
brochure.pdf)
Description
Legacy Thruster OA (off the shelf
or custom) (from: http://bledsoe
brace.com/products/pdf/datasheet/
soe_strong_oa_brochure.pdf)
Bledsoe
Indications
1. Was Thruster 2
1. For moderate to
severe OA.
2. Low-profile frame
2. For all-day use
3. Double upright
3. OK for individuals
with redundant tissue.
4. Dynamic loading hinge
4. OK running
(0Y5 mph)
5. OK golf, bowling
5. Incremental arm
adjustments
6. Unique strapping prevents
migration
1. Low-profile single-upright
1. For mild to
moderate OA
2. Hinge is on affected side
2. For moderate to
of knee, which creates relief
severe OA patients.
by pulling the straps to
open the joint space versus
pushing against the
opposite side of the knee.
3. Dial allows incremental
2. For all-day use.
fore adjustments.
4. Distal calf section flexes
3. OK for moderate
with the muscles of the leg.
activities such as
walking, golf, tennis,
bicycling.
5. Up to 22- of correction
4. Not OK for
high-intensity sports
such as football,
basketball, or skiing.
5. OK minimal running
(0Y10 mph)
Features
Standard frame length
15 in
Frame lengths come
in short (14 in)
and standard (16 in).
Warranty
Off
Approximate
price list; prices
vary with vendor
the shelf and
custom:
1. Off the shelf:
$599.99
1. 90-day warranty on
soft goods.
2. 1 year on
mechanical functionality/
components
3. 3 years on hinge
functionality/components
2. Custom: $1500
Off the shelf and
custom:
1. 90-day warranty
on soft goods.
2. 1 year on mechanical
functionality/components
3. 3 years on hinge
functionality/components
1. Off the shelf:
$599.99
2. Custom: $2000
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
Volume 26 & Number 1 & 2014
Copyright @ 2013 by the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Table 3. (Continued)
Breg
1. For medial
compartment OA
that reduces
elongation of
ligaments.
2. Double-upright frame.
2. Not indicated
for lateral
compartment OA.
3. Precise contoured fit
‘‘pre-tensions’’ the medial
side of the brace, which
allows brace to engage
sooner, resisting knee
displacement.
3. Designed for
athletic and
normal daily
activities. Note:
There is a Fusion
Lateral OA knee
brace that is similar
in design to the
Fusion OA but
specifically
designed for lateral
unicompartmental
OA with an off gauge
that displays the
amount of load
applied in
half-millimeter
increments.
1. There is a Women’s
Fusion OA and Men’s
Fusion OA version
as well as a stronger
Fusion XT OA that
is designed for
higher-impact strength.
2. Women’s Fusion OA
is available only in
wrinkle coat finish,
and white is available
only in custom version
that weighs 20 oz.
1. One year hinge
Off the shelf:
$529.99
2. Straps/frame pads are
6 months.
Fusion Women’s OA
Fusion XT OA
4. Allows medial side to
accommodate changing
axis of knee through
flexion and extension
that keeps the brace
solidly in place.
(Continued on next page)
9
Osteoarthritic Knee Braces on the Market
1. Brace made from DuPont’s
Zytel ST, a strong flexible
polymer that conforms to
the shape of the leg.
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
Copyright @ 2013 by the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Volume 26 & Number 1 & 2014
Fusion OA (off the shelf)
(from: http://www.breg.com)
Brooks
10
Brace name
Defiance OA (off the shelf
and custom) (from: http://
www.djoglobal.com/our
-brands/donjoy/)
Manufacturer
Donjoy
Description
5. Zytel is combined with
lightweight, high-strength
2024 tempered aluminum.
6. Has a thumbwheel dial
hinge that makes it easy
to adjust the level of
offloading.
1. Double upright with
a four-point leverage
system.
Indications
1. For medial
or lateral
compartment OA.
2. There is a 1- to 72. Moderate to severe
correction built into
unicompartmental OA
a strong, lightweight,
carbon composite frame.
3. Has a telescoping condyle
pad with up to 3- of
additional correction that
shifts the compressive
knee joint forces to the
nonaffected compartment.
4. Has a universal OA key
for patient-controlled
load adjustments to meet
daily needs.
5. Floam condyle pad with
100% memory for increased
comfort and compliance.
6. Has a swooping thigh cuff
for inner thigh clearance
and bilateral brace use.
7. Sili-Grip strap pads
8. Neoprene suspension
straps.
9. Antimigration band
anchors on the upper calf.
Features
Warranty
Approximate
price list; prices
vary with vendor
1. Available in 40 custom
frame colors and
graphics.
2. Has swivel strap tabs
to accommodate leg
movement.
3. Available in standard
or short length frame.
4. Flexion and extension
control.
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
Volume 26 & Number 1 & 2014
Copyright @ 2013 by the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Table 3. (Continued)
OA Nano (off the shelf)
(from: http://www.kneeshop.com/
productcart/pc/PROFESSIONALBRACES-C42.htm9)
Donjoy
Donjoy
1. Four-point leverage system. For moderate to severe
unicompartmental OA
1.Weighs 23 oz.
1. One year on frame
and hinges.
2. Lock and off-Load Technology
shifts compressive knee joint
forces from degenerative side
to healthy compartment.
3. Universal OA key allows
for patient-controlled load
adjustments.
4. Floating hinges allow
a contoured fit with a
double-upright design.
5. Lightweight, aircraft-grade
aluminum frame.
6. Has a swooping thigh
and calf cuffs for inner leg
clearance.
7. Swivel D0Rings accommodate
for leg movement.
8. Has antimigration band
that anchors upper calf.
9. Floating hinges allow a
contoured fit with
double-upright design.
10. Hinge is on opposite
side of OA.
1. Similar to Donjoy’s
For mild to moderate
OA Adjuster but lighter
medial and lateral
in weight.
unicompartmental OA.
2. Has 20- of varus or
valgus range.
2. 6 months on soft goods
3. Arthritis friendly
4. Is 14.5 in length
1. Light: 14.2 oz
1. One-year warranty on
frame and hinges.
2. Provides offloading
on lateral or medial side.
2. Six-month warranty
on soft goods.
$674.99
(Continued on next page)
11
Osteoarthritic Knee Braces on the Market
2. Double-upright rigid
knee brace.
3. Has Lock and off-Load
Technology that shifts
compressive knee joint
forces from degenerative
area to healthy compartment.
4. For people who stay active
and move freely.
5. Malleable nano magnesium
frame allows cuff adjustments
and provides strength to
offload.
6. Contoured designed and
brace suspension keeps
knee brace in place and
prevents slipping.
Off the shelf: $649.99
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
Copyright @ 2013 by the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Volume 26 & Number 1 & 2014
OA Adjuster (off the shelf)
(from: http://www.djoglobal.
com /our-brands/donjoy/)
OAsys (off the shelf)
(from: http://www.ossur.com)
Manufacturer
issur
Description
1. Double-upright brace.
Indications
1. Medial or lateral
compartment OA.
2. Equipped with Accutrac
2. Can be used with low and
ROM hinges with easy-to-use
medium contact/impact
flexion and extension stops.
activities.
Unloader ADJ (custom)
(from: http://www.ossur.com)
issur
3. Acculign slide bar for medial
and lateral unloading.
4. Heat moldable frame for
customized fitting by O&P
clinicians.
5. Pivoting, quick-release buckles
and four-strap design for easy
donning and doffing.
6. Gel Fit condylar pads for
joint line comfort and to
cushion bony prominences
for improved patient
satisfaction and compliance.
7. Reduce medal surface area
for streamlined fit and comfort
on fleshy legs.
8. Made of noncorrosive materials
that are ideal for water sports.
9. Lightweight frame
1. Designed on the same principles 1. For OA knee patients
as the ‘‘Unloader Select.’’
with mild to severe
unicompartmental OA
2. Shell is more flexible to
2. For patients with
conform well to wide thighs
excessive soft tissue
and calves, whether patient
is weightbearing or not.
3. Has wider elastic straps
to contain excess tissue.
3. Ideal for geriatric
populations.
Features
Available in silver,
champagne, or carbon
fiber finish.
Warranty
1. Frame and hinge
components warranted
free of defects in materials
and workmanship for 2 years.
2. Straps, liners, return cords,
hinge coatings, and other soft
components warranted free
from defects in materials and
workmanship for 6 months.
$699.00
$685.00
1. Color-coded tabs/D rings 1. Frame and hinge
components warranted
and numbered straps with
free of defects in materials
EZ Grip loops to make
and workmanship for lifetime
donning and doffing easy
of the original patient.
for patients with limited
cognition and/or manual
dexterity.
2. There are 12 colors
2. Straps, liners/covers, sleeves,
to choose from.
return cords, other soft
components warranted free from
defects in materials and
workmanship for 6 months.
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
Volume 26 & Number 1 & 2014
Copyright @ 2013 by the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Brace name
Approximate
price list; prices
vary with vendor
Brooks
12
Table 3. (Continued)
issur
2. CoolFlex material provides 2. Not recommended
2. Removable sleeve is
excellent wicking and drying.
for high-contact sports.
machine washable.
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
Volume 26 & Number 1 & 2014
1. Frame and hinge components
warranted free of defects in
materials and workmanship
for 2 years.
2. Straps, liners, return cords,
hinge coatings, and other soft
components warranted free
from defects in materials and
workmanship for 6 months.
$599.00
3. Has a Dynamic Force Strap 3. Not recommended
for offloading.
for patients with excess
soft tissue.
4. Has a single upright on
4. Good for mild cognitive/
affected side, combines with
or manual dexterity
Dynamic Force Strap to create
deficiencies.
3-Point Leverage System.
5. Clinician-controlled varus/ 5. Good for low to
valgus adjustment.
moderate ADLs.
6. Semirigid shells.
7. issur Poli-Axial Hinge System.
(Continued on next page)
13
Osteoarthritic Knee Braces on the Market
Copyright @ 2013 by the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Unloader Express (was
Generation II Express)
(off the shelf) (from:
http://www.ossur.com)
4. Dynamic Force Strap for
4. For individuals with
counteracting force to
disproportionate thigh
unload affected compartment.
to girth, abnormal leg
contour, thin skin,
minimal muscle mass,
and/or mild cognitive
deficiency.
5. Single upright on affected 3. For low to demanding
ADLs.
side with Dynamic Force
Strap to create 3-Point
Leverage System.
6. Adjustable dynamic Joint
for clinician to control
varus/valgus.
7. Wide elastic straps for
excessive soft tissue.
8. Washable doeskin liners wick
moisture and keep leg cool.
1. CoolFlex sleeve with a
1. Early-onset OA
1. Cost-effective.
semirigid frame.
patients.
Brooks
14
Table 3. (Continued)
Manufacturer
Unloader One (off the shelf and custom) issur
(from: http://www.ossur.com)
Unloader Select (custom)
(from: http://www.ossur.com)
issur
Description
1. Dual dynamic Force Straps
increase unloading capabilities
and prevent rotation of the
brace on the leg.
2. Tool-free, racheting
Dynamic Force Control
System enables
self-adjustment for easier
pain management.
3. Breathable liners featuring
issur Sensil Silicone on
an Aerospacer base material
virtually eliminates
migration.
4. Flexible, low-profile, hinged
upright contours to
individual anatomy and
allows use underneath
clothing.
5. Quick Connect Strapping
for tool-free removal and
replacement.
6. Lightweight frame is
perforated for flexibility
and ventilation.
1. Single upright on affected
side combined with
Dynamic Force Strap
creates three-point
leverage system.
2. Has an Adjustable dynamic
Joint that allows clinician to
control varus or valgus force
for pain management.
3. Carbon Triax shells
provide rigidity.
4. Flexion and extension stops
control ROM.
Indications
1. Mild to moderate
unicompartmental OA
Features
Short versions available
for those 5 ft 2 in
or shorter.
2. Thigh circumferences
of 13.5Y29 in
Warranty
1. Off the shelf:
1. Frame and hinge
$533.47
components warranted
free of defects in materials
and workmanship for 2 years.
2. Straps, liners, return cords, 2. Custom: $721.00
hinge coatings, and other soft
components warranted free
from defects in materials and
workmanship for 6 months.
3. Calf circumferences
9.8Y24 in
4. For noncontact
activities.
1. Mild to severe
1. Washable doeskin liners
unicompartmental OA.
wick moisture and keep
leg cool.
1. Frame and hinge components
warranted free of defects in
materials and workmanship
for 2 years.
2. For disproportional
2. Comes in 12 colors.
thigh-to-calf girth,
abnormal limb contour,
thin skin, minimal
muscle mass, and/or
mild cognitive
deficiency.
3. For low to demanding
ADLs
2. Straps, liners, return cords,
hinge coatings, and other soft
components warranted free
from defects in materials and
workmanship for 6 months.
$697.00
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
Volume 26 & Number 1 & 2014
Copyright @ 2013 by the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Brace name
Approximate
price list; prices
vary with vendor
issur
1. Mild to severe
1. Sleeveless, single-upright
unicompartment OA.
and cost wise one step down
from the Unloader One.
2. Single upright on affected 2. Not recommended for
side with Dynamic Force
high-contact sports.
Strap
to create 3-Point Leverage
System.
3. Adjustable Dynamic Joint
3. Not recommended
allows for varus/valgus
for patients with excess
alignment.
soft tissue.
4. For low to moderate
4. Adjustable Tibial Strap
captures tibia and allows
ADLs.
adjustments in hinge depth
for customized fit.
5. T-6 black anodized
aluminum hinge.
6. Lightweight (18 oz).
7. Thigh circumferences of
13.5Y26.5 in at 6 in above
midpatella.
8. Has removable line and
trimmable straps/pads for
customization.
9. Extension stops for partial
ROM control available at
5-, 10-, and 1510. Flexible Triax shells are low
profile, which are moderately
adjustable for patient anatomy.
11. Antimigration strap design.
Available in medial or
lateral models.
1. Frame and hinge components
warranted free of defects in
materials and workmanship
for 2 years.
2. Straps, liners, return cords,
hinge coatings, and other soft
components warranted free
from defects for 6 months.
$699.00
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
(Continued on next page)
15
Osteoarthritic Knee Braces on the Market
Copyright @ 2013 by the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Volume 26 & Number 1 & 2014
Unloader Spirit (was Generation
II Spirit) (off the shelf)
(from: http://www.ossur.com)
Manufacturer
Genu Arthro 28K20/21
(off the shelf) (from: http://
www.ottobock. com/cps/rde/xchg/
ob_com_en/hs.xsl/619.html)
Otto Bock
Description
1. Unilateral joint
Indications
Features
Warranty
Medial or lateral
unicompartmental OA
2. Frame pad made of breathable
Soft Tex
3. Lightweight tube frame
4. Based on 3-point principal to
unload affected compartment.
5. Easy-to-use belt pad closures.
6. No rigid thigh components.
7. Has a long lever arm and
low-profile foot stirrup that
prevents upward and
downward migration.
BioniCare Knee System:
(http://www.bioncare.com)
a. OActive Knee Brace
(off the self and custom)
VQ Orthocare
1. BioniCare System offered
in conjunction with three
types of braces:
Knee pain associated
with OA
BioniCare System
contraindicated
for individuals:
1. Bionicare system
has a 1-year warranty.
1. Bionicare System:
$1795.00, which
includes a 3-month
supply of electrodes
and $89.50 for
additional 3-month
electrode supplies
afterward.
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
Volume 26 & Number 1 & 2014
Copyright @ 2013 by the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Brace name
Approximate
price list; prices
vary with vendor
Brooks
16
Table 3. (Continued)
c. Bionicare Night-Wrap
(off the shelf)
a. OActive Knee Brace.
1) Single lateral
upright frame
1. With a demand-type
cardiac pacemaker.
2. OActive Knee Brace
Custom and Eagle
OA Knee Brace Custom
both have a 10-year
warranty on frame and
cuff, 3-year warranty on
hinge, 6-month warranty
on soft goods, and a
90-day fit guarantee.
2. OActive Knee
Brace Custom:
$2785.00
2. During pregnancy
or birth
3. OActive Knee Brace
off the shelf has a
1-year warranty on the
hinge, 6-month warranty
on soft goods, and 30 days
to return from time of
purchase.
3. OActive Knee
Brace off the
shelf: $1540.00
17
Osteoarthritic Knee Braces on the Market
(Continued on next page)
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
Copyright @ 2013 by the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Volume 26 & Number 1 & 2014
b. Eagle OA Knee Brace
(custom)
d. Bionicare System
(off the shelf)
contact electrodes
Bionicare System with
Bionicare Night Brace
Manufacturer
Description
2) Angle adjustment to
unload medial or lateral
compartments of the
knee
3) Lightweight design
Indications
Features
3. Allergic to adhesive
on electrodes
Warranty
4. Eagle OA Knee
Brace custom:
$2215.00
5. Bionicare Night
Wrap is included
in Bionicare
System cost of
$1795.00.
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
Volume 26 & Number 1 & 2014
Copyright @ 2013 by the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Brace name
Approximate
price list; prices
vary with vendor
Brooks
18
Table 3. (Continued)
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
Volume 26 & Number 1 & 2014
19
(Continued on next page)
Osteoarthritic Knee Braces on the Market
Copyright @ 2013 by the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
4) Low profile that can be
worn under clothing.
5) Lateral application
avoids contralateral
limb and tibial crest
pressure issues.
6) Quick-release buckles
for easy donning and
doffing.
7) Sili-grip liners and strap
pads for suspension.
8) Available in off the shelf
or custom
b. Eagle OA Knee Brace:
1) Double-upright frame
2) Active Thigh Cuff
maximizes suspension
3) Lightweight
4) Sili-grip strap pad for
suspension
5) Available custom only.
c. Bionicare Night-Wrap:
Neoprene sleeve with
Velcro closing system.
2. Bionicare System:
Has three major components:
1) Signal applicator:
a) Black, lightweight, soft
wrap that closes with
Velcro and holds the
contact elements/
electrodes.
b) Kept in place with a
suspended strap and
waste band
2) Signal generator:
a) Four-ounce
battery-powered unit
that generates a
subthreshold proprietary
electrical signal (up to
12 V of DC current)
b) Uses a rechargeable 9-V
battery that keeps a
record of treatment.
c) Has two channels that
allow both knees to be
treated simultaneously.
d) Worn under clothing
and during sleep.
Brooks
20
Brace name
Manufacturer
Description
Indications
Features
Warranty
Approximate
price list; prices
vary with vendor
3) Contact elements:
a) Snap-in electrodes that
are replaceable.
b) Two electrodes are used:
1 Treating electrode over
the knee joint.
2 Return electrode placed
on thigh.
ADLs, activities of daily living; OA, osteoarthritis; O&P, orthotic and prosthetic; ROM, range of motion; DC, direct current; V, volts.
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
THRUSTER 2/DYNAMIC UNLOADING
OSTEOARTHRITIS KNEE BRACE
The ‘‘Thruster 2’’ by Bledsoe is no longer available and has
been replaced by the DUO brace. The designs of the DUO and
the Thruster 2 are similar (refer to Table 3 for DUO picture).
Like the Thruster 2, the DUO is the only double-upright
‘‘dynamic’’ OA brace on the market that creates a load across
the joint when the knee is straight and reduces the load when
the knee is flexed. The brace is popular because it can be used
all day and is indicated for low activity levels such as golf
and bowling as well as for patients with redundant tissue.
Dennis et al.69 performed two investigations using the
Thruster 2 brace. The first investigation fitted 45 individuals
with a Thruster 2 brace with symptomatic medial unicompartment OA. Forty of the subjects were fitted with a Thruster
2 brace according to the guidelines provided by the manufacturer, and the other five subjects were simply given a Thruster
2 brace and not instructed in how to offload the degenerated
compartment. Successive fluoroscopic images were performed
on each individual in stance phase on a treadmill with and
without their brace. The results of the first study revealed the
following: 1) 85% of the subjects (34/40) with the properly applied Thruster 2 brace experienced reduced knee pain, and
fluoroscopic images demonstrated medial condylar compartment separation, and 2) 15% of those (6/40) who did not have a
properly fitted brace reported a lack of pain relief and did not
demonstrate any increase in condylar separation magnitude or
angle. The lack of pain relief within the six participants was
explained as caused by a loosely applied brace that did not cause
condylar separation, and in one case, the participant was obese
and the brace did not fit properly.69
In the second investigation, Dennis et al.69 once again used
five subjects with symptomatic medial unicompartment OA.
Each subject was fluoroscoped while performing normal gait
on a treadmill wearing five different offloading braces to analyze the effectiveness of each brace. The five offloading braces
were the Bledsoe Thruster 2, Donjoy OA Adjuster, issur OAsys,
issur Generation II, and an anterior cruciate ligament brace.
The results of the second investigation identified the following information: 1) the ACL brace revealed no medial compartment separation during the stance phase of gait; 2) all
five offloading braces experienced the greatest medial condylar separation at heelstrike compared with the midstance
and toe-off phases of gait; 3) the Bledsoe Thruster 2 and the
Donjoy OA Adjuster provided the greatest amount of condylar separation at heelstrike compared with the other three
braces; 4) the Bledsoe Thruster 2 was the only brace that
produced the greatest condylar separation at midstance and
toe-off; 5) the Donjoy OAdjuster had the second best condylar
separation with toe-off; and 6) overall, the Bledsoe Thruster 2
and Donjoy OAdjuster braces provided the greatest amount of
condylar separation during all five analyzed gait phases.69
Another article written by Hewett et al.51 collected information on 18 patients who were fitted with the Bledsoe’s
Thruster 2 for a period of 1 year. The subjects had been
Volume 26 & Number 1 & 2014
Copyright @ 2013 by the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Table 3. (Continued)