Exam Notes-I
Chapter 3. Prokaryotic cell structure and function

Size, shape, and arrangement

The cytoplasmic membrane
-The fluid mosaic model
– bacterial and archaeal

The cytoplasmic matrix
-inclusion bodies
-ribosomes
-the nucleoid
-plasmids

The bacterial cell wall
-peptidoglycan in Gram positive and Gram negative organisms (NAM and NAG
structural feature, nature of the bond, cross-linkages)
-teichoic acid
-outer membrane in Gram negative organisms
- lipopolysaccharide

Archaeal cell walls
-peptidoglycan and pseudopeptidoglycan (NAG and N-acetyltalosaminuronic
acid, nature of the bond in archaea)

Components external to the cell wall
-capsule, slime layer, or glycocalyx
-pili and fimbriae
-flagella and cell motility
-Chemotaxis
Chapter 5. Microbial Nutrition and Transport

The common nutrient requirements
-macronutrients and micronutrients or trace elements


Requirements for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and electrons
Nutritional types of microorganisms (Table 5.1 and Table 5.2)

Requirements for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

Growth factors

Nutrient Transport mechanisms: Passive processes and Active processes
-simple diffusion, Osmosis, facilitated diffusion
-active transport (symport and antiport mechanisms)
-ABC transporters
-group translocation (phosphoenol: phosphotransferase system)
-iron uptake system

Culture media
-defined and complex
-enriched, selective, and differential

Isolation of pure culture techniques
Chapter 6. Microbial Growth

Chromosome replication and Partitioning
-cytokinesis
-DNA replication in rapidly growing cells

The growth curve (lag, exponential, stationary, death)

The mathematics of growth (doubling time calculations)

The continuous culturing (the Chemostat)

Measurement of microbial growth (direct and indirect methods)
Direct measurements
- total cell counting with Petroff-Hausser chamber and microscope
- membrane filtration and microscope
- viable counting method using spread plate and pour plating (also see
chapter 5 (pp 113-117)
- membrane filtration technique with plates
Indirect measurements
- turbidity measurements (optical density measurement)
- measurement of cell mass (dry weight, ATP, RNA, chlorophyll)
Environmental effects on microbial growth
-
Solutes and water activity
pH
-
Temperature
Oxygen concentration
Pressure
Radiation
Chapter 7: Microbial Control

Definition of the terms: Disinfections, disinfecantant, antisepsis, antiseptics,
germicide, bactericide, fungicide, algicide, virivcide, bacteriostatic, fungistatic


The pattern of microbial death
Conditions influencing the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents

The use of physical methods in microbial control.
Heat
- Thermal death time (TDT)
- Decimal reduction time (D)
- z-value
The Pasteurization:
-
Pasteurization
Flash pasteurization
Ultrahigh-temperature sterilization
Low Temperatures
Filtration
Radiation
1. Ultra violet radiation
2. Ionizing radiaiton

The Use of chemical Agents in microbial control
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Phenolics
Alcohols
Halogens
Heavy metals
Quaternary ammonium compounds: Detergents
Sterilizing gases
Evaluating antimicrobial agent effectiveness
Chapter 8: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation



An overview of metabolism
Free energy and reactions
The role of ATP in metabolism

Oxidation-reduction reactions, electron carriers, and electron transport systems
- What is oxidation and reduction?
- What are electron donors and acceptors?
- Oxidation half-reaction and reduction half reaction
- Redox couples
-
Estimation of free-energy (ΔG˚΄) based on reduction potential difference
(ΔE˚΄) using ΔG˚΄ -nFΔ E΄


Electron carriers:
- NAD, FMN, and FAD
- Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone)
- Cytochromes
- Non-heme iron proteins
Enzymes:
-Basics enzymes
-The mechanism of enzymes reactions
-Effect of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on enzyme activity
-Enzyme inhibition (competitive, non-competitive, and feedback
inhibition