2003 고급생물심리학 개요
1. Single-neuron and high level cognition
Graded persistent activity in entorhinal cortex neurons 173
ALEXEI V. EGOROV, BASSAM N. HAMAM, ERIK FRANSÉN, MICHAEL E. HASSELMO &
ANGEL A. ALONSO
Nature 420, 173 - 178 (2002)
First paragraph | Full text | PDF (513k) | N&V | Supplementary Information
Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules
Jonathan D. Wallis, Kathleen C. Anderson, Earl K. Miller.,
Nature 411, 953 - 956 (21 Jun 2001)
Neural correlates of decision variables in parietal cortex
Michael L. Platt, Paul W. Glimcher..
Nature 400, 233 - 238 (15 Jul 1999).
2. Auditory processing / Sound recognition / visual interaction
A common problem for all animals that communicate using auditory signals is how to
distinguish between self-generated and external sounds. In humans and other
vertebrates, auditory neurons in the brain are inhibited during vocalization but the
mechanism involved is not known. Experiments in singing crickets reveal that the
auditory system is protected from becoming desensitized by inhibitory nerve impulses
generated during sound production.
A corollary discharge maintains auditory sensitivity during sound production
JAMES F. A. POULET & BERTHOLD HEDWIG
Nature 418, 872–876 (2002); doi:10.1038/nature00919
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Neurobiology: Tuning in by turning off
RON HOY
A process that stops crickets from being deafened by their own songs may also explain how they decide
whether the songs they hear are their own or another cricket's. It might apply to other senses, and other
species, too.
Nature 418, 831–833 (2002); doi:10.1038/418831a
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Hearing visual motion in depth
Norimichi Kitagawa, Shigeru Ichihara..
Nature, 416, 172 - 174 (14 Mar 2002)
The optic tectum controls visually guided adaptive plasticity in the owl's auditory
space map
Peter S. Hyde, Eric I. Knudsen.
Nature, 415, 73 - 76 (03 Jan 2002)
3. Neurobiology: Changing your mind
Brain wiring is established during embryonic development when neurons extend long
axons and intricate dendritic arbors that connect to each other through myriad synapses.
Microscopic analysis of fixed brain tissue has suggested that the average synapse
density should remain stable in the adult brain. Two groups have now been able to
follow individual synapses in the cortex of live mice over days to months, and have
seen synapses appearing and disappearing overnight, and others remaining stable for
life. This technical breakthrough makes it possible to look directly at the brain as it
rewires itself in response to the animal's experience.
Long-term in vivo imaging of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in adult
cortex
JOSHUA T. TRACHTENBERG, BRIAN E. CHEN, GRAHAM W. KNOTT, GUOPING FENG, JOSHUA R.
SANES, EGBERT WELKER & KAREL SVOBODA
Nature 420, 788–794 (2002); doi:10.1038/nature01273
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Long-term dendritic spine stability in the adult cortex
JAIME GRUTZENDLER, NARAYANAN KASTHURI & WEN-BIAO GAN
Nature 420, 812–816 (2002); doi:10.1038/nature01276
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Neurobiology: How hardwired is the brain?
OLE P. OTTERSEN & P. JOHANNES HELM
In a technological breakthrough, two groups have shown that it is possible to study the turnover of spines
— tiny protrusions on nerve cells — in live mice. But it's still uncertain just how dynamic the spines are.
Nature 420, 751–752 (2002); doi:10.1038/420751a
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4. Sensorimotor transformation
Direct visuomotor transformations for reaching.
Christopher A. Buneo, Murray R. Jarvis, Aaron P. Batista, Richard A. Andersen
Nature 416, 632 - 636 (11 Apr 2002)
Temporal specificity in the cortical plasticity of visual space representation.
Fu YX, Djupsund K, Gao H, Hayden B, Shen K, Dan Y.
Science 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):1999-2003
Updating of the visual representation in monkey striate and extrastriate cortex
during saccades
K. Nakamura and C. Colby..
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Mar 19;99(6):4026-31.
5. Categorization learning
Categorizing the world: expert neurons look into key features
pp 90 - 91
Isao Hasegawa & Yasushi Miyashita
Nature Neuroscience February 2002 Volume 5 Number 2 pp 90 - 91
The ability to divide the world into structured categories emerges early in infancy,
and continues to be refined by experience and learning throughout human life 1. For
example, infants as young as four months old can classify various domestic cats
into a single category—correctly excluding horses and tigers—although they can
make the mistake of including female lions2. By seven months, with the
development of finer-scale visuoperceptual categorization skills, the category 'cat' is
well enough differentiated to exclude female lions. In a recent Nature paper3, Sigala
and Logothetis explore the neural mechanisms of categorization learning with
combined
psychophysical
and
electrophysiological
experiments
in
macaque
monkeys. The authors examined neuronal activity in the inferior temporal (IT)
cortex, a brain area previously implicated in representing visual objects 4 and
subject to flexible adaptation in different learning paradigms4,
. They found
5
enhanced representation for those stimulus features critical for a categorization
task relative to the features that were not important for the task. The results help
to explain how neuronal sensitivity to object features is affected by expertise in
categorization.
Sigala, N. & Logothetis, N. K. Nature 415, 318-320 (2002). | Article |
6. The brain: Forgetting is the new learning
Once learned, a conditioned response need not be permanent. The term extinction is
used to describe the elimination of a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the
conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. Work involving auditory fear
conditioning in rats now provides experimental support for the hypothesis first put
forward by Pavlov in 1927, that extinction is 'new learning' rather than a process of
reversal. The brain structure involved in this process is the medial prefrontal cortex.
The findings suggest that stimulation of this area of the brain could be useful as part of
a therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder.
Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction
MOHAMMED R. MILAD & GREGORY J. QUIRK
Nature 420, 70–74 (2002); doi:10.1038/nature01138
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7. Developmental neurobiology: In two minds
Analysis of the human neocortex has revealed two distinct lineages of GABAergic
neurons, one of which is not observed in rodents. This could have implications for the
evolution of the primate brain. GABA is the inhibitory neurotransmitter in local circuit
neurons, and the discovery of this difference between rodents and primates suggests
that the changes in the expression pattern of transcription factors in the forebrain may
be related to species-specific programs for the generation of local circuits in the
forebrain.
Origin of GABAergic neurons in the human neocortex
KRESIMIR LETINIC, ROBERTO ZONCU & PASKO RAKIC
Nature 417, 645–649 (6 June 2002)
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Developmental neurobiology: Cortical liars
SEONG-SENG TAN
Inhibitory cells known as interneurons constitute a significant proportion of the neurons in the neocortex of
mammalian brains. As far as interneuron origins are concerned, humans may be the odd man out.
Nature 417, 605–606 (6 June 2002)
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8. Brain imaging: Neural basis of the fMRI signal
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of neuroscientists' most valuable
non-invasive tools, allowing them to monitor brain activity in response to different
stimuli in real time by detecting oxygen levels. But the underlying neurological link
between oxygen levels and activity has remained elusive. In this week's Nature,
Logothetis et al. finally pin it down, putting fMRI research on a firmer foundation.
Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal
NIKOS K. LOGOTHETIS, JON PAULS, MARK AUGATH, TORSTEN TRINATH & AXEL OELTERMANN
Nature 412, 150-157 (12 July 2001)
| Summary | Full Text | PDF (519 K) | Supplementary Information |
High-resolution mapping of iso-orientation columns by fMRI
Dae-shik Kim, Timothy Q. Duong and Seong-gi kim.
Nature neuroscience 3, 164-169(2000)
Origin of negative blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI signals.
Harel N, Lee SP, Nagaoka T, Kim DS, Kim SG.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab
2002 Aug;22(8):908-17
Insights into new techniques for high resolution functional MRI.
Kim SG, Ogawa S.
Curr Opin Neurobiol 2002 Oct;12(5):607-15
9. Illusion
Nature Neuroscience June 2002 Volume 5 Number 6
Illusions, perception and Bayes
pp 508 - 510
Wilson S. Geisler & Daniel Kersten
SEE ALSO 598
doi:10.1038/nn0602-508
Motion illusions as optimal percepts
pp 598 - 604
Y Weiss, E P Simoncelli & E H Adelson
SEE ALSO 508
Published online: 20 May 2002, doi:10.1038/nn858
10. Neural correlates of consciousness
Neural correlates of consciousness in humans.
Rees G, Kreiman G, Koch C.
Nat Rev Neurosci 2002 Apr;3(4):261-70
Neural worlds and real worlds.
Churchland PS, Churchland PM.
Nat Rev Neurosci 2002 Nov;3(11):903-7
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE: Primary visual cortex and visual awareness.
Tong F.
Nat Rev Neurosci 2003 Mar;4(3):219-29
11. Drug addiction: Changing the cocaine habit
Extinction training is a protocol that can reduce the relapse rate in cocaine addiction. In
rats, the procedure involves the same environment, and the same levers to press, as
when a cocaine reward is given. But there is no cocaine. Human addicts have been
treated similarly, going through the 'old routines' of cocaine intake without the active
drug. A possible mechanism for the efficacy of this process is now revealed. Extinction
training in rats caused the upregulation of AMPA receptors, a subtype of glutamate
receptors, in the nucleus accumbens, a region of the brain associated with cocaine
reward. The findings are a boost for the idea that behaviour-based treatment strategies
can be used as alternatives to pharmaceutical approaches to reverse the harmful effects
of cocaine on the brain — and also point to ways in which that procedure might be
mimicked pharmacologically.
Extinction-induced upregulation in AMPA receptors reduces cocaine-seeking
behaviour
MICHAEL A. SUTTON, ERIC F. SCHMIDT, KWANG-HO CHOI, CHRISTINA A. SCHAD, KIM WHISLER,
DIANA SIMMONS, DAVID A. KARANIAN, LISA M. MONTEGGIA, RACHAEL L. NEVE & DAVID W. SELF
Nature 421, 70–75 (2003); doi:10.1038/nature01249
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12. Neuroscience of social behaviour
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE: Cognitive neuroscience of human social
behaviour.
Adolphs R.
Nat Rev Neurosci 2003 Mar;4(3):165-78
13. Cerebral processes: lateralization
Lateralization of cerebral processes, once thought to be the preserve of humans, has
been found in various vertebrates, including birds. What may be the most extreme case
of lateralization in perception yet recorded is now reported — the magnetic compass of
European robins. These birds 'see' magnetic direction using their right eyes only, and
get lost when having to rely on their left eye alone.
Lateralization of magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird
WOLFGANG WILTSCHKO, JOACHIM TRAUDT, ONUR GÜNTÜRKÜN, HELMUT PRIOR & ROSWITHA
WILTSCHKO
Nature 419, 467–470 (2002); doi:10.1038/nature00958
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14. Neuropsychology: Get out more
Repeated induction of out-of-body experiences by electrical stimulation of the brain's
right angular gyrus is reported in a patient undergoing evaluation for epilepsy treatment.
Stimulation at this site also elicited illusory transformations of the arms and legs and
whole-body displacements, indicating that out-of-body experiences may reflect a failure
by the brain to integrate complex sensory stimuli and information about body position.
Neuropsychology: Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions
OLAF BLANKE, STPHANIE ORTIGUE, THEODOR LANDIS & MARGITTA SEECK
The part of the brain that can induce out-of-body experiences has been located.
Nature 419, 269–270 (2002); doi:10.1038/419269a
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15. Neurogenesis: Functional neurons in adult hippocampus
It is known that neurogenesis can occur in the adult mammalian hippocampus, a region
of the brain important for learning and memory. Now there is evidence that these newly
generated cells are authentic functional neurons. New cells in adult mouse hippocampus
develop properties similar to those of granule cells and can generate action potentials.
Possible functions for the new neurons include replacement of dying cells or provision
of a degree of plasticity to the otherwise mature brain.
Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus
HENRIETTE VAN PRAAG, ALEJANDRO F. SCHINDER, BRIAN R. CHRISTIE, NICOLAS TONI, THEO D.
PALMER & FRED H. GAGE
Nature 415, 1030–1034 (28 February 2002)
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