1
Axial Skeleton: Skull and Vertebrae - 1
I. Axial Skeleton = 88 bones
A. Skull = 28 bones
1. cranium = 14 bones
a. frontal (1)
b. parietal (2)
c. temporal (2)
d. occipital (1)
e. sphenoid (1)
f. ethmoid (1)
g. ossicles (6)
2. face = 14 bones
a. nasal (2)
b. lacrimal (2)
c. maxillae (2)
d. zygomatic (2)
e. palatine (2)
f. inferior concha (2)
g. vomer (1)
h. mandible (1)
B. Vertebrae = 32 bones
C. Sternum = 3 bones
D. Ribs = 24 bones
E. Hyoid = 1 bone
2
II. Cranium - * better view on next page
A. Frontal bone (1)
1. zygomatic process
2. glabella
B. Parietal bones (2)
1. coronal suture
2. sagittal suture
3. lambdoidal suture
4. temporal (squamosal) suture
C. Occipital bone (1)
1. inion process
2. superior nuchal line
3. inferior nuchal line
4. foramen magnum*
5. occipital condyle
6. basilar portion*
7. pharyngeal tubercle
8. hypoglossal canal*
D. Temporal bones (2)
1. external auditory meatus
2. zygomatic process
3. mandibular fossa
4. styloid process
5. mastoid process and notch
6. stylomastoid foramen
7. pharyngotympanic tube
8. carotid canal*
9. jugular foramen*
10. petrous region*
11. internal auditory meatus*
E. Sphenoid bone (1)
1. greater wing*
2. lesser wing*
3. sella turcica*
4. optic foramen*
5. inferior orbital fissure
6. superior orbital fissure*
7. foramen rotundum*
8. foramen ovale*
9. foramen spinosum*
10. foramen lacerum*
11. medial pterygoid plate
a. pterygoid hamulus
12. lateral pterygoid plate
F. Ethmoid bone (1)
1. cribriform plate*
2. crista galli*
3. perpendicular plate
4. superior concha
5. middle concha
3
G. Cranial interior - base/floor (calvaria = skullcap)
cranial fossae
1. anterior cranial fossa - formed
by frontal, ethmoid, and
sphenoid bones for frontal lobe.
2. middle cranial fossa - formed
by sphenoid, temporal, and
parietal bones for temporal lobe.
3. posterior cranial fossa - formed
by temporal, occipital, and
parietal bones for cerebellum.
frontal bone
4. orbital plate
ethmoid bone
5. cribriform plate
6. crista galli
sphenoid bone
7. greater wing
8. lesser wing
9. sella turcica
10. anterior clinoid process
11. posterior clinoid process
12. optic foramen
13. superior orbital fissure
14. foramen rotundum
15. foramen ovale
16. foramen spinosum
17. foramen lacerum - formed
between the sphenoid
and temporal bones.
temporal bone
18. petrous portion
19. carotid canal
20. internal acoustic meatus
21. jugular foramen - formed
between temporal and
occipital bones.
occipital bone
22. foramen magnum
23. hypoglossal canal
24. basilar portion
25. cerebellar fossa
4
III. Facial Bones
A. Vomer bone (1) - forms choana
B. Inferior nasal conchae (2)
C. Nasal bones (2)
D. Lacrimal bones (2)
E. Maxillary bones (2)
1. frontal process
2. palatine process
3. zygomatic process
4. alveolar processes
5. anterior nasal spine
F. Palatine bones (2)
1. posterior nasal spine
G. Zygomatic bones (2)
1. frontal process
2. temporal process
3. maxillary process
H. Mandible (1)
1. head and condyle
2. neck
3. coronoid process
4. mandibular notch
5. ramus - proximal
6. body - distal
7. mental spines
8. digastric fossa
9. mylohyoid line
10. angle
11. oblique line
IV. Hyoid Bone (1)
A. floating bone
1. body
2. lesser horn (cornu)
3. greater horn (cornu)
5
V. Vertebral Column
A. Divisions
1. cervical - 7
2. thoracic - 12
3. lumbar - 5
4. sacrum - 5 fused
5. coccyx - 3-5 fused
B. Curvatures
1. lordosis - cervical and lumbar
2. kyphosis - thoracic and sacrum
3. scoliosis - abnormal lateral
C. Typical vertebrae structure (T5)
1. body
2. pedicle
3. transverse process (TP)
4. superior articular process/facet
5. inferior articular process/facet
6. superior vertebral notch
7. inferior vertebral notch
8. intervertebral foramen
9. lamina
10. spinous process (SP)
11. vertebral canal (foramen)
12. intervertebral disc
6
D. Typical features of the vertebral regions
1. cervical vertebrae
a. small
b. articular facets - transverse plane
c. vertebral canal - ovoid
d. transverse foramen - vertebral artery
enters C6, not C7!
e. bifid spinous process
f. resembles racoon-head
2. thoracic vertebrae
a. SP downward
b. resembles giraffe-head
c. articular facets - frontal plane
d. costovertebral facets
1) whole costovertebral facet
2) superior costovertebral demifacet
3) inferior costovertebral demifacet
e. costotransverse facet
3. lumbar vertebrae
a. large
b. resembles moose-head
c. articular facets - sagittal plane
d. mammillary process
4. sacral-coccygeal vertebrae
a. fusion
b. kyphotic curve
E. Atypical vertebrae
7
1. C1: Atlas
a. anterior arch with anterior tubercle
b. no body
c. posterior arch with posterior tubercle (no SP)
d. 2 lateral masses with superior and
inferior articulating facets.
2. C2: Axis
a. dens (odontoid process) = missing C1 body
b. pivot for C1
c. has body to articulate with C3
d. massive bifid SP
3. C7: Vertebral prominens - has prominent SP
4. T1:
1 complete costovertebral facet
1 inferior costovertebral demifacet
5. T2-8:
1 superior costovertebral demifacet
1 inferior costovertebral demifacet
6. T9:
1 superior costovertebral demifacet
no inferior costovertebral demifacet
7. T10:
1 complete costovertebral facet
Pattern delay: T10 can appear like T9
Costotransverse facets: from T1-10
8. T11-12:
1 complete costovertebral facet
no costotransverse facet (floating ribs!)
9. L5:
has a massive body, thicker ventrally
8
F. Atlas vertebrae (C1)
1. anterior arch
2. anterior tubercle
3. facet for dens
4. transverse process
5. transverse foramen
6. superior articular facet
7. inferior articular facet
8. posterior arch
9. posterior tubercle
10. vertebral canal
G. Axis vertebrae (C2)
1. dens (odontoid process)
2. body
3. pedicle
4. transverse process
5. transverse foramen
6. superior articular facet
7. inferior articular facet
8. lamina
9. bifid spinous process
10. vertebral canal
9
H. C4 vertebrae
1. body
2. pedicle
3. transverse process
a. anterior tubercle
b. posterior tubercle
4. transverse foramen
5. superior articular facet
6. inferior articular facet
7. lamina
8. bifid spinous process
9. vertebral canal
10. groove for C5 spinal nerve
I. T5 vertebrae
1. body
2. pedicle
3. transverse process
4. costotransverse facet
5. superior costovertebral demifacet
6. inferior costovertebral demifacet
7. superior articular facet
8. inferior articular facet
9. superior vertebral notch
10. inferior vertebral notch
11. lamina
12. spinous process
13. vertebral canal
10
J. T1 and T9-12 atypical vertebrae
1. costovertebral facets for ribs 1, 10, 11, 12
2. costovertebral demifacets for ribs 2 and 9
3. costotransverse facets for ribs 1, 9, 10
4. superior articular facet
5. inferior articular facet
6. intervertebral foramen
K. L3 vertebrae
1. body
2. pedicle
3. transverse process
4. superior articular facet
5. inferior articular facet
6. mammillary process
7. accessory process
8. superior vertebral notch
9. inferior vertebral notch
10. lamina
11. spinous process
12. vertebral canal
Sacralization of L5 - about 5% of
people have L5 partly or completely
fused to sacrum.
Lumbarization of S1 - about 5% of
people have S1 partly or completely
separated from sacrum; creates a
bifid S-I joint.
11
L. Sacrum
1. bodies
2. sacral promontory
3. superior articular facets
4. sacral ala
5. auricular surface
6. ventral foramina
7. dorsal foramina
8. median crest
9. intermediate crest
10. lateral crest
11. sacral hiatus (canal)
M. Coccyx
1. articular facet for S5 body
2. cornua
3. transverse process
4. exit for Co1 spinal nerve
12
Axial Skeleton: Sternum and Rib Bones - 2
I. Rib Cage = bony thorax
A. Thoracic boundaries
1. superior aperture - manubrium, rib 1, T1 vertebrae
2. anterior wall - sternal body, costal cartilage, ribs 1-7
3. lateral wall - body of ribs
4. posterior wall - pulmonary sulcus
5. inferior aperture - xiphoid process, inferior sternal body, costal cartilages of ribs 7-10,
ribs 11+12, T12 vertebrae, and diaphragm.
B. Sternum
1. manubrium - “handle to sword”
a. jugular (sternal) notch
b. clavicular notches
c. costal facets for ribs 1-2
d. sternal angle
2. body - gladiolus “sword”
a. costal facets for ribs 2-7
3. xiphoid process
a. infrasternal notch
13
C. Ribs - 12 pairs
1. rib structure
a. head
b. superior demifacet
c. inferior demifacet
d. neck
e. articulating tubercle - smooth
f. nonarticulating tubercle - rough
g. shaft/body
h. angle
i. costal cartilage
j. costal groove
k. nutrient foramen
l. superior and inferior borders
m. inner and outer surfaces
14
2. types of ribs - ribs increase in size until rib 7 and then they decrease in size
a. vertebrosternal (true) ribs - 7 pairs (ribs 1-7)
1) rib 1 articulates to manubrium
2) rib 2 articulates with manubrium and sternal body
3) ribs 3-7 articulate with the sternal body
b. vertebrochondral (false) ribs - 3 pairs (ribs 8-10)
c. vertebral (floating) ribs - 2 pairs (ribs 11-12)
3. infrasternal (costal) angle - angle between lateral inferior rib cage to xiphoid
4. supernumerary ribs - sometimes C7 or L1 ribs can be present
15
5. atypical ribs
a. rib 1 - smallest, shortest, horizontal
1) scalene tubercle
2) groove for subclavian artery
3) groove for subclavian vein
4) complete facet - match complete costovertebral facet
5) articulating tubercle - match costotransverse facet
b. rib 2 - small (2 times the size of rib 1), horizontal
1) tuberosity for the 2nd digitation of serratus anterior
2) superior demifacet - match superior costovertebral demifacet
3) inferior demifacet - match inferior costovertebral demifacet
4) articulating tubercle - match costotransverse facet
c. ribs 10
1) complete facet - match complete costovertebral facet
2) articulating tubercle - match costotransverse facet
d. ribs 11-12 - floating ribs
1) complete facets - match complete costovertebral facet
2) no articulating tubercles - no costotransverse facets to match these
6. typical ribs
c. ribs 3-9
1) superior demifacets - match inferior costovertebral demifacets
2) inferior demifacets - match superior costovertebral demifacets
3) articulating tubercles - match costotransverse facets
D. Thoracic vertebrae - 12 pairs
16
Appendicular Skeleton: Shoulder Girdle and Arm Bones - 3
I. Divisions of the Skeletal System - includes number of “named” bones
Traditional
Count
New
Count
80 bones
88 bones
28 bones
28 bones
1 bone
1 bone
3. vertebrae
26 bones
(sacrum = 1;
Co = 1)
32 bones*
(sacrum = 5;
Co = 3)
4. sternum
1 bone
3 bones*
(counts
manubrium,
body, and
xiphoid)
24 bones
24 bones
126 bones
130 bones
4 bones
4 bones
2. UE bones includes
8 carpals.
60 bones
60 bones
3. pelvic girdle
2 bones
(os coxae)
6 bones*
(counts ilium
ischium,
and pubis
of os coxae)
4. LE bones includes
7 tarsals and
patella.
60 bones
60 bones
206 bones
218 bones
A. Axial skeleton
1. skull - includes
6 ossicles.
2. hyoid bone
5. ribs
B. Appendicular skeleton
1. pectoral girdle includes clavicle
and scapula.
Total =
17
II. Shoulder Girdle - pectoral girdle
A. Clavicle - collar bone
general features
- long bone with no medullary cavity
- first bone to ossify @ 7th week (intramembranous ossification)
- ventral portion of pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula)
- articulates with sternum and scapula
- placed horizontally above 1st rib
- acts as a strut for pectoral girdle
- anchors the UE to the axial skeleton
proximal end - triangular shape
1. sternal facet
2. costal tuberosity
shaft
3. medial 2/3 is convex anteriorly
4. lateral 1/3 is convex posteriorly
5. subclavian groove
distal end - flattened shape
6. conoid tubercle
7. trapezoid line
8. deltoid tubercle
9. acromial facet
18
B. Scapula - shoulder blade
general features
- second bone to ossify @ 8th week with 7 or more ossification centers
- dorsal portion of pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
- triangular, located between ribs 2-7, against the posterior thorax
- ventral surface is concave, dorsal surface is convex
- articulates with clavicle and humerus
specific features
1. medial (vertebral) border
2. lateral (axillary) border
3. superior border
4. superior angle
5. inferior angle
6. lateral angle
7. acromial process (acromion)
8. clavicular facet
9. spine - posterior to body
a. crest
b. superior lip
c. inferior lip
10. supraspinous fossa
11. infraspinous fossa
12. subscapular fossa
13. smooth triangular space
14. greater scapular notch
15. suprascapular (lesser scapular) notch
16. coracoid process
17. neck
18. glenoid fossa (cavity)
19. supraglenoid tubercle
20. infraglenoid tubercle
19
Scapular motions
1. elevation
2. depression
3. abduction (protraction)
4. adduction (retraction)
5. upward rotation
6. downward rotation
1.
2.
3.
4.
20
5.
III. Arm Bone
A. Humerus
general features
- third bone to ossify @ 8-10 weeks
- 20% of body length
- articulates with scapula, radius, and ulna
proximal end
1. head - directed upward, medially, posteriorly
2. anatomical neck
3. greater tuberosity (tubercle)
a. superior facet
b. middle facet
c. inferior facet
4. lesser tuberosity (tubercle)
5. intertuberosular (intertubercular or
bicipital) groove.
a. lateral lip (crest of greater tuberosity)
b. medial lip (crest of lesser tuberosity)
6. surgical neck
shaft
7. anterior border - see next page
8. medial border
9. lateral border
10. posterior surface
11. lateral surface
12. medial surface
13. deltoid tuberosity
14. radial groove
15. medial supracondylar ridge
16. lateral supracondylar ridge
distal end
17. olecranon fossa
18. coronoid fossa
19. radial fossa
20. trochlea = medial condyle
21. capitulum = lateral condyle
22. medial epicondyle
23. lateral epicondyle
24. ulnar groove
6.
21
22
IV. Brad’s Big Bone Border Basics  2001 - border and surface rules for long bones of limbs
A. Borders - long bones have 3 borders because they are triangular in cross-section
Big
Long bones
3 borders
Humerus
Femur
Tibia
Medial and lateral;
anterior or posterior
A
M
M
L
L
P
Humerus and Tibia
Small
Ulna
Radius
Fibula
Femur
Anterior and posterior;
medial or lateral
A
A
L
P
Ulna
M
Radius and Fibula
P
B. Surfaces - long bones have 3 surfaces, named opposite the borders they oppose
1. anterior surfaces - opposite posterior borders
2. posterior surfaces - opposite anterior borders
3. medial surfaces - opposite lateral borders
4. lateral surfaces - opposite medial borders
M
Ant.
Med.
Lat.
P
Femur
A
L
Med.
M
A
Lat.
Post.
Humerus
L
Ant.
Med.
P
L
Post.
Ulna
23
V. Appendix: Bone markings - classified according to common functions
A. Bone centers
1. body - main center of bone
2. shaft - diaphysis of long bones (edges = borders; between borders = surfaces)
B. Projections - elevation of bone
1. ramus - projection away from body
2. process - prominent projection
C. Processes for articulations
1. head - enlargement (neck - constricted
region below head).
2. condyle - rounded articular process
3. facet - smooth, flat articular process
4. trochlea - pulleyshaped process
5. capitulum - rounded articular process
6. malleolus - large process of tibia or fibula
D. Processes for tendon or ligament attachment
1. tubercle - small, rounded process
2. tuberosity - large tubercle
3. trochanter - large process on femur
4. acromion - large process on scapula
5. epicondyle - process above condyle
6. eminence - small prominence
7. crest - narrow, ridgelike process
8. line - linear elevation
9. spine - sharp pointed process
10. miscell. processes - e.g. styloid process,
coracoid process, coronoid process.
E. Depressions
1. fossa - depression or pit
2. fovea - small depression
3. acetabulum - large depression of coxal bone
4. notch - indentation
5. groove or sulcus - long narrow depression
F. Openings
1. foramen - round or oval opening through a bone
2. meatus or canal - canal-like passageway
3. fissure - narrow, slit-like opening
4. sinus or antrum - cavity within a bone
24
Appendicular Skeleton: Forearm and Hand Bones - 4
I. Forearm Bones
A. Ulna - medial forearm bone
general features
- thicker at proximal end
- profile resembles a pipewrench or rail dragster
- articulates with humerus and radius
- indirectly articulates with carpal bones
- head and styloid process are distal
proximal end
1. olecranon process
2. coronoid process
3. trochlear (semilunar) notch
4. ulnar tuberosity
5. radial notch
6. supinator fossa
7. supinator crest
8. posterior oblique line
shaft
9. anterior border
10. posterior border
11. lateral border  interosseous membrane
12. posterior surface
13. anterior surface
14. medial surface
distal end
15. head
16. styloid process
17. articular surface
B. Radius
- lateral forearm bone
25
general features
- shorter than ulna
- proximal end is smaller
- articulates with humerus and ulna
- movable bone in pronation-supination
- main bone to articulate with carpal bones
- head proximal, styloid process distal
proximal end
1. head
2. fovea
3. neck
4. radial tuberosity
5. anterior oblique line  anterior border
6. posterior oblique line  posterior border
shaft
7. anterior border
8. posterior border
9. medial border  interosseous membrane
10. posterior surface
11. anterior surface
12. lateral surface
distal end
13. ulnar notch
14. styloid process
15. dorsal (Lister’s) tubercle
16. 4 grooves
17. scaphoid facet
18. lunate facet
26
II. Hand Bones - manus
A. Carpals - wrist = 8 bones
proximal row - lateral  medial
1. scaphoid (navicular)
a. tubercle
2. lunate
3. triquetrum (triquetral, triangular)
4. pisiform - sesamoid bone in FCU tendon
distal row - lateral  medial
5. trapezium (greater multangular)
a. tubercle
6. trapezoid (lesser multangular)
7. capitate - largest carpal bone
8. hamate
a. hook or hamulus
Carpal tunnel
medial pillars = pisiform and
hook of hamate.
lateral pillars = scaphoid tubercle
and trapezium tubercle.
B. Metacarpals - palm = 5 bones
#1-5 (lateral  medial)
1. base - proximal
2. shaft
3. head - distal
C. Phalanges - fingers = 14 bones
in 5 digits, #1-5 (lateral  medial)
1. proximal phalanx
2. middle phalanx (missing in thumb)
3. distal phalanx
D. Sesamoid bones - typical
1. there are 2 unnamed bones at MP jt. #1
27
III. Appendix: Sesamoid Bones
A. Definition - a bone that is partially or fully embedded in a muscle tendon, usually at or
near a synovial joint.
B. General
1. function - usually increases the leverage force of a muscle at the joint where the
sesamoid bone occurs (e.g. patella increases leverage of the quadriceps at kneejoint
for knee extension).
2. formation - often form anywhere in the body when stresses in muscle tissue arise,
with many of these forming later in life.
3. lower extremity - contains more sesamoid bones than the upper extremities
C. Location of sesamoid bones
1. upper extremity
a. common
1) pisiform - embedded in the FCU tendon that distally splits into the
pisohamate and pisometacarpal ligaments.
2) two sesamoid bones at 1st MP joint - lateral bone is embedded in the
FHB and APB tendons. The medial bone is embedded in the AP tendon.
They both surround the FPL tendon, similar to how the two sesamoid
bones in the bellies of FHB surround and protect the FHL tendon in the foot.
b. rare - one sesamoid bone at each of the following joints or muscles
1) MP joints 2-5
2) thumb IP joint
3) index finger DIP joint
4) biceps brachii - in tendon near its insertion at the radial tuberosity
2. lower extremity
a. common
1) patella - in patellar tendon at the knee joint
2) fabella (=bean) - in lateral head of gastrocnemius near origin
3) two sesamoid bones at 1st MP joint. The medial one embedded in the
medial belly of FHB and the lateral bone is embedded in the lateral belly
of FHB. These two muscle bellies wrap around the FHL tendon and the
bones decrease pressure on the tendon to protect it.
b. rare - one sesamoid bone at each of the following joints or muscle
1) MP joints 2-5
2) great toe IP joint
3) vesalianum pedis - sesamoid bone at the base of metatarsal 5 (often
misdiagnosed as a fracture of the tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal).
4) psoas major - in muscle over pubis
5) gluteus maximus - in muscle over the greater trochanter
6) tibialis anterior - in tendon on medial cuneiform
7) tibialis posterior - in tendon on medial side of talus head
8) fibularis longus - in tendon on cuboid
9) medial and lateral malleolar muscle tendons - ones that pull behind
28
Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle and Thigh Bones - 5
I. Pelvic Girdle (Os Coxae) - pelvis (3 fused bones); articulates with sacrum and femur
A. Ilium
1. iliac ala
2. iliac crest (med., intermediate, lat. lips)
3. iliac tubercle
4. iliac pillar
5. anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
6. anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
7. iliac notch
8. posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
9. posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
10. iliac tuberosity
11. greater sciatic notch
12. anterior gluteal line
13. posterior gluteal line
14. inferior gluteal line
15. iliac fossa
16. auricular surface (S-I jt.)
17. arcuate line
18. iliopectineal line
B. Ischium
19. acetabulum
a. 2/5 ischium body
b. 2/5 ilium body
c. 1/5 pubis body
20. acetabular fossa
21. acetabular notch
22. ischial spine
23. ischial tuberosity
24. lesser sciatic notch
25. groove for obturator internus
26. ischial ramus
C. Pubis
27. symphysis pubis
28. pubic crest
29. pubic tubercle
30. pectin pubis
31. iliopubic eminence
32. superior pubic ramus
33. inferior pubic ramus
34. obturator foramen
35. obturator crest
36. obturator groove
D. Linea terminalis (pelvic brim) = 360o
37. iliopubic line = 180o (pubic crest  pectin
pubis  iliopectineal line arcuate line).
38. sacral promontory
39. true pelvis - inferior to pelvic brim
40. false pelvis - superior to pelvic brim
29
E. Differences between the male and female pelvis
Structure
Male
Female
______________________________________________________________________
pelvic brim
Android - heart-shaped;
most males, 32% of females.
Gynecoid - spherical shape;
43% of females.
hips and pelvis
narrower, decreased
anterior tilt; true pelvis
narrow and deep.
wider, increased anterior tilt;
true pelvis (= birth canal)
broad, shallow, > capacity.
ischial spines
point inward
flare out
acetabula
large, closer
smaller, further apart
pubic angle
acute (50-60o)
obtuse (80-90o)
bone
thicker, heavier, rougher,
bone markings prominent.
thinner, lighter, smoother,
bone markings finer.
sacrum
narrower
wider
______________________________________________________________________
Note: there are two other pelvic types not typical for male or female.
a. Anthropoid - pelvic brim is deeper than wide; 23% female, some males
b. Platypelloid - ovoid shaped pelvic brim; rare in males and females (< 2%)
30
II. Thigh Bone
A. Femur
general features
- longest (25% of body) and strongest bone, anterior bowing
- articulates with pelvis, patella, and tibia
proximal end
1. head - directed upward, medially, anteriorly
2. fovea capitis
3. anatomical neck
4. greater trochanter
5. lesser trochanter
6. intertrochanteric line
7. intertrochanteric crest
8. trochanteric fossa
9. quadrate tubercle
10. surgical neck
11. gluteal tuberosity
12. pectineal line
13. spiral line
shaft - convex anteriorly
14. linea aspera = posterior border
a) medial lip
b) intermediate lip
c) lateral lip
15. medial border
16. lateral border
17. anterior surface
18. lateral surface
19. medial surface
distal end
20. medial supracondylar ridge
21. lateral supracondylar ridge
22. popliteal surface
23. adductor tubercle
24. medial condyle
25. lateral condyle
26. medial epicondyle
27. lateral epicondyle
28. popliteal groove
29. intercondylar fossa
30. patellar surface
B. Patella - kneecap (sesamoid bone)
1. base - proximal
2. apex - distal
3. medial facet
4. lateral facet - larger than medial facet
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Appendicular Skeleton: Leg and Foot Bones - 6
I. Leg Bones
A. Tibia - shin bone
general features
- main weight bearing leg bone at knee and ankle
- articulates with femur, fibula, and talus
proximal end
1. medial condyle
2. lateral condyle
3. medial tibial plateau
4. lateral tibial plateau
5. intercondylar eminence
a. medial tubercle
b. lateral tubercle
6. anterior intercondylar fossa
7. posterior intercondylar fossa
8. tibial tuberosity
9. fibular facet
10. popliteal area
11. soleal line
12. groove for semimembranosus
13. pes anserinus
14. Gerdy’s tubercle
shaft
15. anterior border
16. medial border
17. lateral border  interosseous membrane
18. posterior surface
19. lateral surface
20. medial surface
21. vertical line
distal end
22. medial malleolus
23. 5 surfaces - anterior, medial,
posterior, lateral, inferior.
24. fibular notch
25. medial malleolar facet
26. medial malleolar sulcus
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B. Fibula - lateral leg bone
general features
- nonweight bearing leg bone
- splint bone - for muscle attachments
- articulates with tibia and talus
- place thumb in malleolar fossa with
index wrapped around malleolus
to determine R or L fibula.
proximal end
1. head
2. styloid process
3. neck
4. tibial facet
shaft
4. anterior border
5. posterior border
6. medial border  interosseous membrane
7. medial crest - interrupts posterior surface
8. posterior surface
9. anterior surface - very narrow proximally
10. lateral surface
distal end
11. lateral malleolus
12. lateral malleolar facet
13. malleolar fossa - medial-posterior aspect
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II. Foot Bones - pes
A. Tarsals - ankle = 7 bones
1. talus
a. trochlea
b. medial and lateral malleolar facets
c. medial and lateral tubercles
d. groove for FHL
e. head, neck, and body
2. calcaneus
a. calcaneus tuberosity
b. medial and lateral tubercles
c. sustentaculum tali
d. groove for FHL
e. fibular (peroneal) trochlea
3. navicular
a. tuberosity
4. cuboid
a. fibular (peroneal) groove
b. oblique ridge (tuberosity)
5. cuneiforms = 3 bones
a. medial cuneiform (1st)
b. intermediate cuneiform (2nd)
c. lateral cuneiform (3rd)
B. Metatarsals = 5 bones
#1-5 (medial  lateral)
1. tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
2. 1st metatarsal - largest
3. 2nd metatarsal - longest
4. bases, shaft, and heads - same as hand
C. Phalanges = 14 bones in 5 digits,
#1-5 (medial  lateral).
1. proximal, middle, and distal - same as hand
2. middle phalanx missing in big toe
D. Sesamoid bones - typical
1. there are 2 unnamed bones at MP jt. #1
2. each is embedded in a belly of FHB
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E. Arches of foot
1. medial longitudinal arch
a. calcaneus
b. talus
c. navicular
d. cuneiforms 1-3
e. metatarsals 1-3 and phalanges
2. lateral longitudinal arch
a. calcaneus
b. cuboid
c. metatarsals 4+5 and phalanges
3. transverse arch
a. navicular
b. cuboid
c. cuneiforms 1-3
d. bases of metatarsals 1-5
F. Axes of foot
1. talocrural axis
a. dorsiflexion
b. plantarflexion
2. subtalar axis
a. inversion
b. eversion
3. transtarsal axis
a. abduction
b. adduction
G. Pronation and supination of foot
1. pronation
a. eversion
b. dorsiflexion
c. abduction
2. supination
a. inversion
b. plantarflexion
c. adduction