Review for Third Exam:
Chapter 16
Neutralization (acid-base) reactions; strong acid-strong base; strong acid-weak base, and weak
acid-strong base neutralization
Buffers; definition; how buffers work; buffer reactions
Calculations involving buffers
The Henderson equation and its uses
Titration and titration calculations; equivalence point
Indicators; acid-base properties of indicators; end point of titration; choice of indicators in
titrations
Strong acid-strong base titration; strong acid-weak base titration; strong base-weak acid titration
Relationship between pH at half-equivalence point and pKa or pKb
Titration curve for polyprotic acids
Soluble and insoluble
Solubility product (Ksp), definition
Relationship between solubility product, molar solubility, and solubility by mass
Use of the solubility product in calculations
Factors affecting solubility (temperature, pH, common ion effect)
Solubility and the reaction quotient; unsaturated, saturated, supersaturated
Selective precipitation
Complex ion formation
Chapter 17
Review of thermodynamics - work, heat, internal energy, enthalpy
Sign conventions; state functions
First law of thermodynamics
Spontaneous processes; the need for a second law for thermodynamics
Entropy (S), properties and interpretation of entropy
Ssyst, Ssurr, Suniv
The second law of thermodynamics and its meaning
Finding Ssyst, Ssurr, Suniv for chemical reactions
Entropy for solids, liquids, and gases
Qualitative prediction of Ssyst for chemical reactons
Trends in entropy based on size of molecules, dissolving substances in solvents
The third law of thermodynamics
Free energy (G); definition of free energy
Relationship between G and spontaneous processes (for T, p constant)
Method for calculating Grxn
Find Teq for processes; finding the range of temperatures for which processes are spontaneous
Definition of the thermodynamic reaction quotient (Q) and equilibrium constant (K)
Free energy change for non-standard conditions
Use of thermodynamic data to find the value for K (equilibrium constant)