SFR/FTY 111/112 - Forests Through Time:
Introduction to Biology
By: William H. Livingston
School of Forest Resources
University of Maine
Readings& Web Sites:
1. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 1990. “The Living
Environment” in “Science for All Americans Online.”
http://www.project2061.org/publications/sfaa/online/chap5.htm
2. Pages 262-268 in Kricher, J.C. 1988. A Field Guide to Eastern Forests, North America.
Houghton Mifflin Co., NY. 488 p.
3. Optional – Pages 13-24 in Howard, J. 2001. Darwin, A Very Short Introduction.
Oxford University Press. 125 p.
4. Pages 25-37 in Howard, J. 2001. Darwin, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University
Press. 125 p.
5. Pages 61-66 in Howard, J. 2001. Darwin, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University
Press. 125 p.
6. Groleau, R. 2001. Illuminating Photosynthesis. Methuselah Tree, NOVA On-line.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/methuselah/photosynthesis.html#
7. Groleau, R. 2001. How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs. Meiosis. 18 Ways to Make a Baby,
NOVA On-line. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divide.html
8. Optional: Genetics and Evolution. Biology-Online.org. (complete tutorial contents in
right menu list): http://www.biology-online.org/2/1_meiosis.htm
I.
Introduction (Reading 1)
A. What is life?
B. Cell theory
C. Scale
D. Evolution
E.
Energy
F.
Reproduction
G. Forms of Life
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SFR/FTY 111/112 - Forests Through Time:
Introduction to Biology
II.
What is Biology? What is Life? (Reading 1)
A. Basis for biological sciences developed in 1800’s.
B. Life utilizes energy.
C.
Life reproduces.
D.
Life evolves.
III.
Cell theory. (Reading 1)
A. All living things composed of cells
B. All living things arise from cells
C. Must have
IV.
Scale - Level of biological organization, classifications
A. Atoms:
B. Molecule:
C. Cell:
D. Tissue:
E.
Organ:
F.
Organism:
G. Species.
H. Populations:
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SFR/FTY 111/112 - Forests Through Time:
Introduction to Biology
V.
Evolutionary theory (Darwin 1859) – core theme in biology. (Readings 1, 2, 4,
5)
A. Evolutionary change – life forms keep changing
B. Natural selection – mechanism of evolutionary change
1.
Explains process involved in changing species
2.
Has three generalizations.
a)
Variability
3.
4.
b)
Inheritability.
c)
Excess progeny
Consequences of these 3 generalizations
a)
Surviving individuals are NOT drawn at random
b)
As the environment changes, what’s needed for adaptation changes
c)
Populations adapt to environment, not individuals.
Is it survival of the “fittest”?
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SFR/FTY 111/112 - Forests Through Time:
Introduction to Biology
VI.
5.
Environmental change includes changing populations of species
6.
Species descended from a common ancestor
Evolution Review
A. Natural Selection is the mechanism
1.
All individuals vary.
2.
Offspring inherit genes (traits) from both parents
3.
Excess progeny - best adapted survive to reproduce
B. Conditions change, so must populations
C. Species evolve from common ancestor
VII. Energy and Life (Readings 1, 6)
A. The basics.
1.
Atoms and molecules
B.
2.
Movement of electrons can produce energy.
3.
Light is energy
4.
Photons can be absorbed by electrons –
Photosynthesis stores light energy as chemical energy.
1.
Light photons hit electrons in chlorophyll, the green pigment in leaves
2.
Starts a chain reaction that pulls electrons and hydrogen off of water – oxygen
is released
3.
Electrons and hydrogen transferred to carbon dioxide
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SFR/FTY 111/112 - Forests Through Time:
Introduction to Biology
C.
Respiration and burning involve transferring electrons and hydrogen from carbon to
oxygen
1.
After all electrons and hydrogens are removed from the carbon,
2.
D.
When electrons and hydrogens are joined with oxygen, water forms
a)
In cells
b)
In fire
All energy for life comes from what plants can store after photosynthesis
VIII. Reproduction (Readings 5, 7, 8)
A. All cells come from cells
1.
Instruction for making a cell found on DNA
2.
DNA seen as chromosomes in cells
B.
3.
Haploid cells
4.
Diploid cells
Mitosis: cell divides to form 2 identical cells
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SFR/FTY 111/112 - Forests Through Time:
Introduction to Biology
C.
Sexual reproduction
1.
Fertilization
2.
D.
Alternation between fertilization and meiosis creates genetic diversity
1.
Meiosis creates new combination of genes never seen before
2.
3.
IX.
Meiosis
Fertilization brings together unique sequences of genes – genes keep getting
mixed.
More diversity = better adapted for natural selection
Major Forms of Live
A. Viruses
B.
Prokaryotic
C.
Eukaryotic
1.
Cell membrane and cytoplasm
2.
DNA molecules in a nucleus
3.
Four groups
a)
Protista
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SFR/FTY 111/112 - Forests Through Time:
Introduction to Biology
b)
Fungi
c)
Plants
(i) Have a cell wall
(ii) Forms specialized cells and tissues
(iii) Gets:
d)
(iv) Reproduction
Animals
(i) No cell wall
(ii) Ingests food
(iii) Specialized tissues, especially for motility
(iv) Reproduction by fertilization
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SFR/FTY 111/112 - Forests Through Time:
Introduction to Biology
X.
Names
A. Scientific and common
B. Scientific names based on evolutionary relationships
C.
XI.
Species basic unit
Conclusion
A. Evolution and energy utilization characterize life
1.
Natural selection explains how life evolved
2.
Life depends solely on energy stored from photosynthesis
B. Sexual reproduction ensure variation that favors natural selection
C. Major forms of life:
1.
Viruses
2.
Bacteria
3.
Protista
4.
Fungi
5.
Plants
6.
Animals
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SFR/FTY 111/112 - Forests Through Time:
Introduction to Biology
Terms
Adapts
Algae
Amoeba
Animals
Atoms
Bacteria
Biology
Burning
Carbon dioxide
Cell theory
Cell theory.
Cell wall
Cell.
Chemical energy.
Chlorophyll
Chromosomes
Circulatory system
Common ancestor
Conifers
Cytoplasm
Darwin
Diatoms
Diploid cells
DNA
Egg
Electrons
Energy
Eukaryotic
Evolution
Evolutionary change
Evolutionary theory
Excess progeny
Ferns
Fertilization
Flowers
Fungi
Gene
Genetic diversity
Haploid cells
Hardwoods
Hydrogen
Ingests food
Inheritability.
Lichens
Life
Light energy
Major Forms of Live
Meiosis
Membrane
Mitosis:
Molecule
Mosses
Muscle structure
Mushrooms
Mycorrhizae
Natural selection
Nervous system
Neutrons
Nucleus
Nutrients
Organ
Organism
Oxygen
Photons
Photosynthesis
Plants
Populations
Prokaryotic
Protista
Protons
Reproduction
Respiration
Respiratory system
Seeds
Sexual reproduction
Skeletal structure
Soil
Species
Sperm
Spores
Sugar
Tissue
Variability
Viruses
Water
Zygote
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