GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSION OF INVADERS DATABASE SYSTEM
(awarded 2003)
6/30/2005
Peter M. Rice
Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana
Summary ............................................................................................................................. 2
INVADERS Database System Background ....................................................................... 2
User Statistics...................................................................................................................... 4
Expanding To Cover Utah and Nevada .............................................................................. 6
Expanding To Cover Nine States/Provinces (UT, NE, CO, AZ, NM, BC, ALB, YT, AK)7
Expanding To Cover Ten States/Provinces Including California (UT, NE, CO, AZ, NM,
BC, ALB, YT, AK, & CA) ................................................................................................. 8
Foundation Funding Search .............................................................................................. 10
Appendix A: Herbaria by State/Province ......................................................................... 11
Appendix B: Nevada Exotics ............................................................................................ 24
Appendix C: Utah Exotics ................................................................................................ 41
Appendix D: Utah/Nevada Budget Detail ........................................................................ 64
Appendix E: Nine States/Provinces Budget Detail ........................................................... 67
Appendix F: Nine States/Provinces Plus California Budget Detail .................................. 71
Appendix G: INVADERS Website User Statitics ............................................................ 75
Appendix H: Foundation Letters of Inquiry ..................................................................... 82
William and Flora Hewlett Foundation ........................................................................ 82
Doris Duke Charitable Foundation ............................................................................... 84
George S. and Dolores Dore Eccles Foundation .......................................................... 86
1
Summary
A three tiered proposal work plan has been developed for expansion of the
geographic coverage provided by the INVADERS Database System. The current version
of the INVADERS Database System covers the five northwest states of Washington,
Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. The minimal goal is to expand INVADERS
Database System to include Utah and Nevada. The second level of effort is to add nine
western states and provinces. These are Utah, Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico,
British Columbia, Alberta, Yukon Territory, and Alaska. The third level of effort is to
include California with the other nine. An economy of scale and significant
improvements in the user interface and services are obtained by including additional
states beyond Utah and Nevada in the revision of the program code, database structure,
and species lists. Letters of inquiry, that is preprosals meeting the potential sponsor’s
guidelines, have been prepared for submittal to three foundations (Appendix H). A letter
of inquiry for submittal to the George S. and Dolores Dore Eccles Foundation for
expanding coverage to Utah and Nevada. Letters of inquiry have also been written for
William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation to
cover all ten additional western states and provinces. The University of Montana
Foundation and the University of Montana Division of Biological Sciences
administration are reviewing the work plan, budgets, and letters of inquiry to develop a
final stategy for approaching potential sponsoring foundations.
States
Added
UT, NV
9
9 + CA
# Exotic
Records
66,080
249,525
597,947
Data
Costs
99,120
374,289
896,922
Other
Costs
126,594
636,188
857,048
Total
Costs
225,714
1,010,477
1,753,970
INVADERS Database System Background
The INVADERS Database System < http://invader.dbs.umt.edu/ > currently
contains 122,212 historic distribution records for invasive plants in the five Pacific
Northwest states (WA, OR, ID, MT, WY). The records, starting in 1873, all include year
of observation and at least county as the minimum spatial resolution. These distribution
data cover the 847 exotic plants that are known and confirmed to have established selfmaintaining populations in the five state region.
The distribution data are obtained from herbaria specimens, university based
weed identification labs, federal and state land management agencies, state and county
weed management agencies, scientific journals, and private plant collectors. A specific
listing of sources can be viewed at http://invader.dbs.umt.edu/stats.asp. Most of the data
from herbaria were obtained by going through the collection cases. Data from most other
sources is obtained as paper records or computer files. Taxonomically qualified collectors
can submit their data via a web entry format. Raw data is processed to a standard format
with species, year of collection, and county-state as minimum requirements for all
records. Collector name, collector number, day and month of collection, locale statements
2
(placename or geocoordinate), site factors, associated vegetation, and other ecological or
management comments are available from the original records at varying constancy and
reformatted to fill optional fields. All submitted species names are converted to
Hitchcock and Cronquist “Flora of the Pacific Northwest” (1973) nomenclature. Species
introduced after 1973 are named based on Kartesz and Meacham “Synthesis of the North
American Flora (1999). Alternate binomials in current use are included as searchable
synonyms. All distribution records are identified by a source code and a unique number.
This tracing number, such as a herbarium accession number, may be assigned by the
collection source or assigned by the INVADERS Database if the source does not
maintain unique identifiers. Approximately 80% of the records are vouchered, primarily
as herbarium specimen sheets. The database manager requests identification confirmation
for new reports that represent disjunct populations.
Standard queries can be run by any user through the web interface at
http://invader.dbs.umt.edu/. Major graphic and tabular outputs include county resolution
maps of current distribution, time lapse maps of geographic range expansion, spread rate
graphs, exotic or noxious species lists by area, and record details for each species. Other
output services include species indexed links to ten thousand plus web pages with
additional information, state/provincial noxious weed lists, and a number of minor
services. Custom queries or subsets of the data can be provided on a fee basis or as part
of special cooperative projects.
The INVADERS Database system has essentially all the available historic data on
non-native (origin outside North America) vascular plants that have established persistent
populations in the five state region. The data is continuously updated. However
observation and data collection lags regional invasive plant spread. The data represent
year of collection or observation, population establishment year likely pre-dates year of
record in most cases. There are about 150 exotics listed in regional flora for which there
are no collection date, location information, nor vouchers. These may represent initial
establishments of species which did not persist. The spatial data represents presence, gaps
in continuous ranges do not represent absence.
3
User Statistics
The five northwest states version of INVADERS has averaged 10,000-17,000
page requests per month for 2003 and 2004.
We expect that the user rate would increase in approximate proportion to the number of
states covered by the database.
The server log provides an approximate profile of the user population. Major user
groups are summarized in Table x, the top ten agency and institutional users are listed in
Table xx, and Appendix H contains more detailed summations. Eighty-six percent of the
users located in the United States, 4% in Canada, and the final 10% outside North
America. Presumed mostly private individuals in the United States generate 32% of the
visits. Schools account for 17% of the page request. User email comments indicate these
educational institutions, including high schools, are conducting research and classroom
instruction on invasive plants. The universities that use the site most often are western US
universities in or adjacent to the currently covered northwest states. Many eastern
universities also access the site, but less frequently than those in the west. The top
Federal Agency users are the Forest Service, other USDA Agencies, Bureau of Land
Management, US Geological Service, and US Army.
4
User Group
Unknown (Private)
Foreign Entities
Educational
Corporate
U.S. Gov. Agencies
State & Local Gov.
Other Organizations
Page Requests
483,129
296,682
234,424
203,986
104,283
29,470
22,386
1,374,360
Visits
125,529
70,836
51,719
105,047
25,114
6,391
5,068
389,704
The top ten institutional users are identified in Table xx.
Organization
United States Department of Agriculture
United States Bureau of Land Management
Montana State University
University of Idaho
Oregon State University
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
United States Geological Survey
University of Washington
Utah State University
University of California, Davis
Washington State University
Number
of Visits
8,866
4,380
2,694
2,637
2,345
1,893
2,105
1,653
1,120
865
961
Number of
Pages Viewed
31,596
17,249
11,126
10,490
8,209
1,915
4,224
7,011
3,890
2,686
3,678
5
Expanding To Cover Utah and Nevada
The average proportion of exotic specimens in the herbarium collections of the
five Pacific Northwest states was 4.6%. A 5% exotics proportion was used for planning
new data acquisitions. The 13 Utah collections may yield 56,124 exotic records and the 6
Nevada collections 9,956 exotic records, for a two state total of 66,080. The individual
institutions in Utah and Nevada were contacted about providing access to their
collections for this project. A positive response was received for 96.0% of the total
specimen collections in Utah and 99.3% in Nevada. The remaining portions of the state
collections are at small institutuion which have simply not responded to email and phone
request.
Utah Cities
PROVO
EPHRAIM.
RICHFIELD
PRICE
OGDEN
PRICE
PROVO
VERNAL.
SALT LAKE CITY
LOGAN
OREM
SALT LAKE CITY
OGDEN
Index H. Code
BRY
EPHR
FNFR
MALS
OGDF
PRI
SSLP
UI
UT
UTC
UVSC
WANF
WSCO
Institution
Brigham Young U
Snow College
Fishlake NF
Manti-LaSal NF
USFS R4
College of East Utah
Shrub Sci Lab
BLM - Unita Herbarium
University of Utah
UT State U
Utah Valley State College
Wasatch-Cache Nat. For.
Weber State University
Total Specimens
Estimated exotics @ 5%
Specimens
661,100
5,990
850
3,200
30,500
4,000
7,000
7,000
125,000
239,481
10,000
250
28,110
1,122,481
56,124
*
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
* Y=responded yes to request for collection access and collaboration
Nevada Cities
RENO.
CARSON CITY
MERCURY
RENO
LAS VEGAS
WINNEMUCCA
ELKO
Index H. Code
NSDA
NSMC
NTS to US
RENO
UNLV
WDNE
GPS points
Institution
Nevada Div of Agriculture
Nevada State Museum
Department of Energy
University of Nevada
U. of Nevada, Las Vegas
BLM Winnemucca District
Nevada State BLM
Total Specimens
Estimated exotics @ 5%
Specimens
1,327
28,500
7,787
90,000
70,000
1,500
n.a.
199,114
9,956
*
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
* Y=responded yes to request for collection access and collaboration
Cost estimate for the Utah and Nevada effort is $225,714. This budget estimate
assumes that the funding sponsor will not allow indirect costs. The $99K data acquisition
cost would be subcontracts with the cooperating institutions to reimburse their expenses
for in-house students and staff capturing the raw data from the specimen labels. The
$113K personnel cost would be for University of Montana efforts to arrange and
6
administer subcontracts, process raw data, resolve nomenclature questions, and modify
the existing program code, database structure, and the INVADERS user interface to allow
input and output of the Utah and Nevada species lists and distribution records. The
University of Montana personnel would be just the project director (4 months per year)
and a computer science graduate student for a two year project period.
Personnel
$113,300
Supplies & Equipment
$8,300
Communications
$500
Travel
$4,494
Data Acquisition Subcontracts
$99,120
Total Costs $225,714
Expanding To Cover Nine States/Provinces (UT, NE, CO,
AZ, NM, BC, ALB, YT, AK)
The nine states and provinces (Utah, Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico,
British Columbia, Alberta, Yukon Territory, and Alaska) have 72 herbaria with at least
4,990,506 total specimens and an estimated 5% yield of 249,525 exotic records.
# of Herbaria
Subcontracts
State/Province
13
6
14
9
6
9
12
3
Total Subcontracts
Utah
Nevada
Colorado
Arizona
New Mexico
British Columbia
Alberta (&YT)
Alaska
72 subcontracts 9 states
Total
Collection
1,122,481
199,114
767,947
951,800
203,222
861,800
666,461
217,681
4,990,506
5% Exotics
56,124
9,956
38,397
47,590
10,161
43,090
33,323
10,884
249,525
Cost estimate for nine state effort is $1,010,477. This budget estimate assumes
that the funding sponsor will not allow indirect costs. The $374K data acquisition cost
would be subcontracts with the cooperating institutions to reimburse their expenses for
in-house students and staff capturing the raw data from the specimen labels. The $581K
personnel cost would be for University of Montana efforts to arrange and administer 72
subcontracts, process raw data, resolve nomenclature questions, and modify the existing
program code, database structure, and the INVADERS user interface to allow input and
output of the species lists and distribution records for the nine states. Significant
7
improvements would be made in the user interface and output services. The University of
Montana personnel would be the project director and a lead programmer full time for a
three year project period.
Personnel
Supplies & Equipment
Communications
Travel
Data Acquisition Subcontracts
Total Costs
$580,812
$34,400
$3,000
$17,976
$374,289
$1,010,477
Expanding To Cover Ten States/Provinces Including
California (UT, NE, CO, AZ, NM, BC, ALB, YT, AK, & CA)
The ten states and provinces (Utah, Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico,
British Columbia, Alberta, Yukon Territory, Alaska, California) including California
have 143 herbaria with at least 11,958,953 total specimens and an estimated 5% yield of
597,947 exotic records. The 71 California herbaria hold more specimens (6,968,447) than
the other nine states combined (4,990,506).
# of Herbaria
Subcontracts
State/Province
13
6
14
9
6
9
12
3
71
Utah
Nevada
Colorado
Arizona
New Mexico
British Columbia
Alberta (&YT)
Alaska
California
Total Subcontracts 143 subcontracts 10 states
Total
Collection
1,122,481
199,114
767,947
951,800
203,222
861,800
666,461
217,681
6,968,447
11,958,953
5% Exotics
56,124
9,956
38,397
47,590
10,161
43,090
33,323
10,884
348,422
597,947
Cost estimate for ten state effort is $1,753,970. This budget estimate assumes that
the funding sponsor will not allow indirect costs. The $897K data acquisition cost would
be subcontracts with the cooperating institutions to reimburse their expenses for in-house
students and staff capturing the raw data from the specimen labels. The $749K personnel
cost would be for University of Montana efforts to arrange and administer 143
subcontracts, process raw data, resolve nomenclature questions, and modify the existing
program code, database structure, and the INVADERS user interface to allow input and
output of all ten sates species lists and distribution records. Significant improvements
8
would be made in the user interface and output services. The University of Montana
personnel would be the project director, a lead programmer, and a botanical database
manager full time for a three year project period.
Personnel
Supplies & Equipment
Communications
Travel
Data Acquisition Subcontracts
Total Costs
$748,776
$63,200
$6,000
$39,072
$896,922
$1,753,970
9
Foundation Funding Search
Foundation funding databases were screened to find foundations that provided
grants for conservation/environment projects in western North America or the more
restricted Utah and Nevada area. Thirthy prospective funding sources were identified in
the initial screening effort. These were researched in detail to determine their eligibility
requirements, specific programic interests relating to ecosystem and biotic intregity, size
of awards, and probability of supporting one of the three tiered projects. Letters of
inquiry were prepared for the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and the Doris Duke
Charitable Foundation. A letter of inquiry was prepared for the George S. and Dolores
Dore Eccles Foundation seeking funds for the Utah & Nevada project. These are found in
Appendix H. The University of Montana Foundation is continuing to assist me pursuing a
grant from one or more of these three foundations while continuing investigations on
several more of the original thirty.
10
Appendix A: Herbaria by State/Province
ALASKA
City
I.H. code
Institution
Fairbanks
ALA
U. of Alaska Museum
Specimens
200,000
Stika
TNFS
USDA Forest Service
11,650
Anchorage
UAAH
U. of Alaska Anchorage
6,031
Contact
Phone
Email
A. Batten
907/ 474-7109
fnarb@uaf.edu
Mary Stensvold
907/ 747-4210
mstensvold@fs.fed.us
Garry Davies
907/ 786-4765
afgd@uaa.alaska.edu
217,681
I.H. code
Collection Area & Type
ALA
TNFS
Vascular plants, lichens, bryophytes, and marine algae of Alaska; circumpolar north; Siberia and Soviet Far East
Vascular plants and bryophytes of southeastern Alaska , lichens of southeastern Alaska, northwestern Alaska,
British Columbia, Sweden, and Central and South America
UAAH
Alaska; some Costa Rica and Hawaii
11
ALBERTA
City
I.H. code
Institution
Edmonton
ALTA
Edmonton
CAFB
Edmonton
CFB
University of Alberta
Northern Forestry Centre
Canadian Forest Service
Northern Forestry Centre
Canadian Forest Service
Grande Prairie
GPA
Grande Prairie Regional College
Vermilion.
LCVA
Lakeland College
Lethbridge
LEA
University of Lethbridge
Lethbridge
LRS
Agriculture Research Center
Olds
OLDS
Olds College
Edmonton
PMAE
Provincial Museum of Alberta
Calgary
UAC
Edmonton
UAMH
University of Calgary
Devonian Botanic Garden,
University of Alberta
Waterton Park
WPH
Waterton Lakes National Park
Specimens
Contact
Catherine La Farge,
and Ruth Stockey
Phone
780/ 492-5523
Email
clafarge@ualberta.ca
ruth.stockey@ualberta.ca
33,000
J. Johnson
780/ 435-7306
dejohnso@nrcan.gc.ca
22,000
320,000
Yasu Hiratsuka
780/ 435-7210
2,000
Joan Snyder
403/ 539-2953
snyder@gprc.ab.ca
1,800
Robin Lagroix-McLean
780/ 853-8587
robin.lagroixmclean@lakelandc.ab.ca
John Bain
403/ 329-2361
bain@uleth.ca
Walter Willms
403/ 317-2218
willms@em.agr.ca
Duncan Himmelman
403/ 556-8221
dhimmelman@admin.oldscollege.ab.ca
Roxanne Hastings
780/ 453-9182
roxanne.hastings@gov.ab.ca
80,000
C. Chinnappa
403/ 220-5262
ccchinna@acs.ucalgary.ca
10,300
Lynne Sigler
780/ 987-4811
lynne.sigler@ualberta.ca
Kevin Van Tighem
403/ 859-2224
kevin_vantighem@pch.gc.ca
12,000
9,253
30,000
140,000
6,108
666,461
I.H. code
Collection Area & Type
ALTA
Vascular plants and lichens of arctic and cordilleran Canada; bryophytes of New World and Australasia; Tertiary, Cretaceous, and Carboniferous fossils.
Vascular plants; bryophytes; lichens; western and northern Canada, especially Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, and Northwest and
Yukon territories.
Forest fungi; Canada, especially Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Northwest Territories.
Mostly Alberta, especially Peace River region; some British Columbia; all groups.
Alberta.
Southern Alberta Rocky Mountains.
Western Canada; rangelands. No loans.
Alberta; ornamental plants used in commercial horticulture.
Worldwide bryophytes and lichens, especially western North America and Ontario; vascular plants of Alberta, including ethnobotanical
collections.Ethnobotanical herbarium of 200 Alberta specimens, each with photographs and documentation of properties and uses.
Canada, especially Alberta, British Columbia, and Northwest Territories.
Worldwide microfungi, especially of Canada; medically important fungi; ectomycorrhizal fungi; orchidaceous and ericaceous mycorrhizal fungi; rootassociated fungi; hyphomycetes; cleistothecial ascomycetes.
Mostly vascular plants; Waterton Lakes National Park.
CAFB
CFB
GPA
LCVA
LEA
LRS
OLDS
PMAE
UAC
UAMH
WPH
12
ARIZONA
City
I.H. code
Institution
Tucson
ARIZ
University of Arizona
Flagstaff
ASC
Northern Arizona University
Tempe
ASU
Arizona State University
Flagstaff
ASUF
Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service
Phoenix
DES
Desert Botanical Garden
Grand Canyon
GCNP
Grand Canyon National Park
Flagstaff
MNA
Museum of Northern Arizona
Window Rock
NAVA
Navajo Natural Heritage Program
Prescott
YCH
Yavapai College
Specimens
Contact
A. Elizabeth Arnold,
Robert L. Gilbertson,
Philip Jenkins
Phone
Email
520/ 621-7243
pjenkins@u.arizona.edu
Tina Ayers
928/ 523-7242
tina.ayers@nau.edu
Leslie Landrum
480/ 965-6162
les.landrum@asu.edu
Alvin Medina
928/ 556-2180
almedina@fs.fed.us
Wendy Hodgson
480/ 481-8108
whodgson@dbg.org
8,000
Colleen Hyde
928/ 638-7769
grca_museum_collection@nps.gov
35,000
Janet Gillette
520/ 774-5211, ext. 265
jgillette@mna.mus.az.us
10,000
Daniela Roth
928/ 871-6472
navajoplants@hotmail.com
5,300
Archie Dickey
520/ 776-2338
archie@yavapai.cc.az.us
400,000
80,000
350,000
9,500
54,000
951,800
I.H. code
Collection Area & Type
ARIZ
ASC
Southwestern U.S.; northern Mexico.
Colorado Plateau, especially northern Arizona; northeastern Mojave Desert; northern Arizona National Parks and Monuments; vascular plants of the San Francisco Mountains and Coconino
National Forest. Updated Dec 2004. Name for Arizona State College changed to Northern Arizona University in 1966. ASC fungi transferred to MICH in 1998.
ASU
Southwestern U.S.; Mexico; Ecuador; Chile; Argentina; Brazil; cultivated plants; all groups except algae.
ASUF
Southwestern U.S., especially rangeland/riparian floras. Updated Oct 2004. ASUF moved from Tempe to Flagstaff in 1992. Formerly listed under TEMPE.
DES
Southwestern U.S., especially Arizona; northern Mexico; Agavaceae, especially Agave; Cactaceae; ethnographic vouchers of arid region plants. Updated Oct 2004.
GCNP
All groups of Grand Canyon National Park and adjoining areas.
MNA
Bryophytes and vascular plants of southwestern U.S., especially northern Arizona; ethnobotany of Hopi, Navajo, and Apache.
NAVA
Navajo Nation/Colorado Plateau, especially rare and endemic plants.
YCH
Arizona, especially Yavapai County.
13
BRITISH COLUMBIA
City
I.H. code
Institution
Kamloops
ACK
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Victoria
DAVFP
Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service
Nanaimo
MALA
Malaspina University
Burnaby
SFUV
Simon Fraser University
Smithers
SMI
Prince Rupert Forest Region
Vancouver
UBC
University of British Columbia
Victoria
UVIC
University of Victoria
Victoria
V
Royal British Columbia Museum
Williams Lake
WLK
British Columbia Ministry of Forests
Specimens
Contact
Phone
Email
Barbara Brooke
250/ 554-5213
brookeb@agr.gc.ca
31,000
Brenda Callan
250/ 363-0744
bcallan@pfc.forestry.ca
7,000
3,000
Allan Hawryzki
250/ 753-3245, ext. 2315
hawryzki@mala.bc.ca
10,000
Stephen Halford
604/ 291-3461; 291-3496
halford@sfu.ca
8,800
Karen McKeown
250/ 847-7500
Karen.McKeown@gems2.gov.bc.ca
561,000
Fred Ganders
604/ 822-3344; 822-2133
ganders@interchange.ubc.ca
48,000
Geraldine Allen
250/ 721-7097
gallen@uvic.ca
188,000
Richard Hebda
250/ 387-5493
rhebda@royalbcmuseum.bc.ca
Ray Coupé
250/ 398-4717
ray.coupe@gems7.gov.bc.ca
5,000
861,800
I.H. code
Collection Area & Type
ACK
Vascular plants of British Columbia grasslands and forested rangelands.
DAVFP
Fungi; forest diseases; British Columbia; Yukon Territory.
MALA
Vancouver Island.
SFUV
Western North American mountains from Alaska to New Mexico; Ranunculaceae.
SMI
Northwestern British Columbia.
UBC
Vascular plants of Pacific Rim countries; bryophytes of northern hemisphere; benthic marine algae of British Columbia, Washington, and Alaska.
UVIC
British Columbia and adjacent regions; western North American Aster and Erythronium.
V
Northwestern North America, especially western Canada and British Columbia; vascular plants; bryophytes; lichens.
WLK
South-central British Columbia; most groups, including some fungi.
14
CALIFORNIA
City
I.H. code
Institution
Alta Loma.
CHAF
Chaffey College
Anaheim.
ANA
Orange County Department of Agriculture
Angwin.
PUA
Arcadia.
Specimens
Contact
Phone
6,000
Rose Cobos
909/ 941-2305
7,400
Richard Tiffer
714/ 447-7100
Pacific Union College
85,000
Gilbert Muth
707/ 965-6635
gmuth@puc.edu
LASCA
The Los Angeles County Arboretum
20,000
James Bauml
jimbauml@arboretum.org
Arcata.
HSC
Humboldt State University
132,000
James Smith
Berkeley.
UC
University of California
1,800,000
Brent Mishler
626/ 821-3229
707/ 826-4801
826-4802
510/ 642-2465
Berkeley.
JEPS
University of California
93,000
Brent Mishler
510/ 643-7008
bmishler@socrates.berkeley.edu
Berkeley.
PFRS
Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station
5,100
Borrego Springs.
BSCA
Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
2,000
James Dice
760/ 767-3074
jdice@statepark.org
Carmel Valley.
CAVA
University of California at Berkeley
4,000
Mark Stromberg
831/ 659-2664
stromberg@berkeley.edu
Chico.
CHSC
California State University
Kristina Schierenbeck
kschierenbeck@csuchico.edu
Claremont.
RSA
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden
Davis.
DAV
University of California
Death Valley.
DEVA
Death Valley National Park
Fort Bragg.
CRMC
College of the Redwoods, Mendocino Coast Campus
Fresno.
FSC
Fullerton.
87,000
jps2@humboldt.edu
510/ 559-6421
1,084,000
Steve Boyd
250,000
Ellen Dean
530/ 898-5381
909/ 625-8767
ext. 248 or 268
530/ 752-1091
3,148
Blair Davenport
760/ 786-3287
dana_york@nps.gov
5,000
Teresa Sholars
707/ 962-2686
teresa-sholars@redwoods.edu
California State University
35,000
John Stebbins
209/ 278-2001
MACF
California State University
43,310
C. Jones
cejones@fullerton.edu
Hayward.
HAY
California State University
6,500
Huntington Beach.
HUBE
Golden West College
Irvine.
IRVC
University of California
714/ 278-3614
510/ 885-3471
885-3460
714/ 892-7711
ext. 51110
949/ 824-5183
Long Beach.
LOB
California State University
562/ 985-4826
pbaker@csulb.edu
Los Angeles.
LAM
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
200,000
Don Reynolds
213/ 763-3379
dreynold@nhm.org
Los Angeles.
LA
University of California
190,000
Arthur Gibson
agibson@biology.ucla.edu
Los Angeles.
CSLA
California State University
37,000
James Henrickson
Los Angeles.
LOC
Occidental College
15,000
Gretchen North
Mineral.
LVNP
Lassen Volcanic National Park
Northridge.
SFV
California State University
Oakland.
OAKL
Oakland Museum of California
3,200
Christopher Richard
310/ 825-3620
323/ 343-2057
343-2050
323/ 259-2898
530/ 595-4444
ext. 5131
818/ 677-3310
667-3356
510/ 238-3884
Oakland.
OMC
Mills College
2,500
Bruce Pavlik
510/ 430-2158
bruce@mills.edu
Pacific Grove.
GMS
Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University
9,000
600
22,926
Sharron Clark
Peter Bowler
12,000
3,000
Cari Kreshak
20,000
James Hogue
steve.boyd@cgu.edu
eadean@ucdavis.edu
sclark@gwc.cccd.edu
pabowler@uci.edu
jhenric@calstatela.edu
gnorth@oxy.edu
cari_kreshak@nps.gov
james.n.hogue@csun.edu
crichard@museumca.org
831/ 655-6200
15
PGM
Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History
8,000
Pasadena.
PASA
2,700
Placerville.
IFGP
Pleasant Hill.
DVM
Pasadena City College
Pacific Southwest Research Station,
USDA Forest Service
Diablo Valley College
Point Reyes Station.
PORE
Point Reyes National Seashore
1,405
Carola DeRooy
415/ 464-5125
carola_derooy@nps.gov
Pomona.
CSPU
California State Polytechnic University
2,500
Curtis Clark
909/ 869-4062
jcclark@csupomona.edu
Redding.
RESC
Shasta College
10,000
Kenneth Kilborn
kkilborn@shastacollege.edu
Redlands.
RED
University of Redlands
4,000
James Malcolm
Riverside.
UCR
University of California
110,000
Riverside.
LOMA
La Sierra University
Rohnert Park.
NCC
Sacramento.
CDA
Sacramento.
SACT
Sonoma State University
California Department
of Food and Agriculture
California State University
San Diego.
SD
San Diego Natural History Museum
San Diego.
SDSU
San Diego State University
San Diego.
SDM
San Diego Mesa College
San Francisco.
CAS
California Academy of Sciences
San Francisco.
SFSU
San Francisco State University
San Jose.
SJSU
San Jose State University
San Luis Obispo.
OBI
California Polytechnic State University
San Marcos.
PASM
Palomar College
San Marino.
HNT
Huntington Botanical Gardens
Santa Barbara.
SBBG
Santa Barbara Botanic Garden
Santa Barbara.
UCSB
University of California
Santa Barbara.
SBCC
Santa Barbara City College
2,900
Allen Flinck
Santa Clara.
SACL
Santa Clara University
4,500
Santa Cruz.
UCSC
University of California
8,000
Stockton.
CPH
University of the Pacific
Stockton.
SSJC
Three Rivers.
THRI
Turlock.
Van Nuys.
10,000
Paul Finnegan
831/ 648-5716
ext. 12
818/ 585-7160
Pacific Grove.
David Johnson
1,908
530/ 622-1225
pfinnegan@ci.pg.ca.us
djohnson04@fs.fed.us
925/ 658-1230
Andrew Sanders
530/ 225-4684
909/ 793-2121
ext. 2923
909/ 787-3601
3,000
Bradford Martin
909/ 785-2105
bmartin@lasierra.edu
25,000
Richard Whitkus
707/ 664-2303
whitkus@sonoma.edu
35,000
G. Hrusa
916/ 262-1143
fhrusa@cdfa.ca.gov
13,000
Michael Baad
916/ 278-6535
mbaad@csus.edu
150,000
Jon Rebman
jrebman@sdnhm.org
Albert Grennan
619/ 255-0229
619/ 594-4479
594-8012
619/ 560-2784
Kim Steiner
415/ 321-8361
ksteiner@calacademy.org
Dennis Desjardin
415/ 338-7679
ded@sfsu.edu
15,000
Natalie Hopkins
650/ 924-4834
nathop@aol.com
62,000
David Keil
dkeil@calpoly.edu
15,000
3,200
1,850,000
140,000
Michael Simpson
andrew.sanders@ucr.edu
msimpson@sunstroke.sdsu.edu
2,500
Wayne Armstrong
9,000
Debra Folsom
805/ 756-2043
760/ 744-1150
ext. 5189
626/ 405-3523
120,000
Steven Junak
805/ 682-4726
wilken@lifesci.lscf.ucsb.edu
Jennifer Thorsch
thorsch@lifesci.ucsb.edu
John Mooring
805/ 893-2401
805/ 965-0581
ext. 2394
408/ 554-4808
Jeff Davis
831/ 459-4763
22,500
Dale McNeal
209/ 946-2181
San Joaquin County
1,650
Jack Gianelli
209/ 468-3300
Sequoia and Kings Canyon N.P.
3,000
David Graber
209/ 565-3133
seki_museum@nps.gov
SHTC
California State University
4,000
Steven Wolf
209/ 667-3489
swolf@arnica.csustan.edu
VNC
Los Angeles Valley College
5,000
Ronald Bigelow
818/ 781-1200
75,000
warmstrong@palomar.edu
dfolsom@huntington.org
flinck@sbcc.edu
jmooring@scu.edu
dmcneal@uop.edu
16
Whittier.
WHIT
Whittier College
5,000
Clifton Morris
562/ 907-4240
Woodland Hills.
LAPC
Pierce College
2,000
Paul Meyers
818/ 719-6465
Yosemite National Park.
YM
National Park Service
5,000
Barbara Beroza
209/ 372-0297
yose_museum@nps.gov
Yreka.
Mexico. Baja California Sur.
La Paz.
Mexico. Baja California Sur.
La Paz.
Mexico. Baja California.
Ensenada.
Mexico. Baja California.
Ensenada.
KNFY
Klamath National Forest
Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas del Noroeste, S. C.
Universidad Autónoma
de Baja California Sur
Universidad Autónoma
de Baja California
Universidad Autónoma
de Baja California
1,500
Susan Stresser
530/ 841-4538
[52] 112/ 536-33
ext. 3326
[52] 112/ 10569
ext. 133
sstresser@fs.fed.us
HCIB
FBCS
BCMEX
CMMEX
14,000
8,000
José León de la Luz
Luis Herrera Gil
cmorris@whittier.edu
21,000
8,500
Raúl Aguilar Rosas
[52] 617/ 44-570
6,968,447
I.H. code
Collection Area & Type
CHAF
Vascular plants of southern California.
ANA
Southern California; noxious weeds; ornamental plants.
PUA
Vascular plants of coastal regions from San Francisco Bay to southern Oregon; Napa County, California; Klamath Mountains; Arizona; Nevada.
LASCA
Exotic ornamental plants; weeds of southern California.
HSC
Vascular plants of northwestern California and the Pacific Northwest; Poaceae of North America.
UC
Worldwide, with emphasis on western North America, Mexico, Andean South America, Pacific Basin, and eastern Asia.
JEPS
Vascular plants of California.
PFRS
Forest diseases of western U.S.; mostly fungi; some parasitic plants.
BSCA
Lower Sonoran zone; lower Colorado Desert.
CAVA
Vascular plants and lichens of Reservation.
CHSC
DEVA
Primarily North America, emphasis on northern California.
Worldwide, with emphasis on California (especially southern half of state); plants of arid, semi-arid, and Mediterranean climates; Mexico; Russia and former U.S.S.R. republics; Australasia and
other Pacific; Cactaceae; Crossosomataceae; Goodeniaceae; Midaceae; Poaceae; Polemoniaceae; Restionaceae; Stylidiaceae; Arctostaphylos; Astragalus; Camissonia; Ceanothus,
Cupressus; Iris; Ranunculus; aquatic phanerogams.
Worldwide, with emphasis on California and neotropics (especially Ecuador and Baja California); Quercus, Fagaceae, and Arctostaphylos, Ericaceae of New World; Euphorbiaceae; Poaceae;
Solanaceae; weedy and poisonous species of Mediterranean-climate regions; range plants of California; alpine flora of western North America.
Death Valley National Park.
CRMC
California, especially Mendocino County; state and federally listed plants for the Mendocino Coast.
FSC
Sierra Nevada; central California to Mojave Desert.
MACF
Western U.S., especially southern California; southwestern Canada.
HAY
Alameda County, California, and adjacent area.
RSA
DAV
HUBE
California, including exotics, cultivated, and some marine species.
IRVC
Western U.S., especially southern California and Orange County; Baja California, Mexico.
17
LOB
LA
Southern California, including Sierra Nevada.
Pteridophytes of Pacific Southwest and Hawaii; pantropical epifoliar ascomycetes; lichenized fungi and bryophytes of southwestern U.S. and Philippines; worldwide Polyporaceae; Paleocene
and Eocene fungal fossils; benthic algae from eastern Pacific rim.
Southern California; Baja California; Mojave and Sonoran deserts; Onagraceae; Loasaceae.
CSLA
Southern California; Mojave and Chihuahuan deserts; Mexico, including Baja California.
LAM
LOC
Southern California; Ericaceae; Isoetaceae of North America and South America.
LVNP
Lassen Volcanic National Park.
SFV
Vascular plants of southern California.
OAKL
California; Arizona.
OMC
California, especially north and central areas.
GMS
Marine algae of central California.
PGM
Monterey County, California, and vicinity.
PASA
Vascular plants of southern California; algae of Monterey southward.
IFGP
Emphasis on Pinus and Abies (Pinaceae).
DVM
California.
PORE
Point Reyes National Seashore.
CSPU
Southern California and vicinity.
RESC
Northern California; southern Oregon; western Nevada.
RED
California inactive.
UCR
Vascular plants of California, southwestern U.S. and Mexico; fungi of California.
LOMA
Local, especially Santa Ana Mountains.
NCC
Western U.S., especially northern coastal California; Mexico; Australia; wood collection of western U.S., Mexico, Australia, and New Zealand.
CDA
Weeds; cultivated plants; roadside plants; California native flora.
SACT
Vascular plants of central California.
SD
Mostly vascular plants of southwestern U.S. and Baja California; also marine algae of eastern North Pacific.
SDSU
Primarily southern California and Baja California, Mexico.
SDM
SFSU
Southern California.
Worldwide, especially western North America, California, and northern Latin America, Europe, China, and Galapagos Islands; vascular plants; lichens; bryophytes; introduced weeds;
ornamentals.
Fleshy fungi of North America, Hawaii, Indonesia, and southeast Asia; California lichens, bryophytes, and flowering plants.
SJSU
Western U.S., especially California; some Alaska, Mexico, and Europe.
OBI
California vascular plants and algae; New World Asteraceae; some South Africa.
PASM
Northern San Diego County, California.
HNT
Cactaceae; Crassulaceae; Euphorbiaceae; Arecaceae; stem succulents; American tropics, especially Mexico, Panama, Costa Rica, and Colombia; desert plants worldwide.
SBBG
Native and cultivated vascular plants of California and adjacent U.S. and Mexico; offshore islands of California and Baja California; Ceanothus, Rhamnaceae; Cryptantha, Boraginaceae.
UCSB
Mainly vascular plants of western North America, especially California; some worldwide; Vernon Cheadle and Katherine Esau Structural Botanical Collection.
CAS
18
SBCC
California vascular plants and marine algae; southern California fungi.
SACL
California; Asteraceae.
UCSC
California, especially Santa Cruz Mountains; vascular plants; bryophytes; algae.
CPH
Western North American vascular plants; worldwide Astragalus (Fabaceae), Eriogonum (Polygonaceae), Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae), and Allium (Liliaceae).
SSJC
San Joaquin County, California; central California weedy species.
THRI
Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks and nearby southern Sierra Nevada.
SHTC
California; Arnica, Asteraceae.
VNC
Local, including algae; allergenic plants; vacant lot and roadside introductions.
WHIT
California.
LAPC
California.
YM
Yosemite National Park and vicinity.
KNFY
Northern California; rare and endangered species.
HCIB
Northwestern Mexico, especially Baja California Peninsula and Gulf of California islands.
FBCS
Macroalgae, with emphasis on transitional and subtropical zones in northwestern Mexico; community structure of benthic diatoms.
BCMEX
CMMEX
Marine Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta; seagrasses and salt-marsh plants; coastal California, Baja California, Gulf of California (including Sonora and Sinaloa coast), and Gulf of
Mexico and the Mexican Caribbean.
19
COLORADO
City
I.H. code
Institution
Specimens
Alamosa
ALAM
Adams State College
10,000
Boulder
COLO
University of Colorado
500,000
Colorado Springs
COCO
Colorado College
Denver
KHD
Denver
DBG
Durango
Phone
Email
Cathine kleier
719/ 587-7767
cckleier@adams.edu
Tom Ranker
303/ 492-5074
thomas.ranker@colorado.edu
22,500
Sylvia Kelso
719/ 389-6405
tkelso@coloradocollege.edu
Denver Botanic Gardens
30,000
Janet Wingate
303/ 370-8052
Denver Botanic Gardens
21,000
Vera Evenson
720/ 865-3651
FLD
Fort Lewis College
17,200
David Jamieson
970/ 247-7338
Fort Collins
CS
Colorado State University
80,000
Mark Simmons
970/ 491-0496
psimmons@lamar.colostate.edu
Fort Collins
CMML
Colorado State University
27,000
Robert Shaw
970/ 491-2748.
rshaw@cemml.colostate.edu
Fort Collins
FPF
Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service
12,000
John Lundquist
970/ 498-2560
Grand Junction
MESA
Mesa State College
Walter Kelley
970/ 248-1100
Greeley
GREE
University of Northern Colorado
Neil Snow
970/ 351-2650
neil.snow@unco.edu
Gunnison
DENF
Grand Mesa-Uncompahgre-Gunnison Natonal Forests
3,500
Barry Johnston
970/ 641-0471
bcjohnston@fs.fed.us
Longmont
GGB
Gesneriad Gardens
7,000
Miriam Denham
303/ 651-7395
gesgard@aol.com
Pueblo
PUSC
University of Southern Colorado
4,047
Neal Osborn
303/ 549-2270
osborn@uscolo.edu
5,700
28,000
Contact
evensonv@botanicgardens.org
767,947
I.H. code
Collection Area & Type
ALAM
Specialty: Central Colorado; northern New Mexico.
COLO
All groups; worldwide, emphasis on arctic and mountain areas; Galpagos cryptogam; Colorado; Alta Australia; New Guini; Mexico
COCO
Vascular flora within a 200-mile radius of Pikes Peak, Colorado.
KHD
Colorado, including cultivated plants. KHD housed in same building with DBG.
DBG
Specialty: Fleshy fungi, ascomycetes, gasteromycetes, and Cortinariaceae of the Rocky Mountain region, mostly Colorado. DBG housed in same building with KHD.
Vascular plants, bryophytes, and fungi (especially wood-rotting basidiomycetes) of southwestern Colorado, especially the San Juan Mountains; bryophytes of Yukon Territory, British
Columbia, Idaho, California, and eastern North America.
Celastraceae; conceptual aspects of phylogenetic analysis of DNA characters.
FLD
CS
CMML
MESA
Military installations throughout U.S.A. and Germany.
Forest fungi of Rocky Mountains and southwestern U.S.; Phoradendron of U.S. and northern Mexico; Arceuthobium worldwide. FPF mistletoe collection being dispersed to US and UC. FPF
no longer accepting or lending mistletoe specimens.
Western Colorado; eastern Utah.
GREE
Colorado, Southern Rocky Mountains, and High Plains; Australasian Myrtaceae.
DENF
Colorado.
GGB
Colorado flora; Scrophulariales, especially Gesneriaceae.
PUSC
Southern Colorado.
FPF
20
NEVADA
City
I.H. code
Institution
Specimens
Contact
Phone
Email
Reno
NSDA
Nevada Division of Agriculture
Jeff Knight
jknight@govmail.state.nv.us
Kent Ostler
775/ 688-1180
687-4810
ext. 236
702/ 295-1759
Carson City
NSMC
Nevada State Museum
Mercury
NTS
Department of Energy
7,787
Reno.
RENO
University of Nevada
90,000
Christy Malone
775/ 784-1105
Las Vegas
UNLV
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
unrherb@unr.edu
70,000
Wesley Niles
702/ 895-3251
wniles@ccmail.nevada.edu
Winnemucca
WDNE
BLM Winnemucca District
1,500
Mike Zielinski
775/ 623-1500
mike_zielinski@nv.blm.gov
1,327
28,500
George Baumgardner
gdbaumga@clan.lib.nv.us
russell.rusty@nmnh.si.edu
199,114
I.H. code
Collection Area & Type
NSDA
Vascular plants of Nevada, especially noxious weeds and range plants
NSMC
Mainly Nevada
NTS
Most of NTS transferred to US, plants of southern Nevada, especially southern Nye
RENO
Western U.S., especially the Great Basin
UNLV
Nevada, Mojave Desert, Death Valley, Great Basin, and contiguous areas; collection all databased
WDNE
northern Nevada and western Great Basin
21
NEW MEXICO
City
I.H. code
Institution
Albuquerque
ALBU
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
Las Cruces
NMC
New Mexico State University
Las Cruces
NMCR
New Mexico State University
Farmington
SJNM
San Juan College
Silver City
SNM
Western New Mexico University
Albuquerque
UNM
University of New Mexico
Specimens
Contact
Phone
Email
1,222
Sam Loftin
505/ 766-1047
\s=s.loftin\ou1=s28l01a@mhs-fswa.attmail.com
6,500
C. Bailey
505/ 646-3611
rspellen@nmsu.edu
25,000
Kelly Allred
505/ 646-1042; 646-5002
kallred@nmsu.edu
55,000
Kenneth Heil
505/ 566-3244; 566-3358
Heil@sjc.cc.nm.us
5,500
William Norris
505/ 538-6625
norrisw@pyrite.wnmu.edu
Timothy Lowrey
505/ 277-1360
tlowrey@unm.edu
110,000
203,222
I.H. code
Collection Area & Type
ALBU
Forage plants of New Mexico and Arizona.
NMC
New Mexico; northern Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico
NMCR
New Mexico flora, especially Poaceae, Aristida, and Bothriochloa; mosses.
SJNM
Vascular flora of Four Corners area, San Juan Drainage; Fabaceae; Polygonaceae; Cactaceae; Orchidaceae; Cyperaceae.
SNM
Southwestern New Mexico.
UNM
New Mexico; southwestern U.S.
22
UTAH
City
I.H. code
Institution
Provo
BRY
Brigham Young U
Ephraim
EPHR
Snow College
Richfield
FNFR
Fishlake NF
Price
MALS
Manti-LaSal NF
Ogden
OGDF
USFS R4
Price
PRI
College of East Utah
Provo
SSLP
Vernal.
UI
Salt Lake City
UT
University of Utah
Logan
UTC
UT State U
Orem
UVSC
Utah Valley State College
Salt Lake City
WANF
Wasatch-Cache National Forest
Ogden
WSCO
Weber State University
Specimens
Contact
Phone
Email
Stan Welsh/Duane Atwood
801-422-2289
slslwelsh@aol.com / nda@email.byu.edu
Clyde Blauer
801-283-4021
clyde.blauer@snow.edu
Ronald Tew
801-896-9233
r4_fishlake_web@fs.fed.us
Robert Thompson
435-637-2817
Teresa Prendusi
801-625-5522
tprendusi@fs.fed.us
4,000
Michael King
435 613-5294
mking@ceu.edu
Shrub Sci Lab
7,000
E. Durant McArthur
801/ 356-5600
dmcarthur@fs.fed.us
BLM - Unita Herbarium
7,000
Robert Specht
435/ 781-4400
rspecht@ut.blm.gov
125,000
Michael Windham
801/ 581-6520
windham@umnh.utah.edu
239,481
Mary Barkworth
435/ 797-1584
mary@biology.usu.edu
10,000
Donna Barnes
Mike Duncan
(Wayne Padgett)
Stephen Clark
801/ 863-8695
801-236-3415
(801-236-3443)
801/ 626-6182
barnesdo@uvsc.edu
661,100
5,990
850
3,200
30,500
250
28,110
mduncan@fs.fed.us (wpadgett@fs.fed.us)
sclark@weber.edu
1,122,481
I.H. code
BRY
Utah; arctic; western North America; Oceania; all groups
EPHR
Mainly central and southern Utah
FNFR
MALS
Vascular plants of Wasatch Plateau, LaSal and Abajo mountains, and southern Utah.
OGDF
Intermountain region (has databse?)
PRI
Utah, especially Carbon and Emery counties
SSLP
Intermountain shrubs, especially Artemisia, Salix, Chrysothamnus, and Atriplex
UI
Northeastern Utah, including Uinta Basin
UT
Utah, western U.S., and temperate regions
UTC
Western North America, especially Intermountain region including Utah, Nevada, southern Idaho, southeastern Oregon, northern Arizona, and eastern California
UVSC
Utah and surrounding areas
WANF
Wasatch National Forest, Utah
WSCO
Utah; western U.S.; Penstemon, Scrophulariaceae
23
Appendix B: Nevada Exotics
321 exotic species with 655 synonyms
Amaranthaceae Amaranth Family
Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. Mat Amaranth
Syn: Amaranthus graecizans auct. non L.
Amaranthus retroflexus L. Red-Root Amaranth
Syn: Amaranthus retroflexus var. salicifolius I.M. Johnston
Apiaceae Carrot Family
Apium graveolens var. dulce (P. Mill.) DC.
Syn: Celeri graveolens (L.) Britt. p.p.
Conium maculatum L. Poison-Hemlock
Coriandrum sativum L. Chinese-Parsley
Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague ex Britt. & Wilson MarshParsley
Syn: Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
Syn: Apium tenuifolium (Moench) Thellung ex Hegi
Syn: Cyclospermum ammi Lag., non Sison ammi L.
Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's-Lace
Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill. Sweet Fennel
Syn: Foeniculum foeniculum (L.) Karst.
Pastinaca sativa L. Wild Parsnip
Syn: Pastinaca sativa var. pratensis Pers.
Petroselinum crispum (P. Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill Parsley
Syn: Apium petroselinum L.
Asteraceae Aster Family
Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. Hardheads
Syn: Centaurea picris Pallas ex Willd.
Syn: Centaurea repens L.
Anthemis cotula L. Stinking Chamomile
Syn: Maruta cotula (L.) DC.
Arctium lappa L. Greater Burrdock
Arctium minus Bernh. Lesser Burrdock
Syn: Lappa minor Hill
Artemisia biennis var. biennis
Balsamita major Desf. Costmary
Syn: Balsamita major var. tanacetoides (Boiss.) Moldenke
Syn: Chrysanthemum balsamita (L.) Baill., non L.
Syn: Chrysanthemum balsamita var. tanacetoides Boiss.
Syn: Pyrethrum majus (Desf.) Tzvelev
Syn: Tanacetum balsamita L.
Carduus nutans ssp. leiophyllus (Petrovic) Stojanov & Stef.
Syn: Carduus nutans var. leiophyllus (Petrovic) Arènes
Syn: Carduus nutans var. vestitus (Hallier) Boivin
Carthamus lanatus ssp. baeticus (Boiss. & Reut.) Nyman
Syn: Carthamus baeticus (Boiss. & Reut.) Lara
Centaurea biebersteinii DC. Spotted Knapweed
Syn: Acosta maculosa auct. non Holub
Syn: Centaurea maculosa auct. non Lam.
Centaurea cyanus L. Garden Cornflower
Syn: Leucacantha cyanus (L.) Nieuwl. & Lunell
Centaurea diffusa Lam. White Knapweed
Syn: Acosta diffusa (Lam.) Soják
Centaurea melitensis L. Maltese Star-Thistle
Centaurea solstitialis L. Yellow Star-Thistle
Syn: Leucantha solstitialis (L.) A.& D. Löve
Centaurea triumfettii All. Squarrose Knapweed
Syn: Centaurea squarrosa Willd.
Syn: Centaurea virgata Lam.
24
Syn: Centaurea virgata var. squarrosa (Willd.) Boiss.
Cichorium intybus L. Chicory
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle
Syn: Breea arvensis Less.
Syn: Carduus arvensis (L.) Robson
Syn: Cirsium arvense var. argenteum (Vest) Fiori
Syn: Cirsium arvense var. horridum Wimmer & Grab.
Syn: Cirsium arvense var. integrifolium Wimmer & Grab.
Syn: Cirsium arvense var. mite Wimmer & Grab.
Syn: Cirsium arvense var. vestitum Wimmer & Grab.
Syn: Cirsium incanum (Gmel.) Fisch.
Syn: Cirsium setosum (Willd.) Bess. ex Bieb.
Syn: Serratula arvensis L.
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Bull Thistle
Syn: Carduus lanceolatus L.
Syn: Carduus vulgaris Savi
Syn: Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop., non Hill
Syn: Cirsium lanceolatum var. hypoleucum DC.
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. Asthmaweed
Syn: Erigeron bonariensis L.
Syn: Erigeron linifolius Willd.
Syn: Leptilon bonariense (L.) Small
Syn: Leptilon linifolium (Willd.) Small
Cotula coronopifolia L. Common Brassbuttons
Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Smooth Hawk's-Beard
Hypochaeris radicata L. Hairy Cat's-Ear
Lactuca saligna L. Willow-Leaf Lettuce
Syn: Lactuca saligna var. runcinata Gren. & Godr.
Lactuca serriola L. Prickly Lettuce
Syn: Lactuca scariola L.
Leontodon taraxacoides ssp. taraxacoides
Syn: Leontodon leysseri (Wallr.) G. Beck
Syn: Leontodon nudicaulis ssp. taraxacoides (Vill.) Schinz & Thellung
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Ox-Eye Daisy
Syn: Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.
Syn: Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. boecheri Boivin
Syn: Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte
Syn: Leucanthemum leucanthemum (L.) Rydb.
Syn: Leucanthemum vulgare var. pinnatifidum (Lecoq & Lamotte) Moldenke
Matricaria discoidea DC. Pineapple-Weed
Syn: Artemisia matricarioides auct. non Less.
Syn: Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb.
Syn: Lepidanthus suaveolens (Pursh) Nutt.
Syn: Lepidotheca suaveolens (Pursh) Nutt.
Syn: Matricaria matricarioides auct. non (Less.) Porter
Syn: Matricaria suaveolens (Pursh) Buch., non L.
Syn: Santolina suaveolens Pursh
Syn: Tanacetum suaveolens (Pursh) Hook.
Onopordum acanthium L. Scotch-Thistle
Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard & Burtt Jersey Rabbit-Tobacco
Syn: Gnaphalium luteoalbum L.
Senecio vulgaris L. Old-Man-in-the-Spring
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Blessed Milk-Thistle
Syn: Carduus marianus L.
Syn: Mariana mariana (L.) Hill
Sonchus arvensis ssp. arvensis
Syn: Sonchus arvensis var. shumovichii Boivin
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Spiny-Leaf Sow-Thistle
Sonchus oleraceus L. Common Sow-Thistle
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Feverfew
Syn: Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh.
Syn: Matricaria parthenium L.
25
Tanacetum vulgare L. Common Tansy
Syn: Chrysanthemum uliginosum Pers.
Syn: Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh.
Syn: Tanacetum vulgare var. crispum DC.
Taraxacum officinale ssp. officinale
Syn: ?Leontodon latiloba (DC.) Britt.
Syn: ?Leontodon taraxacum L. p.p.
Syn: Taraxacum atroglaucum M.P. Christens.
Syn: Taraxacum campylodes Hagl.
Syn: Taraxacum croceum auct. non Dahlst.
Syn: Taraxacum curvidens M.P. Christens.
Syn: Taraxacum cyclocentrum M.P. Christens.
Syn: Taraxacum dahlstedtii Lindb. f.
Syn: Taraxacum davidssonii M.P. Christens.
Syn: Taraxacum devians Dahlst.
Syn: Taraxacum dilutisquameum M.P. Christens.
Syn: Taraxacum firmum Dahlst.
Syn: Taraxacum islandiciforme Dahlst.
Syn: Taraxacum kok-saghyz auct. non Rodin
Syn: ?Taraxacum latilobum DC.
Syn: ?Taraxacum officinale ssp. vulgare (Lam.) Schinz & R. Keller
Syn: Taraxacum officinale var. palustre (Lyons) Blytt p.p.
Syn: ?Taraxacum palustre var. vulgare (Lam.) Fern.
Syn: Taraxacum pleniflorum M.P. Christens.
Syn: Taraxacum retroflexum Lindb. f.
Syn: Taraxacum rhodolepis Dahlst.
Syn: Taraxacum undulatum Lindb. f. & Marklund
Syn: Taraxacum vagans Hagl.
Syn: ?Taraxacum vulgare Lam.
Syn: Taraxacum xanthostigma Lindb. f.
Tragopogon dubius Scop. Meadow Goat's-Beard
Syn: Tragopogon dubius ssp. major (Jacq.) Voll.
Syn: Tragopogon major Jacq.
Tragopogon porrifolius L. Salsify
Tragopogon pratensis L. Jack-Go-To-Bed-At-Noon
Tripleurospermum perforata (Merat) M. Lainz Scentless False Mayweed
Syn: Chamomilla inodora (L.) Gilib.
Syn: Matricaria inodora L.
Syn: Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora (L.) Clapham
Syn: Matricaria maritima var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilmott
Syn: Matricaria perforata Mérat
Syn: Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz-Bip.
Xanthium spinosum L. Spiny Cockleburr
Syn: Acanthoxanthium spinosum (L.) Fourr.
Syn: Xanthium spinosum var. inerme Bel.
Boraginaceae Borage Family
Asperugo procumbens L. German-Madwort
Cynoglossum officinale L. Gypsy-Flower
Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. Bristly Sheepburr
Syn: Lappula echinata Gilib.
Syn: Lappula erecta A. Nels.
Syn: Lappula fremontii (Torr.) Greene
Syn: Lappula lappula (L.) Karst.
Syn: Lappula myosotis Moench
Syn: Lappula squarrosa var. erecta (A. Nels.) Dorn
Myosotis discolor Pers. Yellow Scorpion-Grass
Syn: Myosotis versicolor (Pers.) Sm.
Myosotis scorpioides L. True Forget-Me-Not
Syn: Myosotis palustris (L.) Hill
Myosotis stricta Link ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes Blue Scorpion-Grass
Syn: Myosotis micrantha auct. non Pallas ex Lehm.
Brassicaceae Mustard Family
26
Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. Pale Madwort
Syn: Alyssum calycinum L.
Syn: Clypeola alyssoides L.
Alyssum desertorum var. desertorum
Syn: Alyssum turkestanicum auct. non Regel & Schmalh.
Alyssum minus var. micranthum (C.A. Mey.) Dudley
Syn: Alyssum parviflorum Fisch. ex Bieb.
Syn: Alyssum parviflorum var. micranthum (C.A. Mey.) Dorn
Syn: Clypeola minus L. p.p.
Alyssum minus var. strigosum (Banks & Soland.) Zohary
Syn: Alyssum strigosum Banks & Soland.
Armoracia rusticana P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. Horse-Radish
Syn: Armoracia armoracia (L.) Britt.
Syn: Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib.
Syn: Cochlearia armoracia L.
Syn: Radicula armoracia (L.) B.L. Robins.
Syn: Rorippa armoracia (L.) A.S. Hitchc.
Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Hoary False Madwort
Syn: Alyssum incanum L.
Brassica elongata Ehrh. Elongated Mustard
Syn: Brassica elongata ssp. integrifolia (Boiss.) Breistr.
Syn: Erucastrum armoracioides (Czern. ex Turcz.) Cruchet
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Chinese Mustard
Syn: Brassica integrifolia (Vahl) Schulz, non Rupr.
Syn: Brassica integrifolia Rupr.
Syn: Brassica japonica Thunb.
Syn: Brassica juncea var. crispifolia Bailey
Syn: Brassica juncea var. japonica (Thunb.) Bailey
Syn: Brassica willdenowii Boiss.
Syn: Sinapis juncea L.
Brassica napus L. Turnip
Syn: Brassica napobrassica (L.) P. Mill.
Syn: Brassica napus var. napobrassica (L.) Reichenb.
Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch Black Mustard
Syn: Sinapis nigra L.
Brassica rapa var. rapa
Syn: Brassica campestris L.
Syn: Brassica campestris var. rapa (L.) Hartman
Syn: Brassica rapa ssp. campestris (L.) Clapham
Syn: Brassica rapa ssp. olifera DC.
Syn: Brassica rapa ssp. sylvestris Janchen
Syn: Brassica rapa var. campestris (L.) W.D.J. Koch
Syn: Caulanthus sulfureus Payson
Brassica tournefortii Gouan Asian Mustard
Syn: Brassica tournefortii var. sisymbrioides (Fisch.) Grossh.
Camelina microcarpa DC. Little-Pod False Flax
Syn: Camelina sativa ssp. microcarpa (DC.) E. Schmid
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Shepherd's-Purse
Syn: Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt.
Syn: Bursa bursa-pastoris var. bifida Crépin
Syn: Bursa gracilis Gren.
Syn: Capsella rubella Reut.
Syn: Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L.
Cardaria chalapensis (L.) Hand.-Maz. Lens-Pod Hoarycress
Syn: Cardaria draba ssp. chalapensis (L.) O.E. Schulz
Syn: Cardaria draba var. repens (Schrenk) O.E. Schulz
Syn: Lepidium repens (Schrenk) Boiss.
Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. Heart-Pod Hoarycress
Syn: Lepidium draba L.
Cardaria pubescens (C.A. Mey.) Jarmolenko Globe-Pod Hoarycress
Syn: Cardaria pubescens var. elongata Rollins
Syn: Hymenophysa pubescens C.A. Mey.
27
Chorispora tenella (Pallas) DC. Crossflower
Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Hare's-Ear-Mustard
Syn: Brassica orientalis L.
Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Herb-Sophia
Syn: Sisymbrium sophia L.
Syn: Sophia sophia (L.) Britt.
Draba verna L. Spring Whitlow-Grass
Syn: Draba praecox Stev.
Syn: Draba verna var. aestivalis Lej.
Syn: Draba verna var. boerhaavii van Hall
Syn: Draba verna var. major Stur
Syn: Erophila spathulata A.F. Lang
Syn: Erophila verna (L.) Bess.
Syn: Erophila verna ssp. praecox (Stev.) S.M. Walters
Syn: Erophila verna ssp. spathulata (A.F. Lang) S.M. Walters
Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa (P. Mill.) Thellung
Syn: Brassica eruca L.
Syn: Eruca eruca (L.) Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn: Eruca sativa P. Mill.
Syn: Raphanus eruca (L.) Crantz
Erysimum repandum L. Spreading Wallflower
Syn: Cheirinia repanda (L.) Link
Euclidium syriacum (L.) Ait. f. Syrian-Mustard
Hesperis matronalis L. Mother-of-the-Evening
Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagrèze-Fossat Mediterranean Hoary-Mustard
Syn: Brassica geniculata (Desf.) J. Ball
Syn: Sinapis incana L.
Isatis tinctoria L. Dyer's-Woad
Lepidium campestre (L.) Ait. f. Cream-Anther Field Pepperwort
Syn: Neolepia campestris (L.) W.A. Weber
Syn: Thlaspi campestre L.
Lepidium latifolium L. Broad-Leaf Pepperwort
Syn: Cardaria latifolia (L.) Spach
Lepidium perfoliatum L. Clasping Pepperwort
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Sweet-Alison
Syn: Alyssum maritimum (L.) Lam.
Syn: Clypeola maritima L.
Syn: Koniga maritima (L.) R. Br.
Malcolmia africana (L.) Ait. f. African Adder's-Mouth
Raphanus raphanistrum L. Wild Radish
Raphanus sativus L. Radish
Syn: Raphanus raphanistrum var. sativus (L.) G. Beck
Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum
Syn: Myagrum rugosum L.
Sinapis arvensis L. Corn-Mustard
Syn: Brassica arvensis Rabenh., non L.
Syn: Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler
Syn: Brassica kaber var. pinnatifida (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler
Syn: Brassica kaber var. schkuhriana (Reichenb.) L.C. Wheeler
Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tall Hedge-Mustard
Syn: Norta altissima (L.) Britt.
Sisymbrium irio L. London Rocket
Syn: Norta irio (L.) Britt.
Sisymbrium loeselii L. False London Rocket
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Hedge-Mustard
Syn: Erysimum officinale L.
Syn: Sisymbrium officinale var. leiocarpum DC.
Sisymbrium orientale L. Indian Hedge-Mustard
Syn: Brassica kaber var. orientalis (L.) Scoggan
Thlaspi arvense L. Field Pennycress
Campanulaceae Bellflower Family
Campanula rapunculoides L. Creeping Bellflower
28
Syn: Campanula rapunculoides var. ucranica (Bess.) K. Koch
Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Family
Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle
Syn: Lonicera japonica var. chinensis (P.W. Wats.) Baker
Syn: Nintooa japonica (Thunb.) Sweet
Caryophyllaceae Pink Family
Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Thyme-Leaf Sandwort
Syn: Arenaria leptoclados (Reichenb.) Guss.
Syn: Arenaria serpyllifolia ssp. leptoclados (Reichenb.) Nyman
Syn: Arenaria serpyllifolia var. tenuior Mert. & Koch
Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare (Hartman) Greuter & Burdet
Syn: Cerastium adsurgens Greene
Syn: Cerastium fontanum ssp. holosteoides auct. non (Fries) Salman, van
Ommering & de Voogd
Syn: Cerastium fontanum ssp. triviale (Link) Jalas
Syn: Cerastium holosteoides auct. non Fries
Syn: Cerastium holosteoides var. vulgare (Hartman) Hyl.
Syn: Cerastium triviale Link
Syn: Cerastium vulgatum L. 1762, non 1755
Syn: Cerastium vulgatum var. hirsutum Fries
Syn: Cerastium vulgatum var. holosteoides auct. non (Fries) Wahlenb.
Dianthus armeria L. Deptford Pink
Gypsophila paniculata L. Tall Baby's-Breath
Gypsophila scorzonerifolia Ser. Garden Baby's-Breath
Holosteum umbellatum L. Jagged-Chickweed
Saponaria officinalis L. Bouncing-Bett
Syn: Lychnis saponaria Jessen
Silene conoidea L. Conoid Catchfly
Syn: Conosilene conica ssp. conoidea (L.) A.Löve & Kjellq.
Syn: Pleconax conoidea (L.) Sourkova
Silene latifolia ssp. alba (P. Mill.) Greuter & Burdet
Syn: Lychnis alba P. Mill.
Syn: Lychnis ×loveae Boivin
Syn: Lychnis vespertina Sibthorp
Syn: Melandrium album (P. Mill.) Garcke
Syn: Silene alba (P. Mill.) Krause
Syn: Silene pratensis (Rafn) Godr. & Gren.
Spergularia rubra (L.) J.& K. Presl Ruby Sandspurry
Syn: Spergularia rubra var. perennans (Kindb.) B.L. Robins.
Syn: Tissa rubra (L.) Britt.
Stellaria graminea L. Grass-Leaf Starwort
Syn: Alsine graminea (L.) Britt.
Syn: Stellaria graminea var. latifolia Peterm.
Stellaria media ssp. media
Syn: Alsine media L.
Syn: Stellaria apetala Ucria ex Roemer
Syn: Stellaria media var. procera Klatt & Richter
Vaccaria hispanica (P. Mill.) Rauschert Cowcockle
Syn: Saponaria vaccaria L.
Syn: Vaccaria pyramidata Medik.
Syn: Vaccaria segetalis Garcke ex Aschers.
Syn: Vaccaria vaccaria (L.) Britt.
Syn: Vaccaria vulgaris Host
Chenopodiaceae Goosefoot Family
Atriplex hortensis L. Garden Orache
Syn: Atriplex hortensis var. atrosanguinea hort.
Atriplex micrantha Ledeb. Two-Scale Saltbush
Syn: Atriplex heterosperma Bunge
Atriplex rosea L. Tumbling Orache
Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. Australian Saltbush
Bassia hyssopifolia (Pallas) Kuntz Five-Horn Smotherweed
Syn: Echinopsilon hyssopifolius (Pallas) Moq.
29
Syn: Kochia hyssopifolia (Pallas) Schrad.
Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott Mexican-Fireweed
Syn: Bassia sieversiana (Pallas) W.A. Weber
Syn: Kochia alata Bates
Syn: Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.
Syn: Kochia scoparia var. culta Farw.
Syn: Kochia scoparia var. pubescens Fenzl
Syn: Kochia scoparia var. subvillosa Moq.
Syn: Kochia scoparia var. trichophila (Stapf) Bailey
Syn: Kochia sieversiana (Pallas) C.A. Mey.
Syn: Kochia trichophila Stapf
Chenopodium album var. album
Syn: Chenopodium album var. lanceolatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Coss. & Germ.
Syn: Chenopodium album var. polymorphum Aellen
Syn: Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste & Reyn.
Syn: Chenopodium giganteum D. Don
Syn: Chenopodium lanceolatum Muhl. ex Willd.
Syn: Chenopodium suecicum J. Murr.
Chenopodium ambrosioides var. ambrosioides
Syn: Ambrina ambrosioides (L.) Spach
Syn: Chenopodium ambrosioides ssp. euambrosioides Aellen
Syn: Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum (L.) Aellen
Syn: Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum (L.) Gray
Syn: Chenopodium ambrosioides var. chilense (Schrad.) Speg.
Syn: Chenopodium ambrosioides var. typicum (Speg.) Aellen
Syn: Chenopodium ambrosioides var. vagans (Standl.) J.T. Howell
Syn: Chenopodium obovatum Moq.
Syn: Chenopodium retusum Juss. ex Moq.
Syn: Teloxys ambrosioides (L.) W.A. Weber
Syn: Teloxys vagans (Standl.) W.A. Weber
Chenopodium botrys L. Jerusalem-Oak
Syn: Botrydium botrys (L.) Small
Syn: Teloxys botrys (L.) W.A. Weber
Chenopodium foliosum (Moench) Aschers. Leafy Goosefoot
Syn: Blitum virgatum L.
Syn: Chenopodium capitatum var. parvicapitatum Welsh
Syn: Chenopodium virgatum (L.) Ambrosi, non Thunb.
Syn: Morocarpus foliosus Moench
Chenopodium humile Hook. Marshland Goosefoot
Syn: Chenopodium rubrum var. humile (Hook.) S. Wats.
Chenopodium murale L. Nettle-Leaf Goosefoot
Chenopodium pumilio R. Br. Clammy Goosefoot
Syn: Chenopodium carinatum auct. non R. Br.
Syn: Teloxys pumilio (R. Br.) W.A. Weber
Halogeton glomeratus (Bieb.) C.A. Mey. Saltlover
Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. Prostrate Summer-Cypress
Salsola paulsenii Litv. Barbwire Russian-Thistle
Salsola tragus L. Prickly Russian-Thistle
Syn: Salsola australis R. Br.
Syn: Salsola iberica (Sennen & Pau) Botsch. ex Czerepanov
Syn: Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica (Iljin) Soó
Syn: Salsola kali ssp. tenuifolia Moq.
Syn: Salsola kali ssp. tragus (L.) Celak.
Syn: Salsola pestifer A. Nels.
Syn: Salsola ruthenica Iljin
Clusiaceae St. John's-Wort Family
Hypericum perforatum L. Common St. John's-Wort
Convolvulaceae Morning-Glory Family
Convolvulus arvensis L. Field Bindweed
Syn: Convolvulus ambigens House
Syn: Convolvulus incanus auct. non Vahl
Syn: Strophocaulos arvensis (L.) Small
30
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth Common Morning-Glory
Syn: Convolvulus purpureus L.
Syn: Ipomoea hirsutula Jacq. f.
Syn: Ipomoea purpurea var. diversifolia (Lindl.) O'Donell
Syn: Pharbitis purpurea (L.) Voigt
Cucurbitaceae Cucumber Family
Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (Bailey) Mansf.
Syn: Citrullus vulgaris var. citroides Bailey
Cucumis melo L. Cantaloupe
Syn: Cucumis melo var. dudaim (L.) Naud.
Cucurbita pepo var. pepo
Syn: Pepo pepo (L.) Britt. ex Small
Cuscutaceae Dodder Family
Cuscuta approximata Bab. Alfalfa Dodder
Syn: Cuscuta approximata var. urceolata (Kunze) Yuncker
Syn: Cuscuta epithymum ssp. approximata (Bab.) Rouy
Syn: Cuscuta planiflora Ten.
Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. Clover Dodder
Cyperaceae Sedge Family
Cyperus fuscus L. Brown Flat Sedge
Eleocharis pachycarpa Desv. Black-Sand Spike-Rush
Dipsacaceae Teasel Family
Dipsacus fullonum L. Fuller's Teasel
Syn: Dipsacus fullonum ssp. sylvestris (Huds.) Clapham
Syn: Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.
Elaeagnaceae Oleaster Family
Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian-Olive
Euphorbiaceae Spurge Family
Euphorbia esula var. esula
Syn: Euphorbia intercedens Podp.
Syn: Euphorbia pseudovirgata (Schur) Soó
Syn: Galarhoeus esula (L.) Rydb.
Syn: Tithymalus esula (L.) Hill
Fabaceae Pea Family
Alhagi maurorum Medik. Camelthorn
Syn: Alhagi camelorum Fisch.
Syn: Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.) Desv. ex B. Keller & Schaparenko
Astragalus cicer L. Chickpea Milk-Vetch
Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.) Wallich ex D. Dietr. Bird-of-Paradise-Shrub
Syn: Poinciana gilliesii Wallich ex Hook.
Colutea arborescens L. Bladder-Senna
Coronilla varia L. Purple Crown-Vetch
Syn: Securigera varia (L.) Lassen
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Cultivated Licorice
Lathyrus latifolius L. Everlasting-Pea
Lotus tenuis Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. Narrow-Leaf Bird's-Foot-Trefoil
Syn: Lotus corniculatus var. tenuifolius L.
Medicago lupulina L. Black Medick
Syn: Medicago lupulina var. cupaniana (Guss.) Boiss.
Syn: Medicago lupulina var. glandulosa Neilr.
Medicago polymorpha L. Toothed Medick
Syn: Medicago apiculata auct. non Willd.
Syn: Medicago hispida Gaertn.
Syn: Medicago hispida var. apiculata (Willd.) Urban
Syn: Medicago hispida var. confinis (W.D.J. Koch) Burnat
Syn: Medicago polymorpha var. brevispina (Benth.) Heyn
Syn: Medicago polymorpha var. ciliaris (Ser.) Shinners
Syn: Medicago polymorpha var. polygyra (Urban) Shinners
Syn: Medicago polymorpha var. tricycla (Gren. & Godr.) Shinners
Syn: Medicago polymorpha var. vulgaris (Benth.) Shinners
Medicago sativa ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang.
Syn: Medicago falcata L.
31
Medicago sativa ssp. sativa
Syn: Medicago sativa ssp. varia (Martyn) Arcang.
Syn: Medicago ×varia Martyn
Melilotus indicus (L.) All. Indian Sweet-Clover
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow Sweet-Clover
Syn: Melilotus albus Medik.
Syn: Melilotus albus var. annuus Coe
Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. Sainfoin
Sphaerophysa salsula (Pallas) DC. Red Bladder-Vetch
Syn: Phaca salsula Pallas
Syn: Swainsona salsula (Pallas) Taubert
Trifolium fragiferum L. Strawberry-Head Clover
Syn: Trifolium fragiferum ssp. bonannii (K. Presl) Soják
Trifolium hybridum L. Alsike Clover
Syn: Trifolium elegans Savi
Syn: Trifolium hybridum ssp. elegans (Savi) Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn: Trifolium hybridum var. elegans (Savi) Boiss.
Syn: Trifolium hybridum var. pratense Rabenh.
Trifolium pratense L. Red Clover
Syn: Trifolium pratense var. frigidum auct. non Gaudin
Syn: Trifolium pratense var. sativum (P. Mill.) Schreb.
Trifolium repens L. White Clover
Vicia sativa ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrh.
Syn: Vicia angustifolia L.
Syn: Vicia angustifolia var. segetalis (Thuill.) W.D.J. Koch
Syn: Vicia angustifolia var. uncinata (Desv.) Rouy
Syn: Vicia sativa var. angustifolia (L.) Ser.
Syn: Vicia sativa var. nigra L.
Syn: Vicia sativa var. segetalis (Thuill.) Ser.
Vicia villosa ssp. villosa
Geraniaceae Geranium Family
Erodium cicutarium ssp. cicutarium
Erodium cicutarium ssp. jacquinianum (Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Avé-Lall.) Briq.
Syn: Erodium aethiopicum (Lam.) Brumh. & Thellung
Geranium dissectum L. Cut-Leaf Crane's-Bill
Syn: Geranium laxum Hanks
Iridaceae Iris Family
Iris pseudacorus L. Pale-Yellow Iris
Lamiaceae Mint Family
Lamium amplexicaule L. Giraffehead
Syn: Lamium amplexicaule var. album A.L. & M.C. Pickens
Leonurus cardiaca ssp. cardiaca
Marrubium vulgare L. White Horehound
Mentha ×piperita L. (pro sp.)
Syn: Mentha aquatica var. crispa (L.) Benth.
Syn: Mentha crispa L.
Syn: Mentha dumetorum Schultes
Mentha spicata L. Spearmint
Syn: Mentha cordifolia auct.
Syn: Mentha longifolia auct. non (L.) Huds.
Syn: Mentha viridis L.
Moluccella laevis L. Shellflower
Nepeta cataria L. Catnip
Liliaceae Lily Family
Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus
Lythraceae Loosestrife Family
Lythrum salicaria L. Purple Loosestrife
Syn: Lythrum salicaria var. gracilior Turcz.
Syn: Lythrum salicaria var. tomentosum (P. Mill.) DC.
Syn: Lythrum salicaria var. vulgare DC.
Malvaceae Mallow Family
Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Velvetleaf
32
Syn: Abutilon abutilon (L.) Rusby
Syn: Abutilon avicennae Gaertn.
Alcea rosea L. Hollyhock
Syn: Althaea rosea (L.) Cav.
Malva neglecta Wallr. Dwarf Mallow
Syn: Malva rotundifolia auct. non L.
Malva parviflora L. Small-Whorl Mallow
Molluginaceae Carpetweed Family
Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser. Thread-Stem Carpetweed
Nyctaginaceae Four-O'clock Family
Mirabilis jalapa L. Marvel-of-Peru
Syn: Mirabilis jalapa ssp. lindheimeri Standl.
Syn: Mirabilis lindheimeri (Standl.) Shinners
Papaveraceae Poppy Family
Glaucium corniculatum (L.) J.H. Rudolph Black-Spot Horn-Poppy
Syn: Chelidonium corniculatum L.
Plantaginaceae Plantain Family
Plantago lanceolata L. English Plantain
Syn: Plantago altissima auct. non L.
Syn: Plantago lanceolata var. sphaerostachya Mert. & Koch
Poaceae Grass Family
Aegilops cylindrica Host Jointed Goat Grass
Syn: Aegilops cylindrica var. rubiginosa Popova
Syn: Aegilops tauschii auct. non Coss.
Syn: Cylindropyrum cylindricum (Host) A. Löve
Syn: Triticum cylindricum (Host) Ces., Pass. & Gib.
Agropyron cristatum ssp. pectinatum (Bieb.) Tzvelev
Syn: Agropyron cristatiforme Sarkar
Syn: Agropyron pectiniforme Roemer & J.A. Schultes
Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) J.A. Schultes Clustered Wheat Grass
Syn: Agropyron cristatum ssp. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) A. Löve
Syn: Agropyron cristatum var. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Dorn
Agropyron fragile (Roth) P. Candargy Siberian Wheat Grass
Syn: Agropyron cristatum ssp. fragile (Roth) A. Löve
Syn: Agropyron cristatum var. fragile (Roth) Dorn
Syn: Agropyron fragile ssp. sibiricum (Willd.) Melderis
Syn: Agropyron fragile var. sibiricum (Willd.) Tzvelev
Syn: Agropyron sibiricum (Willd.) Beauv.
Agrostis capillaris L. Colonial Bent
Syn: Agrostis sylvatica Huds.
Syn: Agrostis tenuis Sibthorp
Syn: Agrostis tenuis var. aristata (Parnell) Druce
Syn: Agrostis tenuis var. hispida (Willd.) Philipson
Syn: Agrostis tenuis var. pumila (L.) Druce
Agrostis gigantea Roth Black Bent
Syn: Agrostis alba auct. non L.
Syn: Agrostis gigantea var. dispar (Michx.) Philipson
Syn: Agrostis nigra With.
Syn: Agrostis stolonifera ssp. gigantea (Roth) Schuebl. & Martens
Syn: Agrostis stolonifera var. major (Gaudin) Farw.
Alopecurus geniculatus var. geniculatus
Syn: Alopecurus pallescens Piper
Alopecurus pratensis L. Field Meadow-Foxtail
Apera interrupta (L.) Beauv. Dense Silky-Bent
Syn: Agrostis interrupta L.
Arrhenatherum elatius var. elatius
Syn: Arrhenatherum elatius var. biaristatum (Peterm.) Peterm.
Syn: Avena elatior L.
Arundo donax L. Giant-Reed
Syn: Arundo donax var. versicolor (P. Mill.) Stokes
Syn: Arundo versicolor P. Mill.
Avena barbata Pott ex Link Barbed Oat
33
Syn: Avena hirsuta Moench
Avena fatua L. Wild Oat
Syn: Avena fatua var. glabrata Peterm.
Syn: Avena fatua var. vilis (Wallr.) Hausskn.
Syn: Avena hybrida Peterm. ex Reichenb. p.p.
Avena sativa L. Oat
Syn: Avena byzantina K. Koch
Syn: Avena fatua var. sativa (L.) Hausskn.
Syn: Avena hybrida Peterm. ex Reichenb. p.p.
Syn: Avena sativa var. orientalis (Schreb.) Alef.
Bromus arenarius Labill. Australian Brome
Bromus arvensis L. Field Brome
Bromus berterianus Colla Chilean Brome
Syn: Bromus trinii Desv.
Syn: Bromus trinii var. excelsus Shear
Syn: Trisetobromus hirtus (Trin.) Nevski
Bromus briziformis Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Rattlesnake Brome
Bromus catharticus Vahl Rescue Grass
Syn: Bromus brevis Nees ex Steud.
Syn: Bromus haenkeanus (J. Presl) Kunth
Syn: Bromus unioloides Kunth
Syn: Bromus willdenowii Kunth
Syn: Ceratochloa cathartica (Vahl) Herter
Syn: Ceratochloa unioloides (Willd.) Beauv.
Syn: Ceratochloa willdenowii (Kunth) W.A. Weber
Syn: Festuca unioloides Willd.
Bromus commutatus Schrad. Meadow Brome
Syn: Bromus commutatus var. apricorum Simonkai
Bromus hordeaceus ssp. hordeaceus
Syn: Bromus mollis auct. non L.
Bromus inermis ssp. inermis var. inermis
Syn: Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub
Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr. Japanese Brome
Syn: Bromus japonicus var. porrectus Hack.
Syn: Bromus patulus Mert. & Koch
Bromus madritensis L. Compact Brome
Syn: Anisantha madritensis (L.) Nevski
Bromus racemosus L. Bald Brome
Bromus rigidus Roth Ripgut Brome
Syn: Anisantha rigida (Roth) Hyl.
Syn: Bromus diandrus ssp. rigidus (Roth) Lainz
Syn: Bromus maximus Desf., non Gilib.
Syn: Bromus villosus Forsk., non Scop.
Bromus rubens L. Fox-Tail Brome
Syn: Anisantha rubens (L.) Nevski
Syn: Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens (L.) Husnot
Bromus secalinus L. Rye Brome
Syn: Bromus secalinus var. hirsutus Kindb.
Syn: Bromus secalinus var. hirtus (F.W. Schultz) Hegi
Bromus sterilis L. Poverty Brome
Syn: Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski
Bromus tectorum L. Cheat Grass
Syn: Anisantha tectorum (L.) Nevski
Syn: Bromus tectorum var. glabratus Spenner
Syn: Bromus tectorum var. hirsutus Regel
Syn: Bromus tectorum var. nudus Klett & Richter
Crypsis alopecuroides (Piller & Mitterp.) Schrad. Fox-Tail Prickle Grass
Syn: Heleochloa alopecuroides (Piller & Mitterp.) Host ex Roemer
Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam. Swamp Prickle Grass
Syn: Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host ex Roemer
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermuda Grass
Syn: Capriola dactylon (L.) Kuntze
34
Syn: Panicum dactylon L.
Dactylis glomerata ssp. glomerata
Syn: Dactylis glomerata var. ciliata Peterm.
Syn: Dactylis glomerata var. detonsa Fries
Syn: Dactylis glomerata var. vivipara Parl.
Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl. Smooth Crab Grass
Syn: Digitaria ischaemum var. mississippiensis (Gattinger) Fern.
Syn: Panicum ischaemum Schreb.
Syn: Syntherisma ischaemum (Schreb.) Nash
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Large Barnyard Grass
Syn: Panicum crus-galli L.
Echinochloa frumentacea Link Japanese-Millet
Syn: Echinochloa crus-galli ssp. edulis A.S. Hitchc.
Syn: Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea (Link) W. Wight
Syn: Panicum frumentaceum Roxb., non Salisb.
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Indian Goose Grass
Syn: Cynosurus indicus L.
Elymus repens (L.) Gould Creeping Wild Rye
Syn: Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.
Syn: Agropyron repens var. subulatum (Schreb.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes
Syn: Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex B.D. Jackson
Syn: Elytrigia repens var. vaillantiana (Wulfen & Schreb.) Prokudin
Syn: Elytrigia vaillantiana (Wulfen & Schreb.) Beetle
Syn: Triticum repens L.
Syn: Triticum vaillantianum Wulfen & Schreb.
Eragrostis barrelieri Daveau Mediterranean Love Grass
Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign. ex Janchen Stink Grass
Syn: Eragrostis major Host
Syn: Eragrostis megastachya (Koel.) Link
Syn: Poa cilianensis All.
Eremopyrum triticeum (Gaertn.) Nevski Annual False Wheat Grass
Syn: Agropyron prostratum (L. f.) Beauv.
Syn: Agropyron triticeum Gaertn.
Holcus lanatus L. Common Velvet Grass
Syn: Nothoholcus lanatus (L.) Nash
Hordeum marinum ssp. gussonianum (Parl.) Thellung
Syn: Critesion geniculatum (All.) A. Löve
Syn: Critesion hystrix (Roth) A. Löve
Syn: Critesion marinum ssp. gussonianum (Parl.) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey
Syn: Hordeum geniculatum All.
Syn: Hordeum gussonianum Parl.
Syn: Hordeum hystrix Roth
Hordeum murinum ssp. glaucum (Steud.) Tzvelev
Syn: Critesion glaucum (Steud.) A. Löve
Syn: Critesion murinum ssp. glaucum (Steud.) W.A. Weber
Syn: Hordeum glaucum Steud.
Syn: Hordeum stebbinsii Covas
Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum (Link) Arcang.
Syn: Critesion murinum ssp. leporinum (Link) A. Löve
Syn: Hordeum leporinum Link
Hordeum vulgare L. Common Barley
Syn: Hordeum aegiceras Nees ex Royle
Syn: Hordeum distichon L.
Syn: Hordeum hexastichum L.
Syn: Hordeum vulgare var. trifurcatum (Schlecht.) Alef.
Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire Tall Rye Grass
Syn: Festuca arundinacea Schreb.
Syn: Festuca elatior ssp. arundinacea (Schreb.) Hack.
Syn: Festuca elatior var. arundinacea (Schreb.) C.F.H. Wimmer
Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot
Syn: Lolium multiflorum Lam.
35
Syn: Lolium multiflorum ssp. italicum (A. Braun) Volk. ex Schinz & R.
Keller
Syn: Lolium multiflorum var. diminutum Mutel
Syn: Lolium multiflorum var. muticum DC.
Syn: Lolium perenne ssp. italicum (A. Braun) Husnot
Syn: Lolium perenne var. aristatum Willd.
Syn: Lolium perenne var. multiflorum (Lam.) Parnell
Lolium perenne ssp. perenne
Syn: Lolium multiflorum var. ramosum Guss. ex Arcang.
Syn: Lolium perenne var. cristatum Pers. ex B.D. Jackson
Lolium pratense (Huds.) S.J. Darbyshire Meadow Rye Grass
Syn: Festuca elatior L. p.p.
Syn: Festuca pratensis Huds.
Panicum miliaceum ssp. miliaceum
Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Pearl-Millet
Syn: Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn.
Syn: Chaetochloa lutescens (Weigel) Stuntz
Syn: Panicum americanum L.
Syn: Panicum glaucum L.
Syn: Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke
Syn: Pennisetum typhoides auct. non (Burm.) Stapf & C.E. Hubbard
Syn: Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.
Syn: Setaria lutescens (Weigel) F.T. Hubbard
Phleum pratense L. Common Timothy
Syn: Phleum nodosum L.
Syn: Phleum pratense ssp. nodosum (L.) Arcang.
Syn: Phleum pratense var. nodosum (L.) Huds.
Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss. Smilo Grass
Syn: Agrostis miliacea L.
Syn: Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Aschers. & Schweinf.
Poa annua L. Annual Blue Grass
Syn: Poa annua var. aquatica Aschers.
Syn: Poa annua var. reptans Hausskn.
Poa bulbosa L. Bulbous Blue Grass
Poa compressa L. Flat-Stem Blue Grass
Poa trivialis L. Rough-Stalk Blue Grass
Polypogon maritimus Willd. Maritime Rabbit's-Foot Grass
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Annual Rabbit's-Foot Grass
Syn: Alopecurus monspeliensis L.
Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. Beardless Rabbit's-Foot Grass
Syn: Agrostis semiverticillata (Forsk.) C. Christens.
Syn: Agrostis verticillata Vill.
Syn: Agrostis viridis Gouan
Syn: Polypogon semiverticillatus (Forsk.) Hyl.
Schismus arabicus Nees Arabian Mediterranean Grass
Schismus barbatus (Loefl. ex L.) Thellung Common Mediterranean Grass
Syn: Festuca barbata Loefl. ex L.
Secale cereale L. Cultivated Rye
Syn: ?Secale montanum Guss.
Syn: Triticum cereale (L.) Salisb.
Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. Rough Bristle Grass
Syn: Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn.
Syn: Panicum verticillatum L.
Syn: Setaria carnei A.S. Hitchc.
Setaria viridis var. viridis
Syn: Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn.
Syn: Panicum viride L.
Syn: Setaria viridis var. breviseta (Doell) A.S. Hitchc.
Syn: Setaria viridis var. weinmannii (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Borbás
Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor
Syn: Holcus bicolor L.
Syn: Holcus sorghum L.
36
Syn: Sorghum bicolor var. caffrorum (Retz.) Mohlenbrock
Syn: Sorghum caffrorum (Retz.) Beauv.
Syn: Sorghum cernuum (Ard.) Host
Syn: Sorghum dochna (Forsk.) Snowden
Syn: Sorghum dochna var. technicum (Koern.) Snowden
Syn: Sorghum durra (Forsk.) Stapf
Syn: Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Moench
Syn: Sorghum subglabrescens Schweinf. & Aschers.
Syn: Sorghum vulgare Pers.
Syn: Sorghum vulgare var. caffrorum (Retz.) Hubbard & Rehd.
Syn: Sorghum vulgare var. durra (Forsk.) Hubbard & Rehd.
Syn: Sorghum vulgare var. roxburghii (Stapf) Haines
Syn: Sorghum vulgare var. saccharatum (L.) Boerl.
Syn: Sorghum vulgare var. technicum (Koern.) Jáv.
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson Grass
Syn: Holcus halepensis L.
Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski Medusa-Head
Syn: Elymus caput-medusae L.
Syn: Taeniatherum asperum auct. non (Simonkai) Nevski
Syn: Taeniatherum crinitum var. caput-medusae (L.) Wipff
Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey Intermediate Quack
Grass
Syn: Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv.
Syn: Agropyron intermedium var. trichophorum (Link) Halac.
Syn: Agropyron trichophorum (Link) Richter
Syn: Elymus hispidus (Opiz) Melderis
Syn: Elymus hispidus ssp. barbulatus (Schur) Melderis
Syn: Elymus hispidus var. ruthenicus (Griseb.) Dorn
Syn: Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski
Syn: Elytrigia intermedia ssp. barbulata (Schur) A. Löve
Syn: Elytrigia intermedia ssp. trichophora (Link) Tvzel
Syn: Thinopyrum intermedium ssp. barbulatum (Schur) Barkworth & D.R.
Dewey
Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Z.-W. Liu & R.-C. Wang Eurasian Quack Grass
Syn: Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv.
Syn: Agropyron varnense (Velen.) Hayek
Syn: Elymus elongatus (Host) Runemark
Syn: Elymus elongatus var. ponticus (Podp.) Dorn
Syn: Elymus varnensis (Velen.) Runemark
Syn: Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski
Syn: Elytrigia pontica (Podp.) Holub
Syn: Lophopyrum elongatum (Host) A. Löve
Triticum aestivum L. Bread Wheat
Syn: Triticum hybernum L.
Syn: Triticum macha Dekap. & Menab.
Syn: Triticum sativum Lam.
Syn: Triticum sphaerococcum Percival
Syn: Triticum vulgare Vill.
Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray Brome Six-Weeks Grass
Syn: Bromus dertonensis All.
Syn: Festuca bromoides L.
Syn: Festuca dertonensis (All.) Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn: Vulpia dertonensis (All.) Gola
Vulpia myuros (L.) K.C. Gmel. Rat-Tail Six-Weeks Grass
Syn: Festuca megalura Nutt.
Syn: Festuca megalura var. hirsuta (Hack.) Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn: Festuca myuros L.
Syn: Vulpia megalura (Nutt.) Rydb.
Syn: Vulpia myuros var. hirsuta Hack.
Polygonaceae Buckwheat Family
Polygonum arenastrum Jord. ex Boreau Oval-Leaf Knotweed
Syn: Polygonum aequale Lindm.
37
Syn: Polygonum aviculare var. arenastrum (Jord. ex Boreau) Rouy
Syn: Polygonum montereyense Brenckle
Polygonum argyrocoleon Steud. ex Kunze Silver-Sheath Knotweed
Polygonum aviculare L. Yard Knotweed
Syn: Polygonum aviculare var. vegetum Ledeb.
Syn: Polygonum heterophyllum Lindl.
Syn: Polygonum monspeliense Pers.
Polygonum convolvulus var. convolvulus
Syn: Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dumort.
Syn: Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve
Syn: Reynoutria convolvulus (L.) Shinners
Syn: Tiniaria convolvulus (L.) Webb & Moq.
Polygonum hydropiper L. Mild Water-Pepper
Syn: Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Opiz
Syn: Polygonum hydropiper var. projectum Stanford
Polygonum persicaria L. Lady's-Thumb
Syn: Persicaria maculata (Raf.) S.F. Gray
Syn: Persicaria persicaria (L.) Small
Syn: Persicaria ruderalis (Salisb.) C.F. Reed
Syn: Persicaria ruderalis var. vulgaris (Webb & Moq.) C.F. Reed
Syn: Persicaria vulgaris Webb & Moq.
Syn: Polygonum dubium Stein
Syn: Polygonum fusiforme Greene
Syn: Polygonum minus auct. non Huds.
Syn: Polygonum minus var. subcontinuum (Meisn.) Fern.
Syn: Polygonum persicaria var. angustifolium Beckh.
Syn: Polygonum persicaria var. ruderale (Salisb.) Meisn.
Syn: Polygonum puritanorum Fern.
Rumex acetosella L. Common Sheep Sorrel
Syn: Acetosella acetosella (L.) Small
Syn: Acetosella tenuifolia (Wallr.) A. Löve
Syn: Acetosella vulgaris (Koch) Fourr.
Syn: Rumex acetosella ssp. angiocarpus (Murb.) Murb.
Syn: Rumex acetosella var. pyrenaeus (Pourret) Timbal-Lagrave
Syn: Rumex acetosella var. tenuifolius Wallr.
Syn: Rumex angiocarpus Murb.
Syn: Rumex tenuifolius (Wallr.) A. Löve
Rumex conglomeratus Murr. Sharp Dock
Rumex crispus ssp. crispus
Rumex patientia L. Patience Dock
Potamogetonaceae Pondweed Family
Potamogeton crispus L. Curly Pondweed
Primulaceae Primrose Family
Anagallis arvensis ssp. arvensis
Lysimachia nummularia L. Creeping-Jenny
Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family
Ceratocephala testiculata (Crantz) Bess. Curve-Seed-Butterwort
Syn: Ceratocephala falcata auct. non (L.) Pers.
Syn: Ceratocephala orthoceras DC.
Syn: Ranunculus falcatus auct. non L.
Syn: Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz
Clematis orientalis L. Oriental Virgin's-Bower
Syn: Clematis aurea A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.
Syn: Viticella orientalis (L.) W.A. Weber
Ranunculus acris var. acris
Syn: Ranunculus acris ssp. strigulosus (Schur) Hyl.
Syn: Ranunculus acris var. latisectus G. Beck
Syn: Ranunculus acris var. stevenii (Andrz. ex Bess.) Lange
Syn: Ranunculus acris var. typicus G. Beck
Syn: Ranunculus acris var. villosus (Drab.) S.M. Coles
Syn: Ranunculus boreanus Jord.
Ranunculus repens L. Creeping Buttercup
38
Syn: Ranunculus repens var. degeneratus Schur
Syn: Ranunculus repens var. erectus DC.
Syn: Ranunculus repens var. glabratus DC.
Syn: Ranunculus repens var. linearilobus DC.
Syn: Ranunculus repens var. pleniflorus Fern.
Syn: Ranunculus repens var. typicus G. Beck
Syn: Ranunculus repens var. villosus Lamotte
Rosaceae Rose Family
Potentilla recta L. Sulphur Cinquefoil
Syn: Potentilla recta var. obscura (Nestler) W.D.J. Koch
Syn: Potentilla recta var. pilosa (Willd.) Ledeb.
Syn: Potentilla recta var. sulphurea (Lam. & DC.) Peyr.
Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees Himalayan Blackberry
Syn: Rubus procerus auct. non P.J. Muell. ex Genev
Rubus ulmifolius var. inermis (Willd.) Focke
Sanguisorba minor ssp. muricata (Spach) Nordborg
Syn: Poterium polygamum Waldst. & Kit.
Syn: Poterium sanguisorba auct. non L.
Rubiaceae Madder Family
Rubia tinctoria L. Madder
Salicaceae Willow Family
Populus alba L. White Poplar
Syn: Populus alba var. bolleana Lauche
Syn: Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bunge
Populus nigra L. Black Poplar
Syn: Populus dilatata Ait.
Syn: Populus italica (Du Roi) Moench
Syn: Populus nigra var. italica Du Roi
Salix alba L. White Willow
Syn: Salix alba ssp. caerulea (Sm.) Rech. f.
Syn: Salix alba ssp. vitellina (L.) Arcang.
Syn: Salix alba var. caerulea (Sm.) Sm.
Syn: Salix alba var. calva G.F.W. Mey.
Syn: Salix alba var. vitellina (L.) Stokes
Syn: Salix vitellina L.
Salix ×sepulcralis Simonkai
Syn: Salix babylonica auct. non L. p.p.
Syn: Salix salomonii hort.
Syn: Salix ×sepulcralis var. chrysocoma (Dode) Meikle
Scrophulariaceae Figwort Family
Linaria dalmatica ssp. dalmatica
Syn: Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire & Petitm.
Linaria vulgaris P. Mill. Greater Butter-and-Eggs
Syn: Linaria linaria (L.) Karst.
Verbascum blattaria L. White Moth Mullein
Verbascum thapsus L. Great Mullein
Verbascum virgatum Stokes Wand Mullein
Veronica arvensis L. Corn Speedwell
Veronica beccabunga L. European Speedwell
Veronica biloba L. Two-Lobe Speedwell
Syn: Pocilla biloba (L.) W.A. Weber
Veronica persica Poir. Bird-Eye Speedwell
Syn: Pocilla persica (Poir.) Fourr.
Syn: Veronica persica var. aschersoniana (Lehm.) Boivin
Syn: Veronica persica var. corrensiana (Lehm.) Boivin
Simaroubaceae Quassia-Wood Family
Ailanthus altissima (P. Mill.) Swingle Tree-of-Heaven
Syn: Ailanthus glandulosa Desf.
Solanaceae Potato Family
Datura stramonium L. Jimsonweed
Syn: Datura stramonium var. tatula (L.) Torr.
Syn: Datura tatula L.
39
Hyoscyamus niger L. Black Henbane
Lycium barbarum L. Matrimony-Vine
Syn: Lycium halimifolium P. Mill.
Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco
Solanum dulcamara var. dulcamara
Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum
Syn: Lycopersicon esculentum P. Mill.
Syn: Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst. ex Farw.
Tamaricaceae Tamarisk Family
Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. Athel Tamarisk
Syn: Tamarix articulata Vahl
Tamarix chinensis Lour. Five-Stamen Tamarisk
Syn: Tamarix pentandra Pallas
Tamarix parviflora DC. Small-Flower Tamarisk
Syn: Tamarix tetrandra auct. non Pallas
Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. Salt-Cedar
Typhaceae Cat-Tail Family
Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-Leaf Cat-Tail
Syn: Typha angustifolia var. calumetensis Peattie
Syn: Typha angustifolia var. elongata (Dudley) Wieg.
Ulmaceae Elm Family
Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. Chinese Elm
Syn: Ulmus chinensis Pers.
Ulmus procera Salisb. English Elm
Syn: Ulmus campestris L. p.p.
Syn: Ulmus carpinifolia auct. non Ruppius ex G. Suckow
Syn: Ulmus minor auct. non P. Mill.
Ulmus pumila L. Siberian Elm
Urticaceae Nettle Family
Urtica urens L. Burning Nettle
Zygophyllaceae Creosote-Bush Family
Peganum harmala L. African-Rue
Tribulus terrestris L. Puncturevine
Zygophyllum fabago L. Syrian Bean-Caper
Syn: Zygophyllum fabago var. brachycarpum auct. non Boiss.
40
Appendix C: Utah Exotics
512 exotic species with 844 synonyms
Amaranthaceae Amaranth Family
Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. Mat Amaranth
Syn: Amaranthus graecizans auct. non L.
Amaranthus blitum L. Purple Amaranth
Syn: Amaranthus ascendens Loisel.
Syn: Amaranthus lividus L.
Syn: Amaranthus lividus ssp. polygonoides (Moq.) Probst
Syn: Amaranthus lividus var. polygonoides (Moq.) Thellung
Syn: Amaranthus viridus auct. non L.
Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth
Syn: Amaranthus hybridus ssp. cruentus (L.) Thellung
Syn: Amaranthus hybridus var. cruentus (L.) Moq.
Syn: Amaranthus paniculatus L.
Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. Prince-of-Wales-Feather
Syn: Amaranthus hybridus ssp. hypochondriacus (L.) Thellung
Syn: Amaranthus leucocarpus S. Wats.
Amaranthus retroflexus L. Red-Root Amaranth
Syn: Amaranthus retroflexus var. salicifolius I.M. Johnston
Anacardiaceae Sumac Family
Cotinus coggygria Scop. European Smoketree
Syn: Rhus cotinus L.
Pistacia atlantica Desf. Mt. Atlas Mastictree
Apiaceae Carrot Family
Anethum graveolens L. Dill
Apium graveolens var. dulce (P. Mill.) DC.
Syn: Celeri graveolens (L.) Britt. p.p.
Carum carvi L. Caraway
Conium maculatum L. Poison-Hemlock
Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's-Lace
Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill. Sweet Fennel
Syn: Foeniculum foeniculum (L.) Karst.
Pastinaca sativa L. Wild Parsnip
Syn: Pastinaca sativa var. pratensis Pers.
Petroselinum crispum (P. Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill Parsley
Syn: Apium petroselinum L.
Torilis arvensis ssp. arvensis
Apocynaceae Dogbane Family
Nerium oleander L. Oleander
Vinca major L. Greater Periwinkle
Syn: Vinca major var. variegata Loud.
Vinca minor L. Lesser Periwinkle
Araliaceae Ginseng Family
Eleutherococcus pentaphyllus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Nakai Five-Leaf-Aralia
Syn: Acanthopanax sieboldianus Makino
Syn: Aralia pentaphylla Sieb. & Zucc.
Hedera helix L. English-Ivy
Asteraceae Aster Family
Achillea filipendulina Lam. Fern-Leaf Yarrow
Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. Hardheads
Syn: Centaurea picris Pallas ex Willd.
Syn: Centaurea repens L.
Amberboa moschata (L.) DC. Sweetsultan
Syn: Centaurea moschata L.
Anthemis cotula L. Stinking Chamomile
Syn: Maruta cotula (L.) DC.
Anthemis tinctoria L. Golden Chamomile
Syn: Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay
41
Arctium lappa L. Greater Burrdock
Arctium minus Bernh. Lesser Burrdock
Syn: Lappa minor Hill
Artemisia abrotanum L. Southern Wormwood
Syn: Artemisia procera Willd.
Artemisia absinthium L. Oldman
Syn: Artemisia absinthium var. insipida Stechmann
Artemisia annua L. Annual Wormwood
Artemisia biennis var. biennis
Balsamita major Desf. Costmary
Syn: Balsamita major var. tanacetoides (Boiss.) Moldenke
Syn: Chrysanthemum balsamita (L.) Baill., non L.
Syn: Chrysanthemum balsamita var. tanacetoides Boiss.
Syn: Pyrethrum majus (Desf.) Tzvelev
Syn: Tanacetum balsamita L.
Bellis perennis L. Lawndaisy
Carthamus tinctorius L. Safflower
Centaurea biebersteinii DC. Spotted Knapweed
Syn: Acosta maculosa auct. non Holub
Syn: Centaurea maculosa auct. non Lam.
Centaurea calcitrapa L. Red Star-Thistle
Centaurea cyanus L. Garden Cornflower
Syn: Leucacantha cyanus (L.) Nieuwl. & Lunell
Centaurea diffusa Lam. White Knapweed
Syn: Acosta diffusa (Lam.) Soják
Centaurea jacea L. Brown-Ray Knapweed
Centaurea melitensis L. Maltese Star-Thistle
Centaurea montana L. Mountain Cornflower
Centaurea scabiosa L. Greater Knapweed
Centaurea solstitialis L. Yellow Star-Thistle
Syn: Leucantha solstitialis (L.) A.& D. Löve
Centaurea triumfettii All. Squarrose Knapweed
Syn: Centaurea squarrosa Willd.
Syn: Centaurea virgata Lam.
Syn: Centaurea virgata var. squarrosa (Willd.) Boiss.
Cichorium intybus L. Chicory
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle
Syn: Breea arvensis Less.
Syn: Carduus arvensis (L.) Robson
Syn: Cirsium arvense var. argenteum (Vest) Fiori
Syn: Cirsium arvense var. horridum Wimmer & Grab.
Syn: Cirsium arvense var. integrifolium Wimmer & Grab.
Syn: Cirsium arvense var. mite Wimmer & Grab.
Syn: Cirsium arvense var. vestitum Wimmer & Grab.
Syn: Cirsium incanum (Gmel.) Fisch.
Syn: Cirsium setosum (Willd.) Bess. ex Bieb.
Syn: Serratula arvensis L.
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Bull Thistle
Syn: Carduus lanceolatus L.
Syn: Carduus vulgaris Savi
Syn: Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop., non Hill
Syn: Cirsium lanceolatum var. hypoleucum DC.
Cnicus benedictus L. Blessed-Thistle
Syn: Centaurea benedicta (L.) L.
Syn: Cirsium pugnax Sommier & Levier
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. Asthmaweed
Syn: Erigeron bonariensis L.
Syn: Erigeron linifolius Willd.
Syn: Leptilon bonariense (L.) Small
Syn: Leptilon linifolium (Willd.) Small
Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. Garden Cosmos
Cotula australis (Sieber) Hook. f. Australian Water-Buttons
42
Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Smooth Hawk's-Beard
Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Marsh Cudweed
Syn: Filaginella uliginosa (L.) Opiz
Hypochaeris radicata L. Hairy Cat's-Ear
Inula helenium L. Elecampane
Lactuca serriola L. Prickly Lettuce
Syn: Lactuca scariola L.
Lapsana communis L. Common Nipplewort
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Ox-Eye Daisy
Syn: Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.
Syn: Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. boecheri Boivin
Syn: Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte
Syn: Leucanthemum leucanthemum (L.) Rydb.
Syn: Leucanthemum vulgare var. pinnatifidum (Lecoq & Lamotte) Moldenke
Matricaria discoidea DC. Pineapple-Weed
Syn: Artemisia matricarioides auct. non Less.
Syn: Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb.
Syn: Lepidanthus suaveolens (Pursh) Nutt.
Syn: Lepidotheca suaveolens (Pursh) Nutt.
Syn: Matricaria matricarioides auct. non (Less.) Porter
Syn: Matricaria suaveolens (Pursh) Buch., non L.
Syn: Santolina suaveolens Pursh
Syn: Tanacetum suaveolens (Pursh) Hook.
Matricaria recutita L. Wild Chamomile
Syn: Chamomilla chamomilla (L.) Rydb.
Syn: Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert
Syn: Matricaria chamomilla L. 1755 & 1763, non 1753
Syn: Matricaria chamomilla var. coronata (J. Gay) Coss. & Germ.
Syn: Matricaria suaveolens L.
Onopordum acanthium L. Scotch-Thistle
Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard & Burtt Jersey Rabbit-Tobacco
Syn: Gnaphalium luteoalbum L.
Senecio bicolor ssp. cineraria (DC.) Chater
Syn: Senecio cineraria DC.
Senecio vulgaris L. Old-Man-in-the-Spring
Sonchus arvensis ssp. arvensis
Syn: Sonchus arvensis var. shumovichii Boivin
Sonchus arvensis ssp. uliginosus (Bieb.) Nyman
Syn: Sonchus arvensis var. glabrescens Guenth., Grab. & Wimmer
Syn: Sonchus uliginosus Bieb.
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Spiny-Leaf Sow-Thistle
Sonchus oleraceus L. Common Sow-Thistle
Tagetes erecta L. Aztec Marigold
Syn: Tagetes major Gaertn.
Tagetes patula L. French Marigold
Syn: Tagetes corymbosa Sweet
Syn: Tagetes remotiflora Kunze
Syn: Tagetes tenuifolia Millsp.
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Feverfew
Syn: Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh.
Syn: Matricaria parthenium L.
Tanacetum vulgare L. Common Tansy
Syn: Chrysanthemum uliginosum Pers.
Syn: Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh.
Syn: Tanacetum vulgare var. crispum DC.
Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC. Red-Seed Dandelion
Syn: Leontodon erythrospermum (Andrz. ex Bess.) Britt.
Syn: Taraxacum disseminatum Hagl.
Syn: Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. ex Bess.
Syn: Taraxacum lacistophyllum (Dahlst.) Raunk.
Syn: Taraxacum scanicum Dahlst.
Taraxacum officinale ssp. officinale
43
Syn: ?Leontodon latiloba (DC.) Britt.
Syn: ?Leontodon taraxacum L. p.p.
Syn: Taraxacum atroglaucum M.P. Christens.
Syn: Taraxacum campylodes Hagl.
Syn: Taraxacum croceum auct. non Dahlst.
Syn: Taraxacum curvidens M.P. Christens.
Syn: Taraxacum cyclocentrum M.P. Christens.
Syn: Taraxacum dahlstedtii Lindb. f.
Syn: Taraxacum davidssonii M.P. Christens.
Syn: Taraxacum devians Dahlst.
Syn: Taraxacum dilutisquameum M.P. Christens.
Syn: Taraxacum firmum Dahlst.
Syn: Taraxacum islandiciforme Dahlst.
Syn: Taraxacum kok-saghyz auct. non Rodin
Syn: ?Taraxacum latilobum DC.
Syn: ?Taraxacum officinale ssp. vulgare (Lam.) Schinz & R. Keller
Syn: Taraxacum officinale var. palustre (Lyons) Blytt p.p.
Syn: ?Taraxacum palustre var. vulgare (Lam.) Fern.
Syn: Taraxacum pleniflorum M.P. Christens.
Syn: Taraxacum retroflexum Lindb. f.
Syn: Taraxacum rhodolepis Dahlst.
Syn: Taraxacum undulatum Lindb. f. & Marklund
Syn: Taraxacum vagans Hagl.
Syn: ?Taraxacum vulgare Lam.
Syn: Taraxacum xanthostigma Lindb. f.
Tragopogon dubius Scop. Meadow Goat's-Beard
Syn: Tragopogon dubius ssp. major (Jacq.) Voll.
Syn: Tragopogon major Jacq.
Tragopogon porrifolius L. Salsify
Tragopogon pratensis L. Jack-Go-To-Bed-At-Noon
Tripleurospermum perforata (Merat) M. Lainz Scentless False Mayweed
Syn: Chamomilla inodora (L.) Gilib.
Syn: Matricaria inodora L.
Syn: Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora (L.) Clapham
Syn: Matricaria maritima var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilmott
Syn: Matricaria perforata Mérat
Syn: Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz-Bip.
Xanthium spinosum L. Spiny Cockleburr
Syn: Acanthoxanthium spinosum (L.) Fourr.
Syn: Xanthium spinosum var. inerme Bel.
Zinnia angustifolia Kunth Narrow-Leaf Zinnia
Zinnia violacea Cav. Youth-and-Old-Age
Syn: Crassina elegans (Jacq.) Kuntze
Syn: Zinnia elegans Jacq.
Boraginaceae Borage Family
Anchusa azurea P. Mill. Italian Bugloss
Syn: Anchusa italica Retz.
Anchusa officinalis L. Common Bugloss
Syn: Anchusa procera Bess. ex Link
Asperugo procumbens L. German-Madwort
Borago officinalis L. Borage
Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnston Corn-Gromwell
Syn: Lithospermum arvense L.
Cynoglossum officinale L. Gypsy-Flower
Echium vulgare L. Common Viper's-Bugloss
Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. Bristly Sheepburr
Syn: Lappula echinata Gilib.
Syn: Lappula erecta A. Nels.
Syn: Lappula fremontii (Torr.) Greene
Syn: Lappula lappula (L.) Karst.
Syn: Lappula myosotis Moench
Syn: Lappula squarrosa var. erecta (A. Nels.) Dorn
44
Myosotis scorpioides L. True Forget-Me-Not
Syn: Myosotis palustris (L.) Hill
Myosotis stricta Link ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes Blue Scorpion-Grass
Syn: Myosotis micrantha auct. non Pallas ex Lehm.
Symphytum officinale L. Common Comfrey
Syn: Symphytum officinale ssp. uliginosum auct. non (Kern.) Nyman
Syn: Symphytum uliginosum auct. non Kern.
Brassicaceae Mustard Family
Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande Garlic-Mustard
Syn: Alliaria alliaria (L.) Britt.
Syn: Alliaria officinalis Andrz. ex Bieb.
Syn: Erysimum alliaria L.
Syn: Sisymbrium alliaria (L.) Scop.
Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. Pale Madwort
Syn: Alyssum calycinum L.
Syn: Clypeola alyssoides L.
Alyssum desertorum var. desertorum
Syn: Alyssum turkestanicum auct. non Regel & Schmalh.
Alyssum minus var. micranthum (C.A. Mey.) Dudley
Syn: Alyssum parviflorum Fisch. ex Bieb.
Syn: Alyssum parviflorum var. micranthum (C.A. Mey.) Dorn
Syn: Clypeola minus L. p.p.
Alyssum szovitsianum Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Szowits' Madwort
Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Thalecress
Syn: Arabis thaliana L.
Syn: Sisymbrium thalianum (L.) J. Gay & Monn.
Armoracia rusticana P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. Horse-Radish
Syn: Armoracia armoracia (L.) Britt.
Syn: Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib.
Syn: Cochlearia armoracia L.
Syn: Radicula armoracia (L.) B.L. Robins.
Syn: Rorippa armoracia (L.) A.S. Hitchc.
Aubrieta deltoidea (L.) DC. Lilacbush
Aurinia saxatilis (L.) Desv. Basket-of-Gold
Syn: Aethionema saxatile (L.) R. Br.
Syn: Alyssum saxatile L.
Barbarea vulgaris Ait. f. Garden Yellow-Rocket
Syn: Barbarea arcuata (Opiz ex J.& K. Presl) Reichenb.
Syn: Barbarea stricta auct. non Andrz.
Syn: Barbarea vulgaris var. arcuata (Opiz ex J.& K. Presl) Fries
Syn: Barbarea vulgaris var. brachycarpa Rouy & Foucaud
Syn: Barbarea vulgaris var. longisiliquosa Carion
Syn: Barbarea vulgaris var. sylvestris Fries
Syn: Campe barbarea (L.) W. Wight ex Piper
Syn: Campe stricta auct. non (Andrz.) W. Wight ex Piper
Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Hoary False Madwort
Syn: Alyssum incanum L.
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Chinese Mustard
Syn: Brassica integrifolia (Vahl) Schulz, non Rupr.
Syn: Brassica integrifolia Rupr.
Syn: Brassica japonica Thunb.
Syn: Brassica juncea var. crispifolia Bailey
Syn: Brassica juncea var. japonica (Thunb.) Bailey
Syn: Brassica willdenowii Boiss.
Syn: Sinapis juncea L.
Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch Black Mustard
Syn: Sinapis nigra L.
Brassica rapa var. rapa
Syn: Brassica campestris L.
Syn: Brassica campestris var. rapa (L.) Hartman
Syn: Brassica rapa ssp. campestris (L.) Clapham
Syn: Brassica rapa ssp. olifera DC.
45
Syn: Brassica rapa ssp. sylvestris Janchen
Syn: Brassica rapa var. campestris (L.) W.D.J. Koch
Syn: Caulanthus sulfureus Payson
Camelina microcarpa DC. Little-Pod False Flax
Syn: Camelina sativa ssp. microcarpa (DC.) E. Schmid
Camelina sativa ssp. sativa
Syn: Camelina parodii Ibarra & La Porte
Syn: Myagrum sativum L.
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Shepherd's-Purse
Syn: Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt.
Syn: Bursa bursa-pastoris var. bifida Crépin
Syn: Bursa gracilis Gren.
Syn: Capsella rubella Reut.
Syn: Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L.
Cardaria chalapensis (L.) Hand.-Maz. Lens-Pod Hoarycress
Syn: Cardaria draba ssp. chalapensis (L.) O.E. Schulz
Syn: Cardaria draba var. repens (Schrenk) O.E. Schulz
Syn: Lepidium repens (Schrenk) Boiss.
Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. Heart-Pod Hoarycress
Syn: Lepidium draba L.
Cardaria pubescens (C.A. Mey.) Jarmolenko Globe-Pod Hoarycress
Syn: Cardaria pubescens var. elongata Rollins
Syn: Hymenophysa pubescens C.A. Mey.
Chorispora tenella (Pallas) DC. Crossflower
Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Hare's-Ear-Mustard
Syn: Brassica orientalis L.
Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Herb-Sophia
Syn: Sisymbrium sophia L.
Syn: Sophia sophia (L.) Britt.
Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Annual Wallrocket
Syn: Sisymbrium murale L.
Draba verna L. Spring Whitlow-Grass
Syn: Draba praecox Stev.
Syn: Draba verna var. aestivalis Lej.
Syn: Draba verna var. boerhaavii van Hall
Syn: Draba verna var. major Stur
Syn: Erophila spathulata A.F. Lang
Syn: Erophila verna (L.) Bess.
Syn: Erophila verna ssp. praecox (Stev.) S.M. Walters
Syn: Erophila verna ssp. spathulata (A.F. Lang) S.M. Walters
Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa (P. Mill.) Thellung
Syn: Brassica eruca L.
Syn: Eruca eruca (L.) Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn: Eruca sativa P. Mill.
Syn: Raphanus eruca (L.) Crantz
Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz Common Dog-Mustard
Syn: Brassica erucastrum L.
Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Worm-Seed Wallflower
Syn: Cheirinia cheiranthoides (L.) Link
Syn: Erysimum cheiranthoides ssp. altum Ahti
Erysimum repandum L. Spreading Wallflower
Syn: Cheirinia repanda (L.) Link
Euclidium syriacum (L.) Ait. f. Syrian-Mustard
Hesperis matronalis L. Mother-of-the-Evening
Iberis gibraltarica L. Gibraltar Candytuft
Iberis sempervirens L. Evergreen Candytuft
Iberis umbellata L. Globe Candytuft
Isatis tinctoria L. Dyer's-Woad
Lepidium campestre (L.) Ait. f. Cream-Anther Field Pepperwort
Syn: Neolepia campestris (L.) W.A. Weber
Syn: Thlaspi campestre L.
Lepidium latifolium L. Broad-Leaf Pepperwort
46
Syn: Cardaria latifolia (L.) Spach
Lepidium perfoliatum L. Clasping Pepperwort
Lepidium sativum L. Garden Pepperwort
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Sweet-Alison
Syn: Alyssum maritimum (L.) Lam.
Syn: Clypeola maritima L.
Syn: Koniga maritima (L.) R. Br.
Lunaria annua L. Annual Honesty
Lunaria rediviva L. Perennial Honesty
Malcolmia africana (L.) Ait. f. African Adder's-Mouth
Raphanus sativus L. Radish
Syn: Raphanus raphanistrum var. sativus (L.) G. Beck
Rorippa austriaca (Crantz) Bess. Austrian Yellowcress
Syn: Nasturtium austriacum Crantz
Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Bess. Creeping Yellowcress
Syn: Radicula sylvestris (L.) Druce
Sinapis alba L. White-Mustard
Syn: Brassica alba Rabenh., non L.
Syn: Brassica hirta Moench
Sinapis arvensis L. Corn-Mustard
Syn: Brassica arvensis Rabenh., non L.
Syn: Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler
Syn: Brassica kaber var. pinnatifida (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler
Syn: Brassica kaber var. schkuhriana (Reichenb.) L.C. Wheeler
Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tall Hedge-Mustard
Syn: Norta altissima (L.) Britt.
Sisymbrium irio L. London Rocket
Syn: Norta irio (L.) Britt.
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Hedge-Mustard
Syn: Erysimum officinale L.
Syn: Sisymbrium officinale var. leiocarpum DC.
Thlaspi arvense L. Field Pennycress
Campanulaceae Bellflower Family
Campanula glomerata L. Dane's-Blood
Campanula persicifolia L. Peach-Leaf Bellflower
Syn: Campanula persicifolia var. alba Horton
Campanula rapunculoides L. Creeping Bellflower
Syn: Campanula rapunculoides var. ucranica (Bess.) K. Koch
Lobelia erinus L. Edging Lobelia
Syn: Lobelia erinoides L.
Cannabaceae Hemp Family
Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa
Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Family
Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn. Beautybush
Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxton Sweet-Breath-of-Spring
Syn: Xylosteon fragrantissimum (Lindl. & Paxton) Small
Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle
Syn: Lonicera japonica var. chinensis (P.W. Wats.) Baker
Syn: Nintooa japonica (Thunb.) Sweet
Lonicera tatarica L. Twinsisters
Caryophyllaceae Pink Family
Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Thyme-Leaf Sandwort
Syn: Arenaria leptoclados (Reichenb.) Guss.
Syn: Arenaria serpyllifolia ssp. leptoclados (Reichenb.) Nyman
Syn: Arenaria serpyllifolia var. tenuior Mert. & Koch
Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare (Hartman) Greuter & Burdet
Syn: Cerastium adsurgens Greene
Syn: Cerastium fontanum ssp. holosteoides auct. non (Fries) Salman, van
Ommering & de Voogd
Syn: Cerastium fontanum ssp. triviale (Link) Jalas
Syn: Cerastium holosteoides auct. non Fries
Syn: Cerastium holosteoides var. vulgare (Hartman) Hyl.
47
Syn: Cerastium triviale Link
Syn: Cerastium vulgatum L. 1762, non 1755
Syn: Cerastium vulgatum var. hirsutum Fries
Syn: Cerastium vulgatum var. holosteoides auct. non (Fries) Wahlenb.
Cerastium tomentosum L. Snow-in-Summer
Dianthus armeria L. Deptford Pink
Dianthus barbatus L. Sweetwilliam
Gypsophila elegans Bieb. Showy Baby's-Breath
Gypsophila paniculata L. Tall Baby's-Breath
Gypsophila scorzonerifolia Ser. Garden Baby's-Breath
Herniaria glabra L. Smooth Rupturewort
Holosteum umbellatum L. Jagged-Chickweed
Sagina procumbens L. Bird-Eye Pearlwort
Syn: Sagina procumbens var. compacta Lange
Saponaria officinalis L. Bouncing-Bett
Syn: Lychnis saponaria Jessen
Silene armeria L. None-So-Pretty
Silene latifolia ssp. alba (P. Mill.) Greuter & Burdet
Syn: Lychnis alba P. Mill.
Syn: Lychnis ×loveae Boivin
Syn: Lychnis vespertina Sibthorp
Syn: Melandrium album (P. Mill.) Garcke
Syn: Silene alba (P. Mill.) Krause
Syn: Silene pratensis (Rafn) Godr. & Gren.
Silene noctiflora L. Night-Flowering Catchfly
Syn: Melandrium noctiflorum (L.) Fries
Spergularia maritima (All.) Chiov. Satin-Flower
Syn: Spergularia marginata (DC.) Kittel
Syn: Spergularia media (L.) K. Presl ex Griseb.
Spergularia rubra (L.) J.& K. Presl Ruby Sandspurry
Syn: Spergularia rubra var. perennans (Kindb.) B.L. Robins.
Syn: Tissa rubra (L.) Britt.
Stellaria media ssp. media
Syn: Alsine media L.
Syn: Stellaria apetala Ucria ex Roemer
Syn: Stellaria media var. procera Klatt & Richter
Vaccaria hispanica (P. Mill.) Rauschert Cowcockle
Syn: Saponaria vaccaria L.
Syn: Vaccaria pyramidata Medik.
Syn: Vaccaria segetalis Garcke ex Aschers.
Syn: Vaccaria vaccaria (L.) Britt.
Syn: Vaccaria vulgaris Host
Chenopodiaceae Goosefoot Family
Atriplex hortensis L. Garden Orache
Syn: Atriplex hortensis var. atrosanguinea hort.
Atriplex micrantha Ledeb. Two-Scale Saltbush
Syn: Atriplex heterosperma Bunge
Atriplex rosea L. Tumbling Orache
Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. Australian Saltbush
Bassia hyssopifolia (Pallas) Kuntz Five-Horn Smotherweed
Syn: Echinopsilon hyssopifolius (Pallas) Moq.
Syn: Kochia hyssopifolia (Pallas) Schrad.
Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott Mexican-Fireweed
Syn: Bassia sieversiana (Pallas) W.A. Weber
Syn: Kochia alata Bates
Syn: Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.
Syn: Kochia scoparia var. culta Farw.
Syn: Kochia scoparia var. pubescens Fenzl
Syn: Kochia scoparia var. subvillosa Moq.
Syn: Kochia scoparia var. trichophila (Stapf) Bailey
Syn: Kochia sieversiana (Pallas) C.A. Mey.
Syn: Kochia trichophila Stapf
48
Beta vulgaris L. Sea Beet
Syn: Beta maritima L.
Syn: Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima (L.) Arcang.
Chenopodium album var. album
Syn: Chenopodium album var. lanceolatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Coss. & Germ.
Syn: Chenopodium album var. polymorphum Aellen
Syn: Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste & Reyn.
Syn: Chenopodium giganteum D. Don
Syn: Chenopodium lanceolatum Muhl. ex Willd.
Syn: Chenopodium suecicum J. Murr.
Chenopodium ambrosioides var. ambrosioides
Syn: Ambrina ambrosioides (L.) Spach
Syn: Chenopodium ambrosioides ssp. euambrosioides Aellen
Syn: Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum (L.) Aellen
Syn: Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum (L.) Gray
Syn: Chenopodium ambrosioides var. chilense (Schrad.) Speg.
Syn: Chenopodium ambrosioides var. typicum (Speg.) Aellen
Syn: Chenopodium ambrosioides var. vagans (Standl.) J.T. Howell
Syn: Chenopodium obovatum Moq.
Syn: Chenopodium retusum Juss. ex Moq.
Syn: Teloxys ambrosioides (L.) W.A. Weber
Syn: Teloxys vagans (Standl.) W.A. Weber
Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. Good King Henry
Chenopodium botrys L. Jerusalem-Oak
Syn: Botrydium botrys (L.) Small
Syn: Teloxys botrys (L.) W.A. Weber
Chenopodium foliosum (Moench) Aschers. Leafy Goosefoot
Syn: Blitum virgatum L.
Syn: Chenopodium capitatum var. parvicapitatum Welsh
Syn: Chenopodium virgatum (L.) Ambrosi, non Thunb.
Syn: Morocarpus foliosus Moench
Chenopodium humile Hook. Marshland Goosefoot
Syn: Chenopodium rubrum var. humile (Hook.) S. Wats.
Chenopodium murale L. Nettle-Leaf Goosefoot
Halogeton glomeratus (Bieb.) C.A. Mey. Saltlover
Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. Prostrate Summer-Cypress
Salsola collina Pallas Slender Russian-Thistle
Salsola paulsenii Litv. Barbwire Russian-Thistle
Salsola tragus L. Prickly Russian-Thistle
Syn: Salsola australis R. Br.
Syn: Salsola iberica (Sennen & Pau) Botsch. ex Czerepanov
Syn: Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica (Iljin) Soó
Syn: Salsola kali ssp. tenuifolia Moq.
Syn: Salsola kali ssp. tragus (L.) Celak.
Syn: Salsola pestifer A. Nels.
Syn: Salsola ruthenica Iljin
Spinacia oleracea L. Spinach
Convolvulaceae Morning-Glory Family
Convolvulus arvensis L. Field Bindweed
Syn: Convolvulus ambigens House
Syn: Convolvulus incanus auct. non Vahl
Syn: Strophocaulos arvensis (L.) Small
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Sweet-Potato
Syn: Convolvulus batatas L.
Syn: Convolvulus tiliaceus auct. non Willd.
Syn: Ipomoea tiliacea auct. non (Willd.) Choisy
Syn: Ipomoea triloba auct. non L.
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth Common Morning-Glory
Syn: Convolvulus purpureus L.
Syn: Ipomoea hirsutula Jacq. f.
Syn: Ipomoea purpurea var. diversifolia (Lindl.) O'Donell
Syn: Pharbitis purpurea (L.) Voigt
49
Crassulaceae Stonecrop Family
Sedum album L. White Stonecrop
Syn: Oreosedum album (L.) Grulich
Sedum hispanicum L. Spanish Stonecrop
Sempervivum tectorum L. Common House-Leek
Cucurbitaceae Cucumber Family
Bryonia alba L. White Bryony
Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus
Syn: Citrullus citrullus (L.) Karst.
Syn: Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.
Syn: Cucubertia citrullus L.
Syn: Momordica lanata Thunb.
Cucumis melo L. Cantaloupe
Syn: Cucumis melo var. dudaim (L.) Naud.
Cucumis sativus L. Garden Cucumber
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne Winter Squash
Cucurbita pepo var. pepo
Syn: Pepo pepo (L.) Britt. ex Small
Cuscutaceae Dodder Family
Cuscuta approximata Bab. Alfalfa Dodder
Syn: Cuscuta approximata var. urceolata (Kunze) Yuncker
Syn: Cuscuta epithymum ssp. approximata (Bab.) Rouy
Syn: Cuscuta planiflora Ten.
Dipsacaceae Teasel Family
Dipsacus fullonum L. Fuller's Teasel
Syn: Dipsacus fullonum ssp. sylvestris (Huds.) Clapham
Syn: Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.
Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. Bluebuttons
Syn: Scabiosa arvensis L.
Elaeagnaceae Oleaster Family
Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian-Olive
Euphorbiaceae Spurge Family
Euphorbia cyparissias L. Cypress Spurge
Syn: Galarhoeus cyparissias (L.) Small ex Rydb.
Syn: Tithymalus cyparissias (L.) Hill
Euphorbia davidii Subils David's Spurge
Syn: Euphorbia dentata var. gracillima Millsp.
Syn: Euphorbia dentata var. lancifolia Farw.
Syn: Euphorbia dentata auct. non Michx.
Euphorbia esula var. esula
Syn: Euphorbia intercedens Podp.
Syn: Euphorbia pseudovirgata (Schur) Soó
Syn: Galarhoeus esula (L.) Rydb.
Syn: Tithymalus esula (L.) Hill
Euphorbia myrsinites L. Myrtle Spurge
Syn: Tithymalus myrsinites (L.) Hill
Euphorbia peplus L. Petty Spurge
Syn: Galarhoeus peplus (L.) Rydb.
Syn: Tithymalus peplus (L.) Hill
Ricinus communis L. Castor-Bean
Fabaceae Pea Family
Albizia julibrissin Durazz. Silktree
Alhagi maurorum Medik. Camelthorn
Syn: Alhagi camelorum Fisch.
Syn: Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.) Desv. ex B. Keller & Schaparenko
Anthyllis vulneraria L. Common Kidney-Vetch
Arachis hypogaea L. Peanut
Astragalus cicer L. Chickpea Milk-Vetch
Astragalus falcatus Lam. Russian-Sickle
Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.) Wallich ex D. Dietr. Bird-of-Paradise-Shrub
Syn: Poinciana gilliesii Wallich ex Hook.
Caragana arborescens Lam. Siberian Peashrub
50
Colutea arborescens L. Bladder-Senna
Coronilla varia L. Purple Crown-Vetch
Syn: Securigera varia (L.) Lassen
Cytisus scoparius var. scoparius
Galega officinalis L. Professor-Weed
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Cultivated Licorice
Halimodendron halodendron (L. f.) Voss Salt-Tree
Laburnum anagyroides Medik. Golden Chain-Tree
Lathyrus latifolius L. Everlasting-Pea
Lathyrus odoratus L. Sweet-Pea
Lathyrus sylvestris L. Narrow-Leaf Vetchling
Lathyrus tingitanus L. Tangier Vetchling
Lotus corniculatus L. Garden Bird's-Foot-Trefoil
Syn: Lotus corniculatus var. arvensis (Schkuhr) Ser. ex DC.
Lotus tenuis Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. Narrow-Leaf Bird's-Foot-Trefoil
Syn: Lotus corniculatus var. tenuifolius L.
Medicago lupulina L. Black Medick
Syn: Medicago lupulina var. cupaniana (Guss.) Boiss.
Syn: Medicago lupulina var. glandulosa Neilr.
Medicago polymorpha L. Toothed Medick
Syn: Medicago apiculata auct. non Willd.
Syn: Medicago hispida Gaertn.
Syn: Medicago hispida var. apiculata (Willd.) Urban
Syn: Medicago hispida var. confinis (W.D.J. Koch) Burnat
Syn: Medicago polymorpha var. brevispina (Benth.) Heyn
Syn: Medicago polymorpha var. ciliaris (Ser.) Shinners
Syn: Medicago polymorpha var. polygyra (Urban) Shinners
Syn: Medicago polymorpha var. tricycla (Gren. & Godr.) Shinners
Syn: Medicago polymorpha var. vulgaris (Benth.) Shinners
Medicago sativa ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang.
Syn: Medicago falcata L.
Medicago sativa ssp. sativa
Syn: Medicago sativa ssp. varia (Martyn) Arcang.
Syn: Medicago ×varia Martyn
Melilotus indicus (L.) All. Indian Sweet-Clover
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow Sweet-Clover
Syn: Melilotus albus Medik.
Syn: Melilotus albus var. annuus Coe
Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. Sainfoin
Phaseolus vulgaris L. Kidney Bean
Syn: Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis Alef.
Pisum sativum L. Garden Pea
Syn: Pisum humile Boiss. & Noe
Syn: Pisum sativum var. arvense (L.) Poir.
Syn: Pisum sativum var. humile Poir.
Syn: Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon Ser.
Sphaerophysa salsula (Pallas) DC. Red Bladder-Vetch
Syn: Phaca salsula Pallas
Syn: Swainsona salsula (Pallas) Taubert
Trifolium fragiferum L. Strawberry-Head Clover
Syn: Trifolium fragiferum ssp. bonannii (K. Presl) Soják
Trifolium hybridum L. Alsike Clover
Syn: Trifolium elegans Savi
Syn: Trifolium hybridum ssp. elegans (Savi) Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn: Trifolium hybridum var. elegans (Savi) Boiss.
Syn: Trifolium hybridum var. pratense Rabenh.
Trifolium pratense L. Red Clover
Syn: Trifolium pratense var. frigidum auct. non Gaudin
Syn: Trifolium pratense var. sativum (P. Mill.) Schreb.
Trifolium repens L. White Clover
Trigonella corniculata (L.) L. Cultivated Fenugreek
Vicia cracca ssp. cracca
51
Syn: Vicia semicincta Greene
Vicia villosa ssp. villosa
Fagaceae Beech Family
Fagus sylvatica L. European Beech
Syn: Fagus sylvatica var. atropunicea Weston
Frankeniaceae Sea-Heath Family
Frankenia pulverulenta L. European Sea-Heath
Fumariaceae Fumitory Family
Fumaria officinalis ssp. officinalis
Geraniaceae Geranium Family
Erodium cicutarium ssp. cicutarium
Geranium pusillum L. Small-Flower Crane's-Bill
Geranium sanguineum L. Bloody Crane's-Bill
Haloragaceae Water-Milfoil Family
Myriophyllum spicatum L. Eurasian Water-Milfoil
Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea Family
Deutzia scabra Thunb. Fuzzy Pride-of-Rochester
Syn: Deutzia scabra var. candidissima (Froebel) Rehd.
Hydrocharitaceae Tape-Grass Family
Egeria densa Planch. Brazilian-Waterweed
Syn: Anacharis densa (Planch.) Victorin
Syn: Elodea densa (Planch.) Caspary
Syn: Philotria densa (Planch.) Small & St. John
Iridaceae Iris Family
Crocus flavus Weston Yellow Crocus
Syn: Crocus maesiacus Ker-Gawl.
Crocus vernus (L.) Hill Dutch Crocus
Syn: Crocus vernus var. neapolitanus Ker-Gawl.
Iris germanica L. German Iris
Iris pseudacorus L. Pale-Yellow Iris
Juncaceae Rush Family
Juncus compressus Jacq. Round-Fruit Rush
Lamiaceae Mint Family
Ajuga reptans L. Carpet Bugle
Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. Thyme-Leaf Dragonhead
Syn: Moldavica thymiflora (L.) Rydb.
Glechoma hederacea L. Groundivy
Syn: Glechoma hederacea var. micrantha Moric.
Syn: Glechoma hederacea var. parviflora (Benth.) House
Syn: Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevisan
Lamium amplexicaule L. Giraffehead
Syn: Lamium amplexicaule var. album A.L. & M.C. Pickens
Lamium purpureum var. purpureum
Leonurus cardiaca ssp. cardiaca
Marrubium vulgare L. White Horehound
Mentha aquatica L. Water Mint
Syn: Mentha citrata Ehrh.
Syn: Mentha ×piperi var. citrata (Ehrh.) Boivin (pro nm.)
Syn: Mentha piperita ssp. citrata (Ehrh.) Briq.
Mentha ×piperita L. (pro sp.)
Syn: Mentha aquatica var. crispa (L.) Benth.
Syn: Mentha crispa L.
Syn: Mentha dumetorum Schultes
Mentha spicata L. Spearmint
Syn: Mentha cordifolia auct.
Syn: Mentha longifolia auct. non (L.) Huds.
Syn: Mentha viridis L.
Moluccella laevis L. Shellflower
Nepeta cataria L. Catnip
Salvia aethiopis L. African Sage
Salvia officinalis L. Kitchen Sage
Salvia sclarea L. Cleareye
52
Salvia splendens Sellow ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes Scarlet Sage
Stachys byzantina K. Koch ex Scheele Woolly Hedge-Nettle
Syn: Stachys olympica Poir.
Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus (Dur.) Jalas
Syn: Thymus arcticus (Dur.) Ronniger
Syn: Thymus serpyllum auct. non L.
Liliaceae Lily Family
Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus
Chionodoxa luciliae Boiss. Glory-of-the-Snow
Colchicum autumnale L. Autumn-Crocus
Convallaria majalis L. European Lily-of-the-Valley
Galanthus nivalis L. Snowdrop
Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. Orange Day-Lily
Syn: Hemerocallis fulva var. kwanso Regel
Hyacinthus orientalis L. Garden Hyacinth
Lilium bulbiferum L. Orange Lily
Lilium longiflorum Thunb. Trumpet Lily
Muscari botryoides (L.) P. Mill. Common Grape-Hyacinth
Syn: Hyacinthus botryoides L.
Narcissus jonquilla L. Jonquil
Narcissus poeticus L. Poet's Narcissus
Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Sleepydick
Scilla siberica Haw. Siberian Squill
Linaceae Flax Family
Linum grandiflorum Desf. Flowering Flax
Syn: Adenolinum grandiflorum (Desf.) W.A. Weber
Linum usitatissimum L. Cultivated Flax
Syn: Linum humile P. Mill.
Syn: Linum usitatissimum var. humile (P. Mill.) Pers.
Lythraceae Loosestrife Family
Lythrum salicaria L. Purple Loosestrife
Syn: Lythrum salicaria var. gracilior Turcz.
Syn: Lythrum salicaria var. tomentosum (P. Mill.) DC.
Syn: Lythrum salicaria var. vulgare DC.
Lythrum tribracteatum Salzm. ex Spreng. Three-Bract Loosestrife
Malvaceae Mallow Family
Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Velvetleaf
Syn: Abutilon abutilon (L.) Rusby
Syn: Abutilon avicennae Gaertn.
Alcea rosea L. Hollyhock
Syn: Althaea rosea (L.) Cav.
Hibiscus syriacus L. Rose-of-Sharon
Hibiscus trionum L. Flower-of-An-Hour
Syn: Trionum trionum (L.) Woot. & Standl.
Malva neglecta Wallr. Dwarf Mallow
Syn: Malva rotundifolia auct. non L.
Malva sylvestris L. High Mallow
Syn: Malva mauritiana L.
Syn: Malva sylvestris ssp. mauritiana (L.) Thellung
Syn: Malva sylvestris var. mauritiana (L.) Boiss.
Malva verticillata L. Large-Whorl Mallow
Syn: Malva crispa (L.) L.
Syn: Malva verticillata var. crispa L.
Meliaceae Mahogany Family
Melia azedarach L. China-Berry
Syn: Melia azedarach var. umbraculifera Knox
Molluginaceae Carpetweed Family
Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser. Thread-Stem Carpetweed
Moraceae Mulberry Family
Morus alba L. White Mulberry
Syn: Morus alba var. tatarica (L.) Ser.
Syn: Morus tatarica L.
53
Nyctaginaceae Four-O'clock Family
Mirabilis jalapa L. Marvel-of-Peru
Syn: Mirabilis jalapa ssp. lindheimeri Standl.
Syn: Mirabilis lindheimeri (Standl.) Shinners
Oleaceae Olive Family
Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl Weeping Forsythia
Ligustrum vulgare L. European Privet
Syringa vulgaris L. Common Lilac
Papaveraceae Poppy Family
Chelidonium majus var. majus
Papaver argemone L. Long Prickly-Head Poppy
Papaver glaucum Boiss. & Hausskn. Tulip Poppy
Papaver orientale L. Oriental Poppy
Syn: Papaver pseudoorientale (Fedde) Medv.
Papaver rhoeas L. Corn Poppy
Papaver somniferum L. Opium Poppy
Syn: Papaver somniferum var. setigerum auct. non (DC.) Corb.
Roemeria refracta DC. Spotted Asian-Poppy
Passifloraceae Passion-Flower Family
Passiflora caerulea L. Blue-Crown Passion-Flower
Plantaginaceae Plantain Family
Plantago lanceolata L. English Plantain
Syn: Plantago altissima auct. non L.
Syn: Plantago lanceolata var. sphaerostachya Mert. & Koch
Poaceae Grass Family
Aegilops cylindrica Host Jointed Goat Grass
Syn: Aegilops cylindrica var. rubiginosa Popova
Syn: Aegilops tauschii auct. non Coss.
Syn: Cylindropyrum cylindricum (Host) A. Löve
Syn: Triticum cylindricum (Host) Ces., Pass. & Gib.
Agropyron cristatum ssp. pectinatum (Bieb.) Tzvelev
Syn: Agropyron cristatiforme Sarkar
Syn: Agropyron pectiniforme Roemer & J.A. Schultes
Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) J.A. Schultes Clustered Wheat Grass
Syn: Agropyron cristatum ssp. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) A. Löve
Syn: Agropyron cristatum var. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Dorn
Agropyron fragile (Roth) P. Candargy Siberian Wheat Grass
Syn: Agropyron cristatum ssp. fragile (Roth) A. Löve
Syn: Agropyron cristatum var. fragile (Roth) Dorn
Syn: Agropyron fragile ssp. sibiricum (Willd.) Melderis
Syn: Agropyron fragile var. sibiricum (Willd.) Tzvelev
Syn: Agropyron sibiricum (Willd.) Beauv.
Agrostis capillaris L. Colonial Bent
Syn: Agrostis sylvatica Huds.
Syn: Agrostis tenuis Sibthorp
Syn: Agrostis tenuis var. aristata (Parnell) Druce
Syn: Agrostis tenuis var. hispida (Willd.) Philipson
Syn: Agrostis tenuis var. pumila (L.) Druce
Agrostis gigantea Roth Black Bent
Syn: Agrostis alba auct. non L.
Syn: Agrostis gigantea var. dispar (Michx.) Philipson
Syn: Agrostis nigra With.
Syn: Agrostis stolonifera ssp. gigantea (Roth) Schuebl. & Martens
Syn: Agrostis stolonifera var. major (Gaudin) Farw.
Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir. Creeping Meadow-Foxtail
Syn: Alopecurus ventricosus Pers., non (Gouan) Huds.
Alopecurus geniculatus var. geniculatus
Syn: Alopecurus pallescens Piper
Alopecurus pratensis L. Field Meadow-Foxtail
Apera interrupta (L.) Beauv. Dense Silky-Bent
Syn: Agrostis interrupta L.
Arrhenatherum elatius var. elatius
54
Syn: Arrhenatherum elatius var. biaristatum (Peterm.) Peterm.
Syn: Avena elatior L.
Arundo donax L. Giant-Reed
Syn: Arundo donax var. versicolor (P. Mill.) Stokes
Syn: Arundo versicolor P. Mill.
Avena fatua L. Wild Oat
Syn: Avena fatua var. glabrata Peterm.
Syn: Avena fatua var. vilis (Wallr.) Hausskn.
Syn: Avena hybrida Peterm. ex Reichenb. p.p.
Avena sativa L. Oat
Syn: Avena byzantina K. Koch
Syn: Avena fatua var. sativa (L.) Hausskn.
Syn: Avena hybrida Peterm. ex Reichenb. p.p.
Syn: Avena sativa var. orientalis (Schreb.) Alef.
Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songarica (Rupr. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.)
Celarier & Harlan
Syn: Andropogon ischaemum var. songaricus Rupr. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.
Bromus arvensis L. Field Brome
Bromus berterianus Colla Chilean Brome
Syn: Bromus trinii Desv.
Syn: Bromus trinii var. excelsus Shear
Syn: Trisetobromus hirtus (Trin.) Nevski
Bromus briziformis Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Rattlesnake Brome
Bromus catharticus Vahl Rescue Grass
Syn: Bromus brevis Nees ex Steud.
Syn: Bromus haenkeanus (J. Presl) Kunth
Syn: Bromus unioloides Kunth
Syn: Bromus willdenowii Kunth
Syn: Ceratochloa cathartica (Vahl) Herter
Syn: Ceratochloa unioloides (Willd.) Beauv.
Syn: Ceratochloa willdenowii (Kunth) W.A. Weber
Syn: Festuca unioloides Willd.
Bromus commutatus Schrad. Meadow Brome
Syn: Bromus commutatus var. apricorum Simonkai
Bromus hordeaceus ssp. hordeaceus
Syn: Bromus mollis auct. non L.
Bromus inermis ssp. inermis var. inermis
Syn: Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub
Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr. Japanese Brome
Syn: Bromus japonicus var. porrectus Hack.
Syn: Bromus patulus Mert. & Koch
Bromus racemosus L. Bald Brome
Bromus rigidus Roth Ripgut Brome
Syn: Anisantha rigida (Roth) Hyl.
Syn: Bromus diandrus ssp. rigidus (Roth) Lainz
Syn: Bromus maximus Desf., non Gilib.
Syn: Bromus villosus Forsk., non Scop.
Bromus rubens L. Fox-Tail Brome
Syn: Anisantha rubens (L.) Nevski
Syn: Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens (L.) Husnot
Bromus secalinus L. Rye Brome
Syn: Bromus secalinus var. hirsutus Kindb.
Syn: Bromus secalinus var. hirtus (F.W. Schultz) Hegi
Bromus sterilis L. Poverty Brome
Syn: Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski
Bromus tectorum L. Cheat Grass
Syn: Anisantha tectorum (L.) Nevski
Syn: Bromus tectorum var. glabratus Spenner
Syn: Bromus tectorum var. hirsutus Regel
Syn: Bromus tectorum var. nudus Klett & Richter
Cortaderia selloana (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Aschers. & Graebn. Uruguayan
Pampas Grass
55
Syn: Cortaderia dioica (Spreng.) Speg.
Crypsis alopecuroides (Piller & Mitterp.) Schrad. Fox-Tail Prickle Grass
Syn: Heleochloa alopecuroides (Piller & Mitterp.) Host ex Roemer
Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam. Swamp Prickle Grass
Syn: Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host ex Roemer
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermuda Grass
Syn: Capriola dactylon (L.) Kuntze
Syn: Panicum dactylon L.
Dactylis glomerata ssp. glomerata
Syn: Dactylis glomerata var. ciliata Peterm.
Syn: Dactylis glomerata var. detonsa Fries
Syn: Dactylis glomerata var. vivipara Parl.
Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl. Smooth Crab Grass
Syn: Digitaria ischaemum var. mississippiensis (Gattinger) Fern.
Syn: Panicum ischaemum Schreb.
Syn: Syntherisma ischaemum (Schreb.) Nash
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Large Barnyard Grass
Syn: Panicum crus-galli L.
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Indian Goose Grass
Syn: Cynosurus indicus L.
Elymus repens (L.) Gould Creeping Wild Rye
Syn: Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.
Syn: Agropyron repens var. subulatum (Schreb.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes
Syn: Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex B.D. Jackson
Syn: Elytrigia repens var. vaillantiana (Wulfen & Schreb.) Prokudin
Syn: Elytrigia vaillantiana (Wulfen & Schreb.) Beetle
Syn: Triticum repens L.
Syn: Triticum vaillantianum Wulfen & Schreb.
Eragrostis barrelieri Daveau Mediterranean Love Grass
Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign. ex Janchen Stink Grass
Syn: Eragrostis major Host
Syn: Eragrostis megastachya (Koel.) Link
Syn: Poa cilianensis All.
Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees Weeping Love Grass
Syn: Eragrostis chloromelas Steud.
Syn: Eragrostis curvula var. conferta Stapf
Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees Lehmann's Love Grass
Eragrostis minor Host Little Love Grass
Syn: Eragrostis eragrostis (L.) Beauv.
Syn: Eragrostis poaeoides Beauv. ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes
Eremopyrum triticeum (Gaertn.) Nevski Annual False Wheat Grass
Syn: Agropyron prostratum (L. f.) Beauv.
Syn: Agropyron triticeum Gaertn.
Festuca ovina L. Sheep Fescue
Holcus lanatus L. Common Velvet Grass
Syn: Nothoholcus lanatus (L.) Nash
Hordeum marinum ssp. gussonianum (Parl.) Thellung
Syn: Critesion geniculatum (All.) A. Löve
Syn: Critesion hystrix (Roth) A. Löve
Syn: Critesion marinum ssp. gussonianum (Parl.) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey
Syn: Hordeum geniculatum All.
Syn: Hordeum gussonianum Parl.
Syn: Hordeum hystrix Roth
Hordeum murinum ssp. glaucum (Steud.) Tzvelev
Syn: Critesion glaucum (Steud.) A. Löve
Syn: Critesion murinum ssp. glaucum (Steud.) W.A. Weber
Syn: Hordeum glaucum Steud.
Syn: Hordeum stebbinsii Covas
Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum (Link) Arcang.
Syn: Critesion murinum ssp. leporinum (Link) A. Löve
Syn: Hordeum leporinum Link
Hordeum murinum ssp. murinum
56
Syn: Critesion murinum (L.) A. Löve
Hordeum vulgare L. Common Barley
Syn: Hordeum aegiceras Nees ex Royle
Syn: Hordeum distichon L.
Syn: Hordeum hexastichum L.
Syn: Hordeum vulgare var. trifurcatum (Schlecht.) Alef.
Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire Tall Rye Grass
Syn: Festuca arundinacea Schreb.
Syn: Festuca elatior ssp. arundinacea (Schreb.) Hack.
Syn: Festuca elatior var. arundinacea (Schreb.) C.F.H. Wimmer
Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot
Syn: Lolium multiflorum Lam.
Syn: Lolium multiflorum ssp. italicum (A. Braun) Volk. ex Schinz & R.
Keller
Syn: Lolium multiflorum var. diminutum Mutel
Syn: Lolium multiflorum var. muticum DC.
Syn: Lolium perenne ssp. italicum (A. Braun) Husnot
Syn: Lolium perenne var. aristatum Willd.
Syn: Lolium perenne var. multiflorum (Lam.) Parnell
Lolium perenne ssp. perenne
Syn: Lolium multiflorum var. ramosum Guss. ex Arcang.
Syn: Lolium perenne var. cristatum Pers. ex B.D. Jackson
Lolium pratense (Huds.) S.J. Darbyshire Meadow Rye Grass
Syn: Festuca elatior L. p.p.
Syn: Festuca pratensis Huds.
Panicum antidotale Retz. Giant Panic Grass
Panicum miliaceum ssp. miliaceum
Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Pearl-Millet
Syn: Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn.
Syn: Chaetochloa lutescens (Weigel) Stuntz
Syn: Panicum americanum L.
Syn: Panicum glaucum L.
Syn: Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke
Syn: Pennisetum typhoides auct. non (Burm.) Stapf & C.E. Hubbard
Syn: Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.
Syn: Setaria lutescens (Weigel) F.T. Hubbard
Phalaris canariensis L. Common Canary Grass
Phleum pratense L. Common Timothy
Syn: Phleum nodosum L.
Syn: Phleum pratense ssp. nodosum (L.) Arcang.
Syn: Phleum pratense var. nodosum (L.) Huds.
Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss. Smilo Grass
Syn: Agrostis miliacea L.
Syn: Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Aschers. & Schweinf.
Poa annua L. Annual Blue Grass
Syn: Poa annua var. aquatica Aschers.
Syn: Poa annua var. reptans Hausskn.
Poa bulbosa L. Bulbous Blue Grass
Poa compressa L. Flat-Stem Blue Grass
Poa trivialis L. Rough-Stalk Blue Grass
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Annual Rabbit's-Foot Grass
Syn: Alopecurus monspeliensis L.
Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. Beardless Rabbit's-Foot Grass
Syn: Agrostis semiverticillata (Forsk.) C. Christens.
Syn: Agrostis verticillata Vill.
Syn: Agrostis viridis Gouan
Syn: Polypogon semiverticillatus (Forsk.) Hyl.
Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski Russian-Wild Rye
Syn: Elymus junceus Fisch.
Syn: ×Leymostachys korovinii Tzvelev
Saccharum ravennae (L.) L. Ranenna Grass
Syn: Erianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv.
57
Syn: Erianthus ravennae var. purpurascens (Anderss.) Hack.
Schismus arabicus Nees Arabian Mediterranean Grass
Schismus barbatus (Loefl. ex L.) Thellung Common Mediterranean Grass
Syn: Festuca barbata Loefl. ex L.
Sclerochloa dura (L.) Beauv. Common Hard Grass
Syn: Cynosurus durus L.
Secale cereale L. Cultivated Rye
Syn: ?Secale montanum Guss.
Syn: Triticum cereale (L.) Salisb.
Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. Rough Bristle Grass
Syn: Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn.
Syn: Panicum verticillatum L.
Syn: Setaria carnei A.S. Hitchc.
Setaria viridis var. viridis
Syn: Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn.
Syn: Panicum viride L.
Syn: Setaria viridis var. breviseta (Doell) A.S. Hitchc.
Syn: Setaria viridis var. weinmannii (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Borbás
Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor
Syn: Holcus bicolor L.
Syn: Holcus sorghum L.
Syn: Sorghum bicolor var. caffrorum (Retz.) Mohlenbrock
Syn: Sorghum caffrorum (Retz.) Beauv.
Syn: Sorghum cernuum (Ard.) Host
Syn: Sorghum dochna (Forsk.) Snowden
Syn: Sorghum dochna var. technicum (Koern.) Snowden
Syn: Sorghum durra (Forsk.) Stapf
Syn: Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Moench
Syn: Sorghum subglabrescens Schweinf. & Aschers.
Syn: Sorghum vulgare Pers.
Syn: Sorghum vulgare var. caffrorum (Retz.) Hubbard & Rehd.
Syn: Sorghum vulgare var. durra (Forsk.) Hubbard & Rehd.
Syn: Sorghum vulgare var. roxburghii (Stapf) Haines
Syn: Sorghum vulgare var. saccharatum (L.) Boerl.
Syn: Sorghum vulgare var. technicum (Koern.) Jáv.
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson Grass
Syn: Holcus halepensis L.
Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski Medusa-Head
Syn: Elymus caput-medusae L.
Syn: Taeniatherum asperum auct. non (Simonkai) Nevski
Syn: Taeniatherum crinitum var. caput-medusae (L.) Wipff
Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey Intermediate Quack
Grass
Syn: Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv.
Syn: Agropyron intermedium var. trichophorum (Link) Halac.
Syn: Agropyron trichophorum (Link) Richter
Syn: Elymus hispidus (Opiz) Melderis
Syn: Elymus hispidus ssp. barbulatus (Schur) Melderis
Syn: Elymus hispidus var. ruthenicus (Griseb.) Dorn
Syn: Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski
Syn: Elytrigia intermedia ssp. barbulata (Schur) A. Löve
Syn: Elytrigia intermedia ssp. trichophora (Link) Tvzel
Syn: Thinopyrum intermedium ssp. barbulatum (Schur) Barkworth & D.R.
Dewey
Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Z.-W. Liu & R.-C. Wang Eurasian Quack Grass
Syn: Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv.
Syn: Agropyron varnense (Velen.) Hayek
Syn: Elymus elongatus (Host) Runemark
Syn: Elymus elongatus var. ponticus (Podp.) Dorn
Syn: Elymus varnensis (Velen.) Runemark
Syn: Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski
Syn: Elytrigia pontica (Podp.) Holub
58
Syn: Lophopyrum elongatum (Host) A. Löve
Triticum aestivum L. Bread Wheat
Syn: Triticum hybernum L.
Syn: Triticum macha Dekap. & Menab.
Syn: Triticum sativum Lam.
Syn: Triticum sphaerococcum Percival
Syn: Triticum vulgare Vill.
Ventenata dubia (Leers) Coss. & Durieu Ventenata
Syn: Avena dubia Leers
Syn: Ventenata avenacea Koel.
Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray Brome Six-Weeks Grass
Syn: Bromus dertonensis All.
Syn: Festuca bromoides L.
Syn: Festuca dertonensis (All.) Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn: Vulpia dertonensis (All.) Gola
Vulpia myuros (L.) K.C. Gmel. Rat-Tail Six-Weeks Grass
Syn: Festuca megalura Nutt.
Syn: Festuca megalura var. hirsuta (Hack.) Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn: Festuca myuros L.
Syn: Vulpia megalura (Nutt.) Rydb.
Syn: Vulpia myuros var. hirsuta Hack.
Zea mays ssp. mays
Polygonaceae Buckwheat Family
Polygonum arenastrum Jord. ex Boreau Oval-Leaf Knotweed
Syn: Polygonum aequale Lindm.
Syn: Polygonum aviculare var. arenastrum (Jord. ex Boreau) Rouy
Syn: Polygonum montereyense Brenckle
Polygonum argyrocoleon Steud. ex Kunze Silver-Sheath Knotweed
Polygonum aubertii Henry Chinese Fleecevine
Syn: Bilderdykia aubertii (Henry) Moldenke
Syn: Fallopia aubertii (Henry) Holub
Polygonum aviculare L. Yard Knotweed
Syn: Polygonum aviculare var. vegetum Ledeb.
Syn: Polygonum heterophyllum Lindl.
Syn: Polygonum monspeliense Pers.
Polygonum convolvulus var. convolvulus
Syn: Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dumort.
Syn: Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve
Syn: Reynoutria convolvulus (L.) Shinners
Syn: Tiniaria convolvulus (L.) Webb & Moq.
Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Knotweed
Syn: Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Dcne.
Syn: Pleuropterus cuspidatus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Moldenke
Syn: Pleuropterus zuccarinii (Small) Small
Syn: Polygonum cuspidatum var. compactum (Hook. f.) Bailey
Syn: Polygonum zuccarinii Small
Syn: Reynoutria japonica Houtt.
Polygonum hydropiper L. Mild Water-Pepper
Syn: Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Opiz
Syn: Polygonum hydropiper var. projectum Stanford
Polygonum persicaria L. Lady's-Thumb
Syn: Persicaria maculata (Raf.) S.F. Gray
Syn: Persicaria persicaria (L.) Small
Syn: Persicaria ruderalis (Salisb.) C.F. Reed
Syn: Persicaria ruderalis var. vulgaris (Webb & Moq.) C.F. Reed
Syn: Persicaria vulgaris Webb & Moq.
Syn: Polygonum dubium Stein
Syn: Polygonum fusiforme Greene
Syn: Polygonum minus auct. non Huds.
Syn: Polygonum minus var. subcontinuum (Meisn.) Fern.
Syn: Polygonum persicaria var. angustifolium Beckh.
Syn: Polygonum persicaria var. ruderale (Salisb.) Meisn.
59
Syn: Polygonum puritanorum Fern.
Rheum rhabarbarum L. Garden Rhubarb
Syn: Rheum rhaponticum auct. non L.
Rumex acetosella L. Common Sheep Sorrel
Syn: Acetosella acetosella (L.) Small
Syn: Acetosella tenuifolia (Wallr.) A. Löve
Syn: Acetosella vulgaris (Koch) Fourr.
Syn: Rumex acetosella ssp. angiocarpus (Murb.) Murb.
Syn: Rumex acetosella var. pyrenaeus (Pourret) Timbal-Lagrave
Syn: Rumex acetosella var. tenuifolius Wallr.
Syn: Rumex angiocarpus Murb.
Syn: Rumex tenuifolius (Wallr.) A. Löve
Rumex crispus ssp. crispus
Rumex dentatus L. Toothed Dock
Syn: Rumex dentatus ssp. klotzschianus (Meisn.) Rech. f.
Rumex obtusifolius L. Bitter Dock
Syn: Acetosa oblongifolia (L.) A.& D. Löve
Syn: Rumex obtusifolius ssp. agrestis (Fries) Danser
Syn: Rumex obtusifolius ssp. sylvestris (Wallr.) Rech. f.
Syn: Rumex obtusifolius var. sylvestris (Wallr.) Koch
Rumex patientia L. Patience Dock
Rumex stenophyllus Ledeb. Narrow-Leaf Dock
Potamogetonaceae Pondweed Family
Potamogeton crispus L. Curly Pondweed
Primulaceae Primrose Family
Anagallis arvensis ssp. arvensis
Punicaceae Pomegranate Family
Punica granatum L. Pomegranate
Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family
Adonis aestivalis L. Summer Pheasant's-Eye
Syn: Adonis aestivalis var. citrina Hoffmann
Ceratocephala testiculata (Crantz) Bess. Curve-Seed-Butterwort
Syn: Ceratocephala falcata auct. non (L.) Pers.
Syn: Ceratocephala orthoceras DC.
Syn: Ranunculus falcatus auct. non L.
Syn: Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz
Clematis orientalis L. Oriental Virgin's-Bower
Syn: Clematis aurea A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.
Syn: Viticella orientalis (L.) W.A. Weber
Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur Doubtful Knight's-Spur
Syn: Consolida ambigua (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood
Syn: Delphinium ajacis L.
Syn: Delphinium ambiguum L.
Ranunculus acris var. acris
Syn: Ranunculus acris ssp. strigulosus (Schur) Hyl.
Syn: Ranunculus acris var. latisectus G. Beck
Syn: Ranunculus acris var. stevenii (Andrz. ex Bess.) Lange
Syn: Ranunculus acris var. typicus G. Beck
Syn: Ranunculus acris var. villosus (Drab.) S.M. Coles
Syn: Ranunculus boreanus Jord.
Ranunculus arvensis L. Hungerweed
Syn: Ranunculus arvensis var. tuberculatus (DC.) Koch
Ranunculus repens L. Creeping Buttercup
Syn: Ranunculus repens var. degeneratus Schur
Syn: Ranunculus repens var. erectus DC.
Syn: Ranunculus repens var. glabratus DC.
Syn: Ranunculus repens var. linearilobus DC.
Syn: Ranunculus repens var. pleniflorus Fern.
Syn: Ranunculus repens var. typicus G. Beck
Syn: Ranunculus repens var. villosus Lamotte
Resedaceae Mignonette Family
Reseda lutea L. Yellow Upright Mignonette
60
Rhamnaceae Buckthorn Family
Rhamnus cathartica L. European Buckthorn
Ziziphus zizyphus (L.) Karst. Common Jujube
Syn: Ziziphus jujuba P. Mill.
Rosaceae Rose Family
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. English Hawthorn
Syn: Crataegus curvisepala auct. non Lindm.
Syn: Crataegus oxyacantha var. paulii (Rehd.) Rehd.
Syn: Crataegus oxyacantha auct. non L.
Geum urbanum L. Herb-Bennet
Kerria japonica (L.) DC. Japanese-Rose
Malus pumila P. Mill. Cultivated Apple
Syn: Malus communis Poir.
Syn: Malus domestica (Borkh.) Borkh.
Syn: Malus sylvestris American auth., auct. non P. Mill.
Syn: Pyrus pumila (P. Mill.) K. Koch
Malus sylvestris P. Mill. European Apple
Syn: Malus malus (L.) Britt.
Syn: Pyrus malus L.
Prunus armeniaca L. Apricot
Syn: Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.
Prunus avium (L.) L. Sweet Cherry
Syn: Cerasus avium (L.) Moench
Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Cherry Plum
Prunus cerasus L. Sour Cherry
Prunus domestica var. domestica
Prunus dulcis (P. Mill.) D.A. Webber Sweet Almond
Syn: Amygdalus dulcis P. Mill.
Syn: Prunus amygdalus Batsch
Prunus mahaleb L. Perfumed Cherry
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Peach
Syn: Amygdalus persica L.
Syn: Persica vulgaris P. Mill.
Prunus tomentosa Thunb. Nanking Cherry
Syn: Cerasus tomentosa (Thunb.) Wall.
Pyracantha coccinea M. Roemer Scarlet Firethorn
Syn: Cotoneaster pyracantha (L.) Spach
Pyrus communis L. Common Pear
Rosa canina L. Dog Rose
Syn: Rosa canina var. dumetorum Baker
Rosa eglanteria L. Sweetbrier
Syn: Rosa rubiginosa L.
Rosa ×harisonii Rivers
Rosa ×odorata (Andr.) Sweet (pro sp.) Tea Rose
Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees Himalayan Blackberry
Syn: Rubus procerus auct. non P.J. Muell. ex Genev
Sanguisorba minor ssp. muricata (Spach) Nordborg
Syn: Poterium polygamum Waldst. & Kit.
Syn: Poterium sanguisorba auct. non L.
Sorbus aucuparia L. European Mountain-Ash
Syn: Pyrus aucuparia (L.) Gaertn.
Sorbus hybrida L. Oak-Leaf Mountain-Ash
Spiraea ×bumalda Burven
Spiraea ×vanhouttei (Briot) Carr.
Rubiaceae Madder Family
Galium mollugo L. False Baby's-Breath
Syn: Galium erectum Huds.
Syn: Galium mollugo ssp. erectum (Huds.) Briq.
Syn: Galium mollugo var. erectum (Huds.) Domin
Rubia tinctoria L. Madder
Salicaceae Willow Family
Populus alba L. White Poplar
61
Syn: Populus alba var. bolleana Lauche
Syn: Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bunge
Populus nigra L. Black Poplar
Syn: Populus dilatata Ait.
Syn: Populus italica (Du Roi) Moench
Syn: Populus nigra var. italica Du Roi
Salix cinerea L. Large Gray Willow
Salix fragilis L. Crack Willow
Salix matsudana Koidzumi Corkscrew Willow
Salix ×rubens Schrank (pro sp.)
Salix ×sepulcralis Simonkai
Syn: Salix babylonica auct. non L. p.p.
Syn: Salix salomonii hort.
Syn: Salix ×sepulcralis var. chrysocoma (Dode) Meikle
Sapindaceae Soapberry Family
Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. Golden Rain-Tree
Scrophulariaceae Figwort Family
Antirrhinum majus L. Garden Snapdragon
Cymbalaria muralis P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. Kenilworth-Ivy
Syn: Linaria cymbalaria (L.) P. Mill.
Digitalis purpurea var. purpurea
Linaria dalmatica ssp. dalmatica
Syn: Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire & Petitm.
Linaria vulgaris P. Mill. Greater Butter-and-Eggs
Syn: Linaria linaria (L.) Karst.
Misopates orontium (L.) Raf. Lesser-Snapdragon
Syn: Antirrhinum orontium L.
Verbascum blattaria L. White Moth Mullein
Verbascum thapsus L. Great Mullein
Verbascum virgatum Stokes Wand Mullein
Veronica arvensis L. Corn Speedwell
Veronica biloba L. Two-Lobe Speedwell
Syn: Pocilla biloba (L.) W.A. Weber
Veronica hederifolia L. Ivy-Leaf Speedwell
Veronica persica Poir. Bird-Eye Speedwell
Syn: Pocilla persica (Poir.) Fourr.
Syn: Veronica persica var. aschersoniana (Lehm.) Boivin
Syn: Veronica persica var. corrensiana (Lehm.) Boivin
Simaroubaceae Quassia-Wood Family
Ailanthus altissima (P. Mill.) Swingle Tree-of-Heaven
Syn: Ailanthus glandulosa Desf.
Solanaceae Potato Family
Capsicum annuum var. annuum
Syn: Capsicum annuum var. frutescens (L.) Kuntze
Syn: Capsicum frutescens L.
Datura stramonium L. Jimsonweed
Syn: Datura stramonium var. tatula (L.) Torr.
Syn: Datura tatula L.
Hyoscyamus niger L. Black Henbane
Lycium barbarum L. Matrimony-Vine
Syn: Lycium halimifolium P. Mill.
Petunia ×atkinsiana D. Don ex Loud.
Syn: Petunia ×hybrida Vilm.
Solanum dulcamara var. dulcamara
Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum
Syn: Lycopersicon esculentum P. Mill.
Syn: Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst. ex Farw.
Solanum tuberosum L. Irish Potato
Tamaricaceae Tamarisk Family
Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. Athel Tamarisk
Syn: Tamarix articulata Vahl
Tamarix chinensis Lour. Five-Stamen Tamarisk
62
Syn: Tamarix pentandra Pallas
Tamarix parviflora DC. Small-Flower Tamarisk
Syn: Tamarix tetrandra auct. non Pallas
Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. Salt-Cedar
Ulmaceae Elm Family
Ulmus pumila L. Siberian Elm
Valerianaceae Valerian Family
Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. Jupiter's-Beard
Valerianella locusta (L.) Lat. Lamb's-Lettuce
Syn: Valerianella olitoria (L.) Pollich
Verbenaceae Verbena Family
Glandularia pulchella (Sweet) Troncoso South American Mock Vervain
Syn: Glandularia tenuisecta (Briq.) Small
Syn: Verbena pulchella var. gracilior (Troncoso) Shinners
Syn: Verbena pulchella Sweet
Syn: Verbena tenuisecta Briq.
Syn: Verbena tenuisecta var. alba Moldenke
Violaceae Violet Family
Viola arvensis Murr. European Field Pansy
Syn: Viola tricolor var. arvensis (Murr.) Boiss.
Viola odorata L. Sweet Blue Violet
Viola tricolor L. Johnny-Jump-Up
Vitaceae Grape Family
Vitis vinifera L. European Grape
Zygophyllaceae Creosote-Bush Family
Tribulus terrestris L. Puncturevine
63
Appendix D: Utah/Nevada Budget Detail
6/1/2006-5/31/2007 UT/NV INVADERS PROJECT: YEAR 1
Sal.
rate
UM PI Rice
5,881 month
UM Grad RA Computer Sci.
1,800 month
Total Salaries
Rice@30.5%+556
Ben.
Grad RA@1% AY
Grad RA@10% summer
#of m or h
4
12
2,350 month
18 month
180 hour
4
9
3
Tot. Fringe Ben.
totals
23,524
21,600
45,124
9,400
162
540
10,102
Total Personnel
Sal & Ben
55,226
Supplies
computers
computer supplies/parts
copying
Misc
800
8
Total Supplies
Communications
6,400
800
200
200
7,600
Long distance
250
Tot. Communications
Travel
airfare
local transport
lodging
meals
rate
$350
$95
$110
$28
trips/days
6
6
12
18
2,100
570
1,320
504
4,494
Total Travel
% exotic
Subcontracts
collection
BRY
Brigham Young U
EPHR
Snow College
FNFR
Fishlake NF
MALS
Manti-LaSal NF
OGDF
USFS R4
PRI
SSLP
UI
UT
UTC
661,100
5,990
850
3,200
30,500
College of East Utah
4,000
Shrub Sci Lab
7,000
BLM - Unita Herbarium
7,000
University of Utah
125,000
UT State U
239,481
UVSC
Utah Valley State College
10,000
WANF
Wasatch-Cache NF
WSCO
Weber State University
250
28,110
per record
5%
$1.50
33,055
300
43
160
1,525
200
350
350
6,250
11,974
500
13
1,406
49,583
450
65
240
2,288
300
525
525
9,375
17,961
750
20
2,109
64
1,122,481
56,124
84,186
1,327
1,500
199,114
66
1,425
389
4,500
3,500
75
9,956
99
2,138
584
6,750
5,250
113
14,934
both states 1,321,595
66,080
99,120
All Utah
NSDA
Nevada Division Agriculture
NSMC
Nevada State Museum
NTS at US
Department of Energy
28,500
7,787
RENO
U of Nevada, Reno
90,000
UNLV
U of Nevada, Las Vegas
70,000
WDNE
BLM Winnemucca District
All Nevada
Total Subcontracts
99,120
Total UM Direct
166,690
UT/NV INVADERS PROJECT: YEAR 2
6/1/2007-5/31/2008
Sal.
rate
#of m or h
UM PI Rice
6,175 month
4
UM Grad RA Computer Sci.
1,890 month
12
Total Salaries
totals
24,700
22,680
47,380
Rice@30.5%+606
Ben.
Grad RA@1% AY
Grad RA@10% summer
2,489 month
19 month
189 month
Tot. Fringe Ben.
Sal & Ben
Total Personnel
4
9
3
9,956
171
567
10,694
58,074
Supplies
Computer supplies & parts
Copying
Misc.
400
200
100
700
Long distance
250
Total Supplies
Communications
Tot. Communications
Travel
airfare
local transport
lodging
meals
rate
$350
$95
$110
$28
trips/days
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total Travel
Total UM Direct
59,024
65
6/1/2005-5/31/2007
Sal.
UM PI Rice
UM Grad RA
Total Salaries
Ben.
UT/NV INVADERS PROJECT: BOTH YEARS
#of m or h
avg. rate
6,028 month
8
1,845 month
24
Rice@30.5%+Health
Grad RA@1% AY
Grad RA@10% summer
2,420 month
18.50 month
184.50 month
8
18
6
Tot. Fringe Ben.
Sal & Ben
Total Personnel
Supplies
computers
computer supplies/parts
copying
Misc
8
airfare
local transport
lodging
meals
Subcontracts
Total UM Direct
6,400
1,200
400
300
8,300
Long distance phone
Travel
Total Travel
19,356
333
1,107
20,796
113,300
Total Supplies
Communications
Tot.
Communications
totals
48,224
44,280
92,504
500
rate
$350
$95
$110
$28
trips/days
6
6
12
18
2,100
570
1,320
504
4,494
99,120
225,714
66
Appendix E: Nine States/Provinces Budget Detail
NINE STATES/PROVINCES INVADERS PROJECT: YEAR 1
6/1/2006-5/31/2007
Sal.
rate
#of m or h
totals
UM PI Rice
5,881 month
12
70,572
UM Lead Programmer
4,995 month
12
59,940
Total Salaries
130,512
Rice@30.5%+556
Ben.
Lead Prog@30.5%+556
2,350 month
2,079 month
12
12
Tot. Fringe Ben.
28,200
24,948
53,148
Total Personnel
Sal & Ben
183,660
Supplies
computers
computer supplies/parts
copying
Misc
800
32
Total Supplies
Communications
Long distance
1,000
Tot. Communications
Travel
airfare
local transport
lodging
meals
rate
$350
$95
$110
$28
trips/days
24
24
48
72
8,400
2,280
5,280
2,016
17,976
Total Travel
% exotic
Subcontracts
collection
13
6
14
Utah
1,122,481
Nevada
199,114
Colorado
767,947
9
Arizona
951,800
6
New Mexico
203,222
9
British Columbia
861,800
Alberta (&YT)
666,461
Alaska
217,681
12
3
Total Subcontracts 72 subcontracts 9 states
Total UM Direct
25,600
1,600
800
800
28,800
4,990,506
per record
5%
$1.50
56,124
9,956
38,397
47,590
10,161
43,090
33,323
10,884
249,525
84,186
14,934
57,596
71,385
15,242
64,635
49,985
16,326
374,289
374,289
605,725
67
NINE STATES/PROVINCES INVADERS PROJECT: YEAR 2
6/1/2007-5/31/2008
Sal.
rate
#of m or h
totals
UM PI Rice
6,175 month
12
74,100
UM Lead Programmer
5,245 month
12
62,940
Total Salaries
137,040
Rice@30.5%+606
Ben.
Lead Prog@30.5%+606
2,489 month
2,206 month
Tot. Fringe Ben.
Sal & Ben
Total Personnel
12
12
29,868
26,472
56,340
193,380
Supplies
Computer supplies & parts
Copying
Misc.
1,600
800
400
2,800
Long distance
1,000
Total Supplies
Communications
Tot.
Communications
Travel
airfare
local transport
lodging
meals
rate
$350
$95
$110
$28
trips/days
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total Travel
Total UM Direct
197,180
68
NINE STATES/PROVINCES INVADERS PROJECT: YEAR 3
6/1/2008-5/31/2009
Sal.
rate
#of m or h
totals
UM PI Rice
6,484 month*
12
77,808
UM Lead Programmer
5,507 month*
12
66,084
Total Salaries
143,892
Rice@30.5%+666
Ben.
Lead Prog@30.5%+666
2,644 month
2,346 month
Tot. Fringe Ben.
Sal & Ben
Total Personnel
12
12
31,728
28,152
59,880
203,772
Supplies
Computer supplies & parts
Copying
Misc.
1,600
800
400
0
2,800
Long distance
1,000
Total Supplies
Communications
Tot. Communications
Travel
airfare
local transport
lodging
meals
rate
$350
$95
$110
$28
trips/days
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total Travel
Total UM Direct
207,572
69
NINE STATES/PROVINCES INVADERS PROJECT: ALL 3 YEARS
6/1/2005-5/31/2007
Sal.
avg. rate
#of m or h
totals
UM PI Rice
6,180 month
36
222,480
UM Lead Programmer
5,249 month
36
188,964
Total Salaries
411,444
Ben.
Rice@30.5%+Health
Lead Prog@30.5%+Health
2,494 month
2,210 month
Tot. Fringe Ben.
Sal & Ben
Total Personnel
Supplies
computers
36
36
89,796
79,572
169,368
580,812
25,600
4,800
2,400
1,600
34,400
computer supplies/parts
copying
Misc
Total Supplies
Communications
Tot. Communications
Long distance phone
Travel
airfare
local transport
lodging
meals
Total Travel
Subcontracts
Total UM Direct
3,000
rate
$350
$95
$110
$28
trips/days
24
24
48
72
8,400
2,280
5,280
2,016
17,976
374,289
1,010,477
70
Appendix F: Nine States/Provinces Plus CA Budget Detail
NINE STATES/PROVINCES PLUS CA INVADERS PROJECT: YEAR 1
6/1/2006-5/31/2007
Sal.
rate
#of m or h
totals
UM PI Rice
5,881 month
12
70,572
UM Lead Programmer
4,995 month
12
59,940
UM Database Manager
2,958 month
12
35,496
Total Salaries
166,008
Rice@30.5%+556
Ben.
Lead Prog@30.5%+556
Db M@30.5%*+556
2,350 month
2,079 month
1,458 month
12
12
12
28,200
24,948
17,496
70,644
Tot. Fringe Ben.
Total Personnel
Sal & Ben
236,652
Supplies
computers
800
64
51,200
3,200
1,600
1,600
57,600
computer supplies/parts
copying
Misc
Total Supplies
Communications
Long distance
2,000
Tot. Communications
Travel
airfare
local transport
lodging
meals
avg rate
$375
$95
$120
$28
trips/days
24
24
48
72
9,000
2,280
5,760
2,016
19,056
Total Travel
% exotic
Subcontracts
collection
13
6
1,122,481
Nevada
199,114
Colorado
767,947
9
Arizona
951,800
6
New Mexico
203,222
9
British Columbia
861,800
Alberta (&YT)
666,461
Alaska
217,681
14
12
3
71
Total Subcontracts
Total UM Direct
Utah
California
143 subcontracts 10 states
6,968,447
11,958,953
per record
5%
$1.50
56,124
9,956
38,397
47,590
10,161
43,090
33,323
10,884
348,422
597,947
84,186
14,934
57,596
71,385
15,242
64,635
49,985
16,326
522,633
896,922
896,922
1,212,230
71
NINE STATES/PROVINCES PLUS CA INVADERS PROJECT: YEAR 2
6/1/2007-5/31/2008
Sal.
rate
#of m or h
totals
UM PI Rice
6,175 month
12
74,100
UM Lead Programmer
5,245 month
12
62,940
UM Database Manager
3,106 month
12
37,272
Total Salaries
174,312
Rice@30.5%+606
Ben.
Lead Prog@30.5%+606
Db M@30.5%*+606
2,489 month
2,206 month
1,553 month
12
12
12
29,868
26,472
18,636
74,976
Tot. Fringe Ben.
Sal & Ben
Total Personnel
249,288
Supplies
Computer supplies & parts
Copying
Misc.
1,600
800
400
2,800
Long distance
2,000
Total Supplies
Communications
Tot. Communications
Travel
airfare
local transport
lodging
meals
avg rate
$395
$100
$126
$29
trips/days
24
24
48
72
9,480
2,400
6,048
2,088
20,016
Total Travel
Total UM Direct
274,104
72
NINE STATES/PROVINCES PLUS CA INVADERS PROJECT: YEAR 3
6/1/2008-5/31/2009
Sal.
rate
totals
#of m or h
UM PI Rice
6,484 month
12
77,808
UM Lead Programmer
5,507 month
12
66,084
UM Database Manager
3,261 month
12
39,132
Total Salaries
183,024
Rice@30.5%+666
Ben.
Lead Prog@30.5%+666
Db M@30.5%*+666
2,644 month
2,346 month
1,661 month
12
12
12
Tot. Fringe Ben.
Sal & Ben
Total Personnel
31,728
28,152
19,932
79,812
262,836
Supplies
Computer supplies & parts
Copying
Misc.
1,600
800
400
0
2,800
Long distance
2,000
Total Supplies
Communications
Tot. Communications
Travel
airfare
local transport
lodging
meals
rate
$350
$95
$110
$28
trips/days
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total Travel
Total UM Direct
267,636
73
6/1/2005-5/31/2007
Sal.
UM PI
UM
UM
Total Salaries
NINE STATES/PROVINCES PLUS CA INVADERS PROJECT: ALL 3 YEARS
avg. rate
totals
#of m or h
Rice
6,180 month
36
222,480
Lead Programmer
5,249 month
36
188,964
Database Manager
3,108 month
36
111,900
523,344
Ben.
Rice@30.5%+Health
Lead Prog@30.5%+Health
Db M@30.5%*+Health
2,494 month
2,210 month
1,557 month
36
36
36
Tot. Fringe Ben.
Sal & Ben
Total Personnel
Supplies
computers
computer supplies/parts
copying
Misc
89,796
79,572
56,064
225,432
748,776
51,200
6,400
3,200
2,400
63,200
Total Supplies
Communications
Tot. Communications
Long distance phone
Travel
airfare
local transport
lodging
meals
6,000
rate
trips/days
$373
48
$97
48
$119
96
$28
144
18,480
4,680
11,808
4,104
39,072
Total Travel
Subcontracts
896,922
Total UM Direct (MTDC)
1,753,970
74
Appendix G: INVADERS Website User Statitics
Through November 2004
INVADERS Database System
Web Site Use Summary
Table 1
Number of Requests by top level domain
Domain
Page Requests
US Network (.NET)
221,120
US Commercial (.COM)
201,776
Unknown
177,932
US Educational (.EDU)
118,327
US Government (.GOV)
39,627
US Organization (.ORG)
10,983
US Military (.MIL)
6,286
75
Table 2
Number of Requests by Region (ending Nov 04)
Region
Page Requests
North America
Western Europe
Australia
Asia
Southeast Asia
Eastern Europe
South America
Africa
Northern Europe
Middle East
Southern Asia
Pacific Islands
Central America
West Indies
456,163
23,956
11,235
4,648
3,047
2,633
2,061
1,788
1,433
693
241
130
92
77
Table 3
Top 10 countries by number of requests
Country
Page Requests
United States
Canada
Australia
United Kingdom
Germany
Japan
New Zealand
France
Spain
South Africa
673,653
32,948
11,498
6,773
5,300
4,028
3,951
2,551
2,342
2,144
Table 4
Links from an Internet Search Engine (since Jan 02)
Search engine
Pages
Google
Yahoo
MSN
Google(Images)
Ask Jeeves
AOL
Unknown search engines
AltaVista
Netscape
Dogpile
16,997
5,451
3,816
1,213
742
555
302
296
237
169
76
Table 5
Most common referrers (since Jan 02)
Page referrer
Pages
www.invasivespecies.gov
3133
www.ars-grin.gov
2139
www.fs.fed.us
997
www.blm.gov
795
www.ergonica.com
622
www.adminshop.com
570
agriculture.state.az.us
530
forestry.msu.edu
476
agrifor.ac.uk
432
www.gardeningclub.com
432
www.aphis.usda.gov
384
Table 6
Most Popular Pages
Page Name
Database
System
(home
page)
Requests
3141
43514
998
795
645
570
533
476
432
432
384
Page Requests
INVADERS
/
/scripts/esrimap.dll
Query by plant name
/queryplant1.asp
/Noxious_Weeds/state_run.asp
Query by plant name
/query1.asp
/Noxious_Weeds/Default.htm
INVADERS Database - Query By Plant Name
/query2.asp
/queryplant2.asp
INVADERS Database - Query From Plant List
/query2_1.asp
Summary for the noxious weeds in North America
/Noxious_Weeds/noxlist.asp
144,340
94,557
40,249
47,089
46,949
41249
22,223
20,280
20,220
19,537
Table 7a
Usage of the INVADERS Web Site by U.S. Government Agencies (through Nov. 04)
Total
Average Number of
Agency
Requests
U.S. Department of Agriculture
USDA Forest Service
Bureau of Land Management
U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Army
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
31630
31596
17249
4224
4003
2054
Visits
8874
5039
4380
2105
1026
466
Requests per Visit
3.56
6.27
3.94
2.01
3.90
4.41
77
U.S. Navy
National Genetic Resources Program
U.S. Air Force
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
U.S. Treasury
Department of Veterans Affairs
Department of Defense Network Operations
Idaho National Engineering and Environmental
National
Aeronautics and Space Administration
Laboratory
Bureau of Reclamation
U.S. Department of the Interior
Food and Drug Administration
National Institutes of Health
U.S. Marine Corps
Tennessee Valley Authority
U.S. Postal Service
Argonne National Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
Los Alamos National Laboratory
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Social Security Administration
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
The United States General Accounting Office
U.S. State Department
United States Coast Guard
United States Department of Justice
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Office of Surface Mining
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Rocky Flats Site Closure Project
U.S. General Services Administration
U.S. Department of Transportation
U.S. Peace Corps
Office of the Secretary of Defense
U. S. Senate
Health Care Financing Administration
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Defense
Information Systems Agency
Development
1543
1243
1217
1165
762
604
600
535
509
482
440
438
416
415
364
277
252
222
215
210
199
196
178
170
149
124
96
80
68
54
52
51
50
39
31
29
23
19
10
399
173
297
266
165
138
186
78
149
101
93
77
88
214
69
94
60
62
53
79
43
76
35
36
27
32
19
19
13
8
12
8
8
11
9
8
7
6
6
3.87
7.18
4.10
4.38
4.62
4.38
3.23
6.86
3.42
4.77
4.73
5.69
4.73
1.94
5.28
2.95
4.20
3.58
4.06
2.66
4.63
2.58
5.09
4.72
5.52
3.88
5.05
4.21
5.23
6.75
4.33
6.38
6.25
3.55
3.44
3.63
3.29
3.17
1.67
Table 7b
Usage of the INVADERS Web Site by State and Local Governments (through Nov. 04)
Total Requests
29470
Visits
Average Number of Requests per Visit
6391
4.61
78
Table 7c
Usage of the INVADERS Web Site by Schools and Other Educational Organizations
(through Nov. 04)
Total Requests
Visits
Average Number of Requests per Visit
234324
51719
4.53
Table 7d
Usage of the INVADERS Web Site by Foreign Governments (through Nov. 04)
Total Requests
Visits
296682
Average Number of Requests per Visit
70836
4.18
Table 7e
Usage of the INVADERS Web Site by Corporate Entities (through Nov. 04)
Total Requests
Visits
203986
Average Number of Requests per Visit
105047
1.94
Table 7f
Usage of the INVADERS Web Site by Other Organizations ( .org, through Nov. 04)
Total Requests
Visits
22386
Average Number of Requests per Visit
5068
4.41
Table 7g
Usage of the INVADERS Web Site by Unknown entities (through Nov. 04)
Total Requests
Visits
483129
Average Number of Requests per Visit
125529
3.85
Table 7h
Usage of INVADERS Web Site by Non-ISP Organizations through Nov. 04 (Top 50)
Organization
United States Department of Agriculture
United States Bureau of Land Management
Montana State University
Number
of Visits
8866
4380
2694
Number of
Pages Viewed
31596
17249
11126
Average number of pages
viewed per visit
3.56
3.94
4.13
79
University of Idaho
Oregon State University
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
United States Geological Survey
University of Washington
Utah State University
University of California, Davis
Washington State University
University of Maryland
University of Minnesota
University of Texas, Austin
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
California State government
Colorado State University
University of California, Riverside
Smithsonian Institution
United States Environmental Protection Agency
North Dakota University System
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Portland State University
Purdue University
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
University
of Florida
(Virginia Tech)
University of South Carolina Beaufort
University of Wisconsin-Madison
University of Wyoming
University of Arizona
Iowa State University
Texas A & M University
Oregon State University
Northern Arizona University
Michigan State University
Cornell University
North Carolina State University
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Western Washington University
University of Connecticut
Pennsylvania State University
University of California, Berkeley
Indiana University
University of Colorado at Boulder
Clemson University
The University of Nevada Reno
Mississippi State University
Brigham Young University
Stony Brook University
New Mexico State University
2637
2345
1893
2105
1653
1120
865
961
796
767
637
552
511
605
788
402
466
409
351
377
384
459
368
261
373
330
364
318
319
361
398
281
265
379
266
272
261
268
259
171
169
164
152
152
151
145
189
10490
8209
1915
4224
7011
3890
2686
3678
2307
3296
3858
2191
2176
3305
1366
1938
2054
1790
1158
1554
1515
2152
1384
825
2124
1521
1656
1708
1488
1627
1626
1431
1165
1841
1165
631
1211
1251
1062
662
829
441
724
577
1087
555
919
3.98
3.50
1.01
2.01
4.24
3.47
3.11
3.83
2.90
4.30
6.06
3.97
4.26
5.46
1.73
4.82
4.41
4.38
3.30
4.12
3.95
4.69
3.76
3.16
5.69
4.61
4.55
5.37
4.66
4.51
4.09
5.09
4.40
4.86
4.38
2.32
4.64
4.67
4.10
3.87
4.91
2.69
4.76
3.80
7.20
3.83
4.86
80
Table 8
Usage of Invaders Web Site via Internet Service Providers through Nov. 04 (Top 50)
Internet Service Provider
America On-Line (ISP)
Road Runner (cable ISP)
USWest.net (ISP)
Level3.net(ISP for USA and Europe)
UUNET (ISP)
SBC Communications (ISP)
Earthlink (ISP)
BellSouth (ISP)
WebTV Networks (ISP)
Comcast (High-speed Internet provider)
Shaw Cablesystems (Canadian ISP)
Telus Internet Services (Canadian high-speed ISP)
Cox.net (High-speed Internet provider)
Optimum Online (ISP)
Southwestern Bell Internet Services
Sprint Internet Services (ISP)
Rogers (ISP in France)
Charter Communications (high-speed Internet
Adelphia
provider) Communications (high-speed Internet
CenturyTel
provider) (ISP)
GridNet International (ISP)
BT OpenWorld (British ISP)
RCN (a bundled communications provider)
DSL.net (high-speed Internet provider)
CoreComm Communication (telecommunications
Big
Sky Net (ISP)
services)
Qwest (ISP)
SBC Ameritech (ISP)
Cogeco (Canadian ISP for Quebec and Ontario)
NTL Group (high-speed boradband internet)
ICG NetAhead (ISP)
Info Avenue Internet Services (ISP)
Blacfoot Communications (ISP for Montana)
ALLTEL Corporation (ISP)
Montana Vision (ISP for Montana)
TouchAmerica (ISP)
Speakeasy (Broadband Internet Service Provider)
DirecPC (satellite broadband Internet service)
MTS (ISP for Manitoba)
TDS Telecom (ISP)
Telstra (Australian ISP)
PSINet (ISP)
AT&T WorldNet service (ISP)
Verizon (DSL provider)
Zipcom PLC (formerly XO Communications-O1
Communications
(ISP servicing California)
British
ISP)
COX Communications (high-speed Internet
provider)
Number
of Visits
18941
7848
1042
5377
2630
4066
1301
3666
686
9256
2158
2099
3024
2485
1489
1565
1390
2096
1796
1014
174
510
432
475
143
379
4784
1551
462
240
554
468
597
492
511
485
984
1081
476
527
114
82
2220
2581
87
276
258
Number of
Pages Viewed
46238
32514
4781
17141
11921
12914
5200
12463
1859
38722
8593
9239
14326
6869
7088
7003
4870
9558
8097
4859
856
1881
1814
1258
610
1841
21883
6926
1781
933
2682
2022
2955
1917
2051
2302
1962
5361
1934
2420
346
318
8776
11545
263
1253
1248
Average number of
pages viewed per visit
2.44
4.14
4.59
3.19
4.53
3.18
4.
3.4
2.71
4.18
3.98
4.4
4.74
2.76
4.76
4.47
3.5
4.56
4.51
4.79
4.92
3.69
4.2
2.65
4.27
4.86
4.57
4.47
3.85
3.89
4.84
4.32
4.95
3.9
4.01
4.75
1.99
4.96
4.06
4.59
3.04
3.88
3.95
4.47
3.02
4.54
4.84
81
Appendix H: Foundation Letters of Inquiry
William and Flora Hewlett Foundation
The INVADERS Database System http://invader.dbs.umt.edu collates weed
distribution records to track historic spread of invasive plants in five Pacific Northwest states
(WA, OR, ID, MT, WY). The 122,000 records, starting in 1873, cover the 847 non-native (origin
outside North America) weeds known to have established self-maintaining populations in the
five state region. The distribution data are obtained from herbaria specimens, university based
weed identification labs, federal and state land management agencies, state and county weed
management agencies, scientific journals, and private plant collectors. Most of the distribution
records are from herbaria, and are obtained by going through the collection cases and typing the
information from the specimen labels. These raw data are converted to uniform format with
correct scientific names. Standard queries can be run by any user through the easy to use web
interface http://invader.dbs.umt.edu. Major graphic and tabular outputs include county resolution
maps of current distribution, time lapse maps of geographic range expansion, spread rate graphs,
exotic or noxious species lists by area, and record details for each species. Other output services
include species indexed links to ten thousand plus web pages with additional management and
ecological information, state/provincial noxious weed lists, and a number of minor services.
The goal of the proposed work is to expand the current five state coverage of the
INVADERS Database to include all the invasive plants in the ten other western states and
provinces comprising the geographic area of the Hewlett Foundation Protecting the West
program. These ten states and provinces (Utah, Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, British
Columbia, Alberta, Yukon Territory, Alaska, and California) have 143 herbaria with at least
11,958,953 total specimens and an estimated 5% yield of 597,947 exotic records. The 71
California herbaria hold more specimens (6,968,447) than the other nine states and provinces
combined (4,990,506). We would work with these herbaria and numerous smaller data sources to
capture and collate all the available invasive plant records for the entire western region. The
nomenclature for the western invasive flora would be updated to that utilized by the USDA
PLANTS database (Kartesz nomenclature). The INVADERS user interface would be improved
and additional output services added, including XML tagging so the data could be extracted by
biological diversity and conservation management search programs.
Weeds cross all jurisdictional and ownership boundaries. The wildland
ecosystems of western North America are being drastically altered by plant invasions.
Cheatgrass and other exotic annual grasses are altering fire regimes in Great Basin and
southwestern deserts. An annual grass-recurrent fire cycle has destroyed the multi-layered native
shrub canopies in millions of acres with cascading effects on other tropic levels. Saltcedar is
dominating the riparian corridors and shorelines of the American southwest. Yellow starthistle is
constraining recreation use of grasslands from California to Oregon. Monotypic stands of spotted
knapweed, leafy spurge, and other invasive forbs are displacing native plants, reducing wildlife
and livestock forage, and impairing dependent native species diversity. Many anthropogenic
disturbances of the western environment, such as pollution emissions or off road vehicle use, can
be stopped by legal, economic, and social-educational policies. However after a weed species
reaches an advanced stage in the invasion process it can no longer be “turned off”. That weed
and its impacts become permanent features of the landscape and the biota it supports.
Preservation of native ecosystems requires an initial understanding of the extent and severity of
the plant invasions process so scientist, educators, legislators, and policy makes can develop
appropriate responses.
82
The five northwest states version of INVADERS averages 10,000-17,000 page requests
per month. Although there are users from eastern North America other continents, the great
preponderance of users are in the Pacific Northwest region and the adjoining western states. I
anticipate that the use level will increase threefold in approximate proportion to the number of
states and provinces covered. Most (61%) of the resolvable page requests come from private
entities, but federal land management agencies, state governments, universities and other
research groups, conservation organizations, the military, and other agencies account for 29% of
the site usage. Email comments indicate that private citizens are using the site for self education
on the weed problem, such as guidance on what species they should not be planting in their
garden. Institutional and agency user applications include academic uses, applied ecological and
management research, risk assessments, environmental impact statements, and legal additions of
new species to state noxious weed lists. The single source availability of these collated historic
invasion data allow a large number of individuals and institutions to work on finding ways to
ameliorate the severity of the plant invasion phenomenon.
Cost estimate for ten state effort is $1,753,970. This budget estimate assumes that
the funding sponsor will not allow indirect costs. The $897K data acquisition cost (51% of total
costs) would be subcontracts with the cooperating institutions to reimburse their expenses for inhouse students and staff capturing the raw data from the specimen labels. The $749K personnel
and operating cost (49% of total costs) would be for University of Montana efforts to arrange and
administer 143 subcontracts, process raw data, resolve nomenclature questions, and modify the
existing program code, database structure, and the INVADERS user interface to allow input and
output of all ten sates species lists and distribution records. Significant improvements would be
made in the user interface and output services. The University of Montana personnel would be
the project director, a lead programmer, and a botanical database manager full time for a three
year project period. Estimated first year costs are $1,212,230 which include all data acquisition
subcontracts although some of these expenditures would not be completed until and the second
and third years of the project. Estimated second year costs are 274,104 and the third year costs
are estimated as $267,636.
83
Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
The INVADERS Database System http://invader.dbs.umt.edu collates weed distribution
records to track historic spread of invasive plants in five Pacific Northwest states (WA, OR, ID,
MT, WY). The current database of 122,227 records, starting in 1873, covers the 847 non-native
(origin outside North America) weeds known to have established self-maintaining populations in
the five state northwest region. The distribution data are obtained from herbaria specimens,
university based weed identification labs, federal and state land management agencies, state and
county weed management agencies, scientific journals, and private plant collectors. Most of the
distribution records are from herbaria, and are obtained by going through the collection cases and
typing the information from the specimen labels. These raw data are converted to uniform format
and linked to tables with correct scientific names, synonyms, common names, and legal
(noxious) status. Standard queries can be run by any user through the easy to use web interface.
Major graphic and tabular outputs include county resolution maps of current distribution, time
lapse maps of geographic range expansion, spread rate graphs, exotic or noxious species lists by
area, and record details for each species. The INVADERS Database System is unique in its
capability to display the temporal dimension of plant invasions as well as the spatial pattern.
Other output services include species indexed links to ten thousand plus web pages with
additional management and ecological information, state/provincial noxious weed lists and
agency contacts, and a number of minor services.
The goal of the proposed work is to expand the current five state coverage of the
INVADERS Database to include all the invasive plants in ten other states and provinces
comprising the western North America geographic area. These ten states and provinces (Utah,
Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, British Columbia, Alberta, Yukon Territory, Alaska,
and California) have 143 herbaria with at least 11,958,953 total specimens and an estimated 5%
yield of 597,947 exotic plant records. The 71 California herbaria hold more specimens
(6,968,447) than the other nine states and provinces combined (4,990,506). We would work with
these herbaria and numerous smaller data sources to capture and collate all the available invasive
plant records for the entire western region. The nomenclature for the western invasive flora
would be updated to that utilized by the USDA PLANTS database (Kartesz nomenclature). The
INVADERS user interface would be improved and additional output services added, including
capability for direct data download of standard query results and XML tagging so the data could
be extracted by biological diversity and conservation management search programs.
The five northwest states version of INVADERS averages 10,000-17,000 page requests
per month. These page requests are generated by an average of approximately 1,400 users per
month. Although there are users from eastern North America other continents, the great
preponderance of users are in the Pacific Northwest region and the adjoining western states. I
anticipate that the use level will increase threefold in approximate proportion to the number of
states and provinces covered. Most (61%) of the resolvable page requests come from private
entities, but federal land management agencies, state governments, universities and other
research groups, conservation organizations, the military, and other agencies account for 29% of
the site usage. Email comments indicate that private citizens are using the site for self education
on the weed problem, such as guidance on what species they should not be planting in their
garden. Institutional and agency user applications include classroom instruction, academic
research, applied ecological and management research, risk assessments, environmental impact
statements, and the rule making process for legal additions of new species to state noxious weed
lists. The single source availability of these collated historic invasion data allow a large number
84
of individuals and institutions to work on contributing ways to ameliorate the severity of the
plant invasion phenomenon.
The proposed work appears to be in good alignment with the Doris Duke Foundation
Environment Build Knowledge initiative and Environment Program strategic plan to. The
problem of invasive plants is recognized in the Invasive Species subsection. The web page for
the Invasive Species subsection http://www.biodiversitypartners.org/invasive/index.shtml
includes a link to the INVADERS Database System. I suggest that the INVADERS Database
system is one of the premier examples of how to “organize biological information and make it
more widely available and useful” as stated by the Biodiversity Partnership Information
Management subsection http://www.biodiversitypartners.org/infomanage/index.shtml. The Heinz
Center, a Doris Duke Biodiversity Information Partner, has chosen to use the INVADERS data
from the Pacific Northwest for two indices of invasive species in its forthcoming 2007 report
“State of the Nations Ecosystems”. Preservation of native ecosystems requires an initial
understanding of the extent and severity of the plant invasions process so scientist, educators,
land managers, legislators, and policy makes can develop appropriate responses.
The cost estimate for adding the ten stated/provinces is $1,753,970. This budget estimate
assumes that the funding sponsor will not allow indirect costs. The $897K data acquisition cost
(51% of total costs) would be subcontracts with the cooperating institutions to reimburse their
expenses for in-house students and staff capturing the raw data from the specimen labels. The
$749K personnel and operating cost (49% of total costs) would be for University of Montana
efforts to arrange and administer 143 subcontracts, process raw data, resolve nomenclature
questions, and modify the existing program code, database structure, and the INVADERS user
interface to allow input and output of all fifteen sates species lists and distribution records.
Significant improvements would be made in the user interface and output services. The
University of Montana personnel would be the project director (Peter Rice), a lead programmer,
and a botanical database manager full time for a three year project period. Estimated first year
costs are $1,212,230 which include all data acquisition subcontracts although some of these
expenditures would not be completed until and the second and third years of the project.
Estimated second year costs are 274,104 and the third year costs are estimated as $267,636.
85
George S. and Dolores Dore Eccles Foundation
The INVADERS Database project is part of the Division of Biological Sciences, at the
University of Montana. The director for the INVADERS Database project is Peter M. Rice.
The INVADERS Database System http://invader.dbs.umt.edu collates weed distribution
records to track historic spread of invasive plants in five Pacific Northwest states (WA, OR, ID,
MT, WY). The current database of 122,227 records, starting in 1873, covers the 847 non-native
(origin outside North America) weeds known to have established self-maintaining populations in
the five state northwest region. The distribution data are obtained from herbaria specimens,
university based weed identification labs, federal and state land management agencies, state and
county weed management agencies, scientific journals, and private plant collectors. Most of the
distribution records are from herbaria, and are obtained by going through the collection cases and
typing the information from the specimen labels. These raw data are converted to uniform format
and linked to tables with correct scientific names, synonyms, common names, and legal
(noxious) status. Standard queries can be run by any user through the easy to use web interface.
Major graphic and tabular outputs include county resolution maps of current distribution, time
lapse maps of geographic range expansion, spread rate graphs, exotic or noxious species lists by
area, and record details for each species. The INVADERS Database System is unique in its
capability to display the temporal dimension of plant invasions as well as the spatial pattern.
Other output services include species indexed links to ten thousand plus web pages with
additional species specific management and ecological information, state/provincial noxious
weed lists and agency contacts, and a number of minor services.
The goal of the proposed work is to extend the geographic coverage of the INVADERS
Database System to include Utah and Nevada. Utah has 13 herbaria which hold at least
1,122,481 plant specimens. Herbaria collections have an average of 5% exotics so the Utah
collections would yield approximately 56,124 non-native records. The 6 Nevada herbaria hold
199,114 specimens, a potential yield of 9,956 non-native records. The program code, database
structure, nomenclature tables, and web user interface would be modified to allow input and
output of the Utah and Nevada weed distribution records. We would work with these herbaria
and numerous smaller data sources to capture and collate all the available invasive plant records.
The individual institutions in Utah and Nevada have been contacted about providing access to
their collections and collaborating for this project. A positive response was received for 96.0% of
the total collection of specimens in Utah and 99.3% in Nevada. The remaining portions of the
state collections are at small institutions with limited or no staffing and have simply not
responded to our initial email and phone requests.
Preservation of native ecosystems requires an initial assessment of the extent and severity
of the plant invasions process so scientist, educators, land managers, legislators, and policy
makes can develop appropriate responses. The pooling of historic “weed” distribution data from
numerous sources across multiple states allows better understanding of the invasive plant
phenomenon in the western United States. There is a large but diffuse audience for these collated
weed distribution data. The five northwest states version of INVADERS averages 10,000-17,000
page requests per month. These page requests are generated by an average of approximately
1,400 users per month. Although there are users from eastern North America other continents,
the great preponderance of users are in the Pacific Northwest region and the adjoining western
states. Most (61%) of the resolvable page requests come from private entities, but federal land
management agencies, state governments, universities and other research groups, conservation
organizations, the military, and other agencies account for 29% of the site usage. Although Utah
is outside of the current coverage area Utah State and Brigham Young Universities have made
86
1,673 unique visits to INVADERS. Utah based visits would increase dramatically if we could
provide coverage for that state. Email comments indicate that private citizens are using the site
for self education on the weed problem, such as guidance on what species they should not be
planting in their garden. Institutional and agency user applications include classroom instruction,
academic research, applied ecological and management research, risk assessments,
environmental impact statements, and the rule making process for legal additions of new species
to state noxious weed lists. The single source availability of these collated historic invasion data
allow a large number of individuals and institutions to work on contributing ways to ameliorate
the severity of the plant invasion phenomenon.
Cost estimate for the Utah and Nevada effort is $225,714. This budget estimate assumes
that the funding sponsor will not allow indirect costs. The $99K data acquisition cost would be
subcontracts with the cooperating institutions ($84K Utah, $15K Nevada) to reimburse their
expenses for in-house students and staff capturing the raw data from the specimen labels. The
$113K personnel cost would be for University of Montana efforts to arrange and administer
subcontracts, process raw data, resolve nomenclature questions, and modify the existing program
code, database structure, and the INVADERS user interface to allow input and output of the
Utah and Nevada species lists and distribution records. The University of Montana personnel
would be just the project director (4 months per year) and a computer science graduate student
for a two year project period.
87