THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
I.) Early Efforts
- Leif Eriksson
- Irish monks
- Portuguese fishermen
- No follow-up
- Feudalism and the Great Chain of Being
- Fear of change
II.) Changes in Europe
- Black Death, 1348-1350
- Renaissance, late 1300s – 1600s
- Double-entry bookkeeping, banking, and usury
- Cosimo de' Medici, 1389-1464
- Artistic and cultural reawakening
- Science
- Deductive vs. inductive reasoning
- Seeing the world as it really is
- Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642
- Growth of nation states
- Spain, Fredinand & Isabella, 1492
- NATIONALISM
III.) New Technology
- Printing
- Gutenberg Bible, 1455
- Navigational instruments
- Compass
- Astrolabe
- Maritime technology
- Lateen sail
- Caravel
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IV.) Motive for Expansion
- Territorial expansion
- Spreading Christianity
- WEALTH
- Gold
- Silks, dyes, perfumes
- Spices
V.) Exploration and Trade
- Italian (Venetian) trade routes
- Portugal
- Prince Henry the Navigator, 1394-1460
- Bartholomeu Dias, 1488
- Vasco da Gama, 1498
VI.) Christopher Columbus
- Reach the East by sailing west
- 1492
- Hero or villain?
- The Columbian Exchange
- Plants
- Livestock
- Pests
- Disease
2
BRITISH SETTLEMENT
I.) Rationale
- Changes in England
- Six wives of Henry VIII
- Population growth
- Enclosure
- Rivalry between England and Spain
- Easy money(?)
II.) Roanoke, 1587-1590
- Followed Spanish model
- Sir Walter Raleigh
II.) Colonization in the South: Jamestown, 1607
- The profit motive
- The Joint-Stock Company
- "Gentlemen"
- Cultural divide
- The Starving Time
- Pocahontas
- Tobacco
- House of Burgesses, 1619
3
III.) Colonization in the North: Massachusetts
- The religious motive
- Separatists (Pilgrims)
- Plymouth, 1620
- Mayflower Compact
- Puritans
- Predestination
- The “Great Migration” to Massachusetts Bay, 1630
- Freedom, not tolerance
- John Winthrop
- "A Modell of Christian Charity"
- "City Upon a Hill"
- Town, Church, and Education
- Harvard, 1636
- Problems in paradise
- Roger Williams
- Ann Hutchinson
4
SERVANTS AND SLAVES
I.) Indentured Servants
- Bacon's Rebellion, 1676
- Nathaniel Bacon
- William Berkeley
- The rich vs. the poor: class conflict
II.) Slaves
- African society and culture
- The slave trade
- In Africa
- The "Middle Passage"
- In America
- The INSTITUTION of slavery
- Common in the South, rare in the North
- First religion, then race
- Established by 1640
- Slave Codes by 1660
5
WAR AND RELIGION IN NEW ENGLAND
I.) Land pressures
II.) King Philip's War, 1675
- Metacomet ("King Philip")
- Sign from God?
III.) Imperial Reorganization
- The Dominion of New England
- Sir Edmund Andros
- The Glorious Revolution, 1688
IV.) Loss of faith
- The “Halfway” covenant, 1662
- Women in the Church
V.) Salem Witchcraft Trials, 1692
- Adolescent girls & Tituba
- Spectral evidence
- Why?
6
UNIFYING FORCES
I.) The Great Awakening, 1735-1741
- Jonathan Edwards
- George Whitefield, 1739
- "Old Lights" vs. "New Lights"
- Idea of equality
- Common religious experience ***
II.) Economic Reforms
- Mercantilism
- Fixed amount of specie
- Zero-sum game
- Parent country & manufacturing
- Colonies and raw materials
- All for the good of the NATION
- Navigation Acts, 1651, 1660, 1663, 1673
- No foreign ships
- Enumerated articles
- Ship via England
- No colonial manufacturing
- Board of Trade & Plantations, 1696
- Problems of enforcement—“salutary neglect”
III.) War and the Economy
- King William's War, 1689-1697
- Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
- King George's War, 1744-1748
- French & Indian (Seven Years’) War, 1756-1763
- Colonel George Washington
7
IV.) The Legacy of the Seven Years’ War
- Colonial pride
- Less need for protection
- Barriers to westward expansion
- Pontiac's uprising, 1763
- The Proclamation of 1763
- With victory comes bankruptcy
8
TAXES AND IDEOLOGY
I.) Navigation Acts strictly enforced
II.) Sugar Act, 1764
- Sugar and Molasses Act of 1733
- "No taxation without representation"
- Actual representation
- Virtual representation
III.) Stamp Act, 1765
- Reactions
- Patrick Henry—Stamp Act Resolves
- Loyal Nine—Boston
- Sons of Liberty
- Nonimportation Association
- Repealed in 1766
- Declaratory Act
IV.) Townshend Act, 1767
- Charles Townshend
- Paper, paint, glass, lead, and tea
- Reactions
- John Dickinson, “Letters from a Farmer in
Pennsylvania”
- Daughters of Liberty
- Repealed in 1770 (except duty on tea)
- TOO LATE
V.) Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770
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VI.) The effect of the Enlightenment
- Human beings are basically good
- Not condemned by original sin
- Reason
- Tolerance
- The scientific method
- Empiricism
- The social contract
- The state of nature
- The need for government
- René Descartes, 1596-1650
- Discourse on Method, 1637
- Epistemology (the theory of knowledge)
- Assume nothing, doubt everything
- “Cogito, ergo sum”
- John Locke, 1632-1704
- Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, 1669
- The Two Treatises of Government, 1689
- “no one ought to harm another in his life, health,
liberty, or possessions”
- Contract theory of government
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778
- Disliked the aristocracy
- Fear of moral decay
- Most original thinker of the Enlightenment
- The Social Contract, 1762
- Freedom vs. self-preservation
- Equal sacrifice of freedom, in order to obtain an
equal measure of liberty
- Equality of responsibility
10
FINAL STEPS TO INDEPENDENCE
I.) The Boston Tea Party
- Tea Act of 1773
- Samuel Adams
- December 16, 1773
II.) Parliament responds
- Coercive (Intolerable) Acts
- Boston port closed
- Massachusetts Government Act
- Justice Act
- Quartering Act
- Quebec Act
III.) First Continental Congress
- September 1774
- 55 delegates
- define American grievances
- plan of resistance
- relationship to England**
- Declaration of Rights and Grievances
IV.) Lexington and Concord
- General Thomas Gage
- Paul Revere, William Dawes
- Samuel Prescot
- April 19, 1775
11
V.) Second Continental Congress
- May 1775
- Bunker Hill, June 1775
- Thomas Paine, Common Sense, January 1776
- Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776
- Divided loyalties
- Loyalists
- Patriots
- Neutrals
VI.) The Important Battles
- Battle of Trenton, December 26, 1776
- Saratoga, October 17, 1777
- Franco-American Alliance, 1778
- Valley Forge, 1777-1778
- The war moves south
- Yorktown, October 19, 1781
VII.) Treaty of Paris, 1783
12
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
I.) First American government: created the united States of America
- Legislature: The Continental Congress
- Unicameral legislature
- One vote per state
- Diplomacy
- Borrow and print money
- Valuation of money
- Indian trade
- Resolution of disputes between states
- Control of maritime commerce
- NO executive branch
II.) Successes
- Helped win the Revolutionary War
- Northwest Ordinance, 1787
- New states equal
- Freedom of religion
- Trial by jury
- No slavery
III.) Failures
- Government by committee
- Unanimous consent for amendments
- No power to tax
- Unable to enforce the Treaty of Paris
- Encroachment on Indian lands
- States’ rights run amok
- Shays' Rebellion, 1786-1787
IV.) Time for Something New
- Too much freedom, at the expense of liberty
13
THE CONSTITUTION
I.) The Miracle at Philadelphia
- Democratic vision
- Elite vision
- Men of substance
- George Washington
- Benjamin Franklin
- Alexander Hamilton
- James Madison ***
II.) The Virginia Plan
- Bicameral legislature
- Proportional representation
- Congress to elect the executive
- Congress able to veto state laws
- National judiciary
- Power to the NATION
III.) New Jersey Plan
- Modification of the Articles of Confederation
- Unicameral legislature
- Equal representation
- Weak executive, elected by the people
- Power to the STATES
14
IV.) The Great Compromise
- Legislative
- A legislature of the elites (Senate)
- A legislature of the people (House of Representatives)
- Executive
- Strong executive
- Judicial
- The Supreme Court and lesser federal courts
- An independent judiciary
V.) The Other Details
- The 3/5ths compromise
- Slavery?
- September 17, 1787
- Checks and balances
- Flexibility
- Strong central government
- United States of America
VI.) Ratification
- Federalists
- “Anti-Federalists”
- The rights of states
- The rights of individuals
- “We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect
Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for
the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the
Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and
establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”
- A bill of rights
- New York & Virginia, 1788
- Rhode Island, 1790
15
VII.) The Aftermath of Ratification
- REDUCED democracy
- Not revolutionary, but counter-revolutionary
- Restrictions of suffrage
- Indirect election of Senators
- The Electoral College
- Minority rule
- The creation of the United States of America
- A strong, flexible government
- “promote the general welfare” (Preamble)
- “The Congress shall have power . . . To make all laws which
shall be necessary and proper . . .” (Article I, section 8)
VIII.) The Bill of Rights, 1791
- One example: religion and government
- Just how “Christian” were the founding fathers?
- “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . . .” (First
Amendment)
- Faith vs. Organized Religion
- Deism
- Product of the Enlightenment
- Belief in rational faith
- Rejection of miraculous or supernatural events
- God the architect, God the watchmaker
- Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom, 1779, 1786
- Jefferson’s Letter to the Danbury Baptists, 1802
- Lemon v. Kurtzman, 1971
- “A secular legislative purpose”
- May not either advance or inhibit religion
- Limitations on government “entanglement” with religion
16
ANDREW JACKSON
I.) Andrew Jackson's Life
- 1767 - 1845
- Revolutionary War experience, hated the British
- Studied law
- Socially insecure
- Indian Wars
- Battle of New Orleans, 1815
II.) Jacksonian Democracy
- Increased political participation
- Restoration of Revolutionary democracy
- Limited government
- Strong executive—use of the veto
III.) Nullification Crisis
- Tariffs
- "Tariff of Abominations", 1828
- John C. Calhoun
- Exposition and Protest, 1828
- The Hayne – Webster Debate, 1830
- Robert Hayne (South Carolina)
- Daniel Webster (Massachusetts)
- Slavery
- Tariff of 1832
- Both sides correct (?)
IV.) The Second Bank of the United States
- The First Bank of the United States, 1791-1811
- Alexander Hamilton
- The Second Bank, 1816-1836
- Nicholas Biddle
- Enemies of the bank
- Issue in 1832 election
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V.) Indian Removal
- Constitutional status of Native peoples
- Sovereign, dependent nations
- Supreme Court & Indian rights
- Worcester v. Georgia, 1832
- Trail of Tears, 1837-1838
VI.) Jackson's Legacy
- A man of the people
or
- A member of the southern elite
- "Old Hickory"
or
- A Christian humanitarian
- Weak government
or
- Strong government
- A man of contradictions
18
THE “PECULIAR INSTITUTION”
I.) January 1, 1808 – ban on importation
II.) Eli Whitney and the cotton gin
III.) The Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820)
- Missouri, 1819
- 11 slave & 11 free
- Henry Clay
- Missouri and Maine
- 36 degrees, 30 minutes
IV.) The Antebellum South
- Myth vs. reality
- Wealthy planters
- Paternalism
- Yeoman farmers
V.) African-American Society in the South
- Free Blacks
- Slaves
- Living and working conditions
- Forms of resistance
- Active resistance
- Stono Rebellion, 1739
- Gabriel’s Conspiracy, 1800
- Denmark Vessey, 1822
- Nat Turner, 1831
- Flight
- Truancy
- The Underground Railroad
- Passive resistance
19
BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY
I.) Encouraging Business Growth
- The Constitution
- Stable government
- Rights of property
- Patent and copyright laws
- Bankruptcy laws
- Tariffs
- Commerce Clause
- Congress shall have the power "To regulate Commerce
with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and
with the Indian Tribes” (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3)
II.) Business and Government
- Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists
- Assumption of state debts
- (First) Bank of the United States, 1791-1811
- The War of 1812
- Henry Clay and the American System
- Internal improvements
- The common good
- Is it constitutional?
- Regionalism, sectionalism, and states’ rights
III.) Four “Revolutions”
- The Agrarian Revolution
- McCormick harvester, 1834
- The Communications Revolution
- Telegraphy
- Samuel F. B. Morse, “inventor”
- The Post Office
- The Transportation Revolution
- Canals
- Railroads
- The Industrial Revolution
- The PHYSICAL process
20
- New sources of power
- The SOCIAL process
- The factory system
- Division of labor
IV.) Case Study: The Textile Industry
- The putting-out system
- Samuel Slater
- Francis Cabot Lowell and the Boston Associates
V.) The New Industrial Workforce
- Children
- Women – the “Lowell Girls”
VI.) Changing Work Habits
- The old way – the libertine culture
- The new way – clocks and “wage slavery”
VII.) Effects of Industrialization
- More and cheaper goods
- Managerial techniques
- Rich vs. poor (class conflict)
- worker alienation from the process of production
- “Reforming” the worker
- Exacerbated North vs. South divisions
21
RELIGION AND REFORM
I.) The Second Great Awakening
- 1790s-1850s
- The "Burned-Over District"
- Millenarian movements
- Search for perfection
- An age of reform
- Slave Christianity
II.) An Age of Reform
- Education reform
- Prison reform
- Health reform
- Mental health reform
- Temperance reform
22
III.) Abolition
- Three overriding issues:
- Abolitionists are "racist"
- Abolitionists are in the minority
- Abolitionists view slavery as a threat to white society
- Quakers, late 1700s
- “Free People of Color”
- Frederick Douglass
- Harriet Tubman
- Sojourner Truth (Isabella Baumfree)
- David Walker's “Appeal”
- American Colonization Society, 1816
- William Lloyd Garrison
- Immediate emancipation
- The Liberator, 1831
- American Anti-Slavery Society, 1833
- Feminist
- Women and the abolition movement
- The domestic sphere
- Petitions
- Economic activism
- Sarah and Angelina Grimke
- South Carolina elites
- Appeal to the Christian Women of the South
(1836)
- Address to the Massachusetts legislature, 1838
- Philadelphia Antislavery Convention, 1838
- Southern reactions to abolitionism
- Restrictions on free speech
- The Gag Rule, 1836-1844
- "Scientific" slavery
- Phrenology
- Slavery as a “positive good”
- Slavery vs. “wage slavery”
- Overreactions and conspiracy theories
- Fears of miscegenation
- Belief in a northern abolitionist conspiracy
23
MANIFEST DESTINY
I.) The Concept
- John L. O'Sullivan, 1839
- Divinely ordained expansion
- Western land
- Cure for poverty and overcrowding
- National security
- Extension of democracy
- National pride ***
II.) "Oregon Fever"
- Oregon Trail
- Joint occupancy with Great Britain
- "54 40 or fight", 1843
- 49th parallel, 1846
III.) Texas
-
Americans in Mexico
The Alamo, 1836
Battle of San Jacinto, 1836
The Lone Star Republic
Annexation and slavery
Statehood, 1845
IV.) The Mexican War, 1846-1848
- Rio Nueces or Rio Grande?
- U.S. troops in Mexico
- Limited support for the war
- Henry David Thoreau, Civil Disobedience, 1848
- Capture of Mexico City, 1847
- Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, February 1848
- Territorial expansion
- Natural resources
- Expansion of slavery (?)
24
SECTIONALISM
I.) Effects of the Mexican War
II.) Popular Sovereignty
- Election of 1848
- Free Soil Party
III.) Compromise of 1850
- California, 15 vs. 15
- Henry Clay, Stephen Douglas
- California a free state
- Set boundaries of Texas
- Popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah territories
- No slave trade in Washington DC
- The federal Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
IV.) Anthony Burns, 1854
V.) Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852
- Harriet Beecher Stowe
- Refutation of southern propaganda
VI.) "Bleeding Kansas"
- Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
- Role of Stephen Douglas
- Popular sovereignty, again
- The Republican Party
- All hell breaks loose
- John Brown, 1856
- Pottawatomie Massacre, May 1856
- Charles Sumner, 1856
25
VII.) Dred Scott, 1857
- Role of the Supreme Court
- The decision
- Not a U.S. citizen
- Not free
- Congress cannot prohibit slavery***
- Missouri Compromise destroyed
- Can slavery be contained?
VIII.) Harper's Ferry, October 1859
- John Brown, again
- Arming the slaves
- Fanatic or genius?
- "The meteor of the war"
IX.) Abraham Lincoln
- The "Great Emancipator"?
- Lincoln the “racist”
- Against the EXPANSION of slavery
- Lincoln-Douglas debates, 1858
- Election of 1860
- Abraham Lincoln, Republican
- Stephen Douglas, Democrat
- John C. Breckenridge, Democrat
- John Bell, Constitutional Union
X.) Secession
- South Carolina, December 20, 1860
- First round of secession
- South Carolina
- Mississippi
- Florida
- Alabama
- Georgia
- Louisiana
- Texas
- Is it treason?
26
27
THE CIVIL WAR BEGINS
I.) The Interregnum
- President James Buchanan
- Lincoln inaugurated, March 1861
 Must keep Maryland in the Union
 Suspension of the writ of habeas corpus
 Restrictions on free speech
II.) Fort Sumter
- Charleston harbor
- April 12, 1861
III.) Southern Response - 2nd Secession
- Virginia
- West Virginia
- Arkansas
- Tennessee
- North Carolina
IV.) The Confederate States of America
- President Jefferson Davis
V.) Manassas (Bull Run), July 21, 1861
- Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson
- Reassessment
28
VI.) The South
- Motivations:
- States rights
- Preserve individual freedom
- Leave us alone
- Advantages:
- Defensive war
- Population united
- Better fighters (?)
- King Cotton
- Disadvantages:
- Smaller population
- Can't arm slaves
- Little industry
- States rights
VII.) The North
- Motivations:
- Preserve the Union
- Teach the South a lesson
- Advantages:
- Larger population
- Industry and transportation
- Established nation
- Disadvantages:
- Little unity
- Offensive war
- Military incompetence
- Gen. George McClellan
VIII.) The Great National Tragedy
- Brother vs. brother
- Why go to war?
- The world watches
29
THE CIVIL WAR, PART II
I.) Union Strategy:
- Blockade
- New Orleans, April 1862
- Divide the South in Half
- Control of the Mississippi River
- Battle of Shiloh, April 6-7, 1862
- Fall of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863
- General Ulysses S. Grant
- General William Tecumseh Sherman
- “On to Richmond”
- Seven Days Campaign, June & July 1862
- Gen. Robert E. Lee
- Battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862
II.) The Emancipation Proclamation
- The problem with emancipation
- “Colored Troops”
- Effect on Great Britain
- Need for a victory
- Antietam, September 22, 1862
- “That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves
within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof
shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then,
thenceforward, and forever free . . .”
- Freedom?
- 13th Amendment, 1865
III.) Gettysburg, July, 1863
30
IV.) The Tide Turns
- Grant and a war of attrition
- The Virginia Campaign, 1864
- The Wilderness
- Spotsylvania
- Cold Harbor
- Petersburg trenches, June 1864
V.) The March to the Sea
- The Burning of Atlanta, September 1-2, 1864
- William Tecumseh Sherman
- "Total War"
VI.) Appomattox, April 9, 1865
VII.) Lincoln assassinated
- April 14, 1865
- John Wilkes Booth
VIII.) Total defeat and the “Lost Cause”
31
RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1877
I.) The Context of Reconstruction
- Total defeat of the South
- Largest loss of “property” in American history
- Wandering the roads
II.) The Lincoln Plan
- With malice toward none, with charity for all, ...let us strive on to
finish the work we are in, ...to do all which may achieve and
cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all
nations. Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4,
1865
- Executive control
- 10% loyalty oath
- Benefits for some African Americans
III.) The Andrew Johnson Plan
- Similar to Lincoln Plan
- Repudiated Confederate war debts
- Rich southerners disqualified
- Presidential pardons
- State constitutional conventions
- Option of African-American participation
32
IV.) The Congressional Plan
- Radical Republicans
- The Civil Rights Act of 1866
- 14th Amendment, 1866, 1868
- Nullified Confederate debt
- Restricted government officials
- Citizenship rights
- The Reconstruction Act of 1867
- All southern states except Tennessee
- Military districts and marshal law
- Whites AND blacks at state conventions
- States forced to accept the 14th Amendment
- The impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 1868
- The Tenure of Office Act, 1867
V.) Temporary political gains
- New state constitutional conventions/governments
- Local and state offices
- The Civil Rights Act of 1875
- National government
- Hiram R. Revels and Blanche K. Bruce
- Image vs. reality
33
VI.) Reestablishing the Old Order
- Goals of white supremacy
- Absolute control
- Destruction of the Republican Party
- Captive labor force
- Prevention of economic self-sufficiency
- Prevention of access to education
- Prevention of miscegenation
- Economic control
- Sharecropping
- Crop lien
- “Debt Peonage”
- Political Control
- The “Black Codes”
- Disenfranchisement
- Poll taxes
- Property qualifications
- Literacy tests
- The Grandfather Clause
- Segregation
- The Slaughter-House Cases, 1873
- Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
- “Separate but equal”
- Organized violence
- The Knights of the White Camellia
- The Ku Klux Klan
- Hundreds of others
- The Anti-Klan and Force Acts, 1870-1871
- Lynching
VII.) Rapprochement
VIII.) The End of Reconstruction
- 1876 Presidential election
- Rutherford B. Hayes, Rep.
- Samuel Tilden, Dem.
- 1877
34