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COMMON ESL OBJECTIVES Copyright 2007 By Mason Emerson ESL is English as a Second Language, and an ESL class or program is also sometimes called an ELL class or program, with ELL being short for English Language Learners. ESL is often classified by ability level, for example, Level I for beginners, Level 2 for intermediate learners, Level 3 for advanced learners, and Level 4 for very advanced learners, namely, those with or almost with the language abilities of native speakers. LEVEL 1 – BEGINNING LEVEL Some typical objectives at this level are: Pronunciation: Vowels, Consonants Basic Reading: Sight (Doltch List) Words such as “a, the, and, I, you, he, that, is, are, was, in, for, with” Survival Level Words And Phrases such as Where’s the bathroom? house, town, road, money, food, water Basic Verbs: “To Be” and “To Have,” Present, Simple Past, Future Spelling Of Sight Words Basic Writing: alphabet letter production in both block and cursive styles, names of the letters and distinguishing between small and large/capital letters Basic Content Area Vocabulary Words With Some Basic Concepts such as (1) Social Studies: U.S. History, World History, Geography, Citizenship (2) Science; (3) Language Arts including grammar and literature; (4) Mathematics At Level 1 pronunciation and spelling of content words etc are important but at this level too the students need to be learning and “thinking in” concepts at least on a basic level A FEW EXAMPLES OF BASIC/BEGINNING/LEVEL 1 CONTENT VOCABULARY AND CONCEPTS: Social Studies Words: border, glacier, gulf, map, nation, river, treaty, union, war Concepts: democracy, specialization Science Words: atom, black hole, cell, comet, energy, protozoa, root Concepts: classification, food chain, inertia Language Arts Words: alliteration, novel, poem, noun, pronoun Concepts: capitalization, rhyme, spelling Mathematics Words: multiplied by, times, take away, divided by, divided into, half Concepts: carrying, rounding off LEVEL 2 – INTERMEDIATE This level is similar to Level 1/Beginning but is more involved. LEVEL 3 - ADVANCED In the pages that follow are some of the many common objectives for Level 3, and some of those associated with Levels 2 and 3 are also included but in greater detail: ABBREVIATIONS A.D. asssn Aug b. B.C. co. d. Dr. e ea etc. Fri hr i.e. in. inc. IRS Ja. Jul Jun KS lib. M.D. mi min MO Mon mph Learn some of the common abbreviations. Anno domini, year of the Lord association August born, born in before Christ county, company dead, died in doctor, Doctor east each etcetera, and so on Friday hour id est, that is inch incorporation, incorporated Internal Revnue Service (taxes) January July June Kansas library medical doctor mile minute Missouri Monday miles per hour n No Nov NY NYC s Sa sq Sun Th; Thurs Tu; Tues w yd north Number November New York New York City south Saturday square Sunday Thursday Tuesday west yard ABBREVIATIONS FOR PERSONAL SHORTHAND Some people also invent and use their own abbreviations or a form of what is a personal shorthand. This is useful for example when taking notes for college or at a business. For personal shorthand people often leave out most of the vowels. Here are some examples of individual words and sentences: a, an and book can go in -ing, working more no, not time was were . n bk cn g n ng, wrkng mr n time ws wr I will go to town tomorrow because we are hungry and need some more food. i l g t twn tmrw bcs w r hngry n need sm mr fd. Dear John, I enjoyed being your girlfriend, but I have found a new love. Goodbye forever. Susan. Dr Jhn, i enjoyd beng yr grlfrn bt ive found . new love. Gdby frever. Susn AFFIXES Below are English words, common Latin affixes, and sample words in English that use the affixes move/go, -mobil-, mobilize before, pre-, precede for, pro-, pronoun anti-, against, anti-crime with, con-, contest with, syn-, synonym name, nom-, nomenclature name, nym, antonym above, super, supernatural house, dom, domestic good, bene, benefit study, -ology, biology life, bio-, biology, biography animal, zoo-, zoology, old, archae, archaeology self, auto-, automobile man, anthro-, anthropology write, -graphy-, biography color, chrom chromogram chronological interacial holy, hiero-, hieroglyph main, arch-, archetype half, semi-, semitrailer toward. ad- administer from, de descend autograph writing, -glyph, petroglyphs time, temp-, rock, litho-, lithospherebetween, inter-, outside, exo-, exoskeleton after, post, post-depression I, ego, egomaniac, egotism government, -ocracy, democracy god, theo, theology many, poly, polygon belief, -ism, theism three, tri- tricycle again, re- return first/early, proto-, prototype one, uni-, unicycle, union one, mono- monotone two, duo-, duel, duette two, bi-, bicycle water, aqua-, aquarium water, hydro-, hydrology man, hom-, homo sapiens COMMON NOUNS VERSUS PROPER NOUNS Learn the difference between common nouns and proper nouns. The first letter of a common noun is capitalized. day city street mountain people month college river building book car ship Wednesday Chicago Ohio Street Mount Hood Italians January College of the Ozarks the Mississippi the White House Treasure Island a Toyota the U.S.S. Huntley COMPOUND NOUNS Learn some compound nouns. These are nouns formed from at least two words. GRASSHOPPER STEAMBOAT ICELAND BOYFRIEND SEAFOOD POLICEMAN RAINFALL LOOKOUT REDHEAD SPOONFUL SUNSHINE DOGHOUSE MANSERVANT FATHER-IN-LAW GRANFATHER GO-BETWEEN SALESPERSON JACK-IN-THE-BOX JACK-O-LANTERN GREENHOUSE BEDROOM BREAKDOWN BLUEBIRD SKYSCRAPER CORKSCREW LIGHTHOUSE GRANDFATHER FLASHLIGHT BASEBALL HEADACHE STREETCAR GHOSTBISTER BABY-SIT BABY-SITTER HEAD-HUNTER SLEEP-WALK SLEEP-WALKER DOWNSIZE STRAWBERRY DESCRIPTIONS Describe what you see in each photo. Give as many details as possible. Sources: nps.gov, wikipedia.org Sources: Mason Emerson, wikipedia.org, Mason Emerson; pdphoto.org usgs.gov; wikipedia.org source: wikipedia.org; Mason Emerson GRAMMAR AND USAGE BASICS PUNCTUATION Know what the names are of different kinds of punctuation marks: . , : ; period comma colon semi-colon “ () - quotation mark parentheses hyphen; dash PUNCTUATION IN LETTERS: Dear Maria, Dear Mr. President: Sincerely, PUT A COMMA BETWEEN A CITY AND STATE: Apple City, Oregon CONTRACTIONS: I will go > I’ll go; do not eat > don’t eat we can not > can’t I will not > I won’t POSSESSION: a boy’s box, two boys’ box; a boy’s cars, two boys’ cars; Carlo’s car PLURALS SOME ANIMAL NAMES STAY THE SAME: two fish, two deer, two fox, two sheep SOME WORDS CHANGE INSIDE: one man > two men, one woman > two women, OTHER WORDS ADD –EN: one child > two children, one ox > two oxen SOME WORDS CHANGE VOWELS: tooth > teeth, goose > geese, knife > knives SILENT LETTER WORDS: island, bouquet, colonel, cologne, comb, doubt CAPITALIZING CAPITALIZE PLACES AND GROUP NAMES: Spain, Bosnia, China, Mexicans, Floridians DAYS: Sunday, Wednesday MONTHS: June, August STREET AND CITY NAMES: South Street, Kansas City HOLIDAYS: Christmas, Easter HOW-TO-DO-IT EXPLANATIONS Can you tell how to do the following in a basic way in about three to five steps? make a sandwich, draw a house open a locker brush your teeth go to bed get a job buy a bike make a banana split write a poem make a new friend wash a window become popular start a business IDIOMS/IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS: Learn to use some of these when speaking. Beats me! Hold down the fort. Did that ring a bell? Don’t jump the gun! Don’t rock the boat! Get us off the hook. Go fly a kite! He stuck out his neck. He’s on edge today. I take my hat off to him. She’s under the weather. Face the music! Keep your shirt on! Call it a day. I don’t know! Take care of things. Did that remind you of something? Don’t be too fast! Don’t cause more trouble or problems! Help us out of this bad situation. Go away and leave me alone! He did something risky to help. He’s nervous. I commend him. She doesn’t feel very well. Go and receive your punishment bravely! Don’t do something foolish! Stop all the rest of the day. Stop working. Let’s shoot the breeze. He’s very down to earth. Nip it in the bud! They mean business! She’s out cold! It’s a hard nut to crack. They went to bat for us. We broke the ice. You don’t say!? He knows all the ropes. Let’s talk. He is not arrogant or snobby. Stop that from happening early! They are very serious! She is unconscious. That is difficult to solve. They helped us. We began to talk. That is incredible! He knows all he needs to know to do the work. METAPHORS AND SIMILES Similes are expressions or groups of words that directly compare two or more things. Often they include the words “like” or “as.” Study and use some of the following similes in sentences and conversation. METAPHORS HE’S A GREEN HORN. HE’S A WOLF IN SHEEP’S CLOTHING. HE’S AN EAGER BEAVER. SHE’S A COLD FISH. HE’S THE APPLE OF MY EYE. HE’S A BEAR. HE’S AN INDIAN-GIVER. HE’S A CHICKEN. HE’S A YELLOW BELLY. LIFE GAVE ME LEMONS! LIFE IS JUST A DREAM! SHE’S AN ANGEL. SHE’S THE APPLE OF MY EYE. VARIETY IS THE SPICE OF LIFE. YOU’RE THE LIGHT OF MY LIFE. He doesn’t know much. He is an enemy who pretends to be nice. He is a very eager person. She’s not a friendly person. He’s the person I like. He is grouchy or irritable. He gives something then takes it away. He’s a coward. He’s a coward. Life gave me some problems or bad things! Life is great or really good for me! She’s very very nice. She’s the person I really like or love. Different things or ideas are good. You are really good for me and my life. SIMILES Similes are expressions or groups of words that compare two or more things. Often they include the words “like” or “as.” Study and use some of the following similes in sentences and conversation. HIS HEART IS LIKE STONE. LUPE WAS LIKE A ROSE. HE’S AS FREE AS A BIRD. YOU ACT DUMB AS AN OX. ANA IS SLY AS A FOX! ANA’S HUNGRY AS A BEAR! IVAN’S SMART AS A WHIP! CAN ROOF! JOSE’S BRAVE AS A LION. HE’S SLOW AS A TURTLE. SHE’S BRIGHT AS A LIGHT! HE’S WHITE AS A GHOST! IT’S BLACK AS MIDNIGHT! HE’S WISE AS AN OWL! JOSE ACTS LIKE A KING. HE RAN QUICK AS A WINK! HE ACTS HARD AS NAILS. HE’S COLD AS ICE TO ME! IT’S HOT AS A CAT ON A TIN HE WAS BLIND AS A BAT. LINDA’S BUSY AS A BEE! IT’S AS COMMON AS DIRT! YOU’RE CRAZY AS A LOON. HE’S CUNNING AS A SNAKE. SHE’S SWEET AS SUGAR. PRONUNCIATION Practice pronouncing these words. AGE COMB, PLUMB, DUMB COLONEL BOUQUET COLOGNE WREN, WRIST, WRITE FIFTY FIFTEEN PURPOSE CSAR TALKED DOMESTICATED ISLAND DEFENCE, FENCE BIZARRE GENRE PREPOSE TENSE BAZAAR GARAGE KNOWLEDGE, KNIGHT BALOGNA PURPOSE LOQUACIOUS THICK~SICK LUGS~LUNGS THESE~Z’S GET FIR~FUR WALKED PURR KNOW SEE~SHE LAKE~RAKE FOND~FOUND BUS~BOS HEAD~HAD THEY~DAY RUN~RUNG FEW~HUE STORY-TELLING Tell stories with these words, pictures or words and pictures: 1. Indians, deer, teepee, eagle, river, bow-and-arrows, buffalo 2. wolf, Little Red Ridinghood, forest, house, woodchopper 3. UFO, queen, robot, king, Saturn, star, mining gold 4. cowboy, horse, mountain, gun, cowgirl, dancing satellite in outer space zoo The source for all the photos above is wikipedia.org SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS Synonyms are similar words. Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. Learn the differences between these synonyms and antonyms. honest, candid, frank bazaar, outdoor market wise, sagacious sad, morose scold, lambaste rich, opulent poverty, penury rotten, putrid say, drawl, whine little, lilliputian, wee sad, gloomy big, titanic rich, affluent fat, obese, plump, pudgy pretty, gorgeous funny, mirthful hateful, baleful strange, bizarre sweet, dulcet sugary, saccharine sour, acidic flower, bloom, blossom dog, canine wet, moist, soggy dry, dessicated quick, swift slow, ponderous weak, feeble, puny evil, repulsive bright, glittery, frown, scower, scowl see, stare, gawk, leer lustrous, shimmering dark, dim, dull peep, gaze, glare move, walk, tiptoe crawl, slither, gallop, slink hot, torpid warm, tepid everywhere, ubiquitous concise, laconic cheap, frugal hairy, hirsute avoid, eschew warlike, bellicose fight, altercation sleep, slumber think, ruminate, meditate, reflect stop, halt begin, commence LEVEL 4 As explained, when an ESL or ELL person has reached this level they are essentially at the language ability level of native speakers. Therefore the objectives match or essentially match those of native speakers. CONTENT AREA VOCABULARIES Copyright 2007 By Mason Emerson Here are some basic words for science, social studies, language arts and mathematics. They are especially helpful for ESL students who can be encouraged to learn their meanings for example by looking up each word in their own language then writing it down in print, in cursive script as individual words, in short simple sentences or longer compositions depending on their ability levels. SCIENCE VOCABULARY algae, alga amphibian, anfibio archaeaobacteria, archaeobacteria atmosphere, atmosfera backbone, espina dorsal barometer, barometro black hole, agujero/hoyo negro carbon dioxide, carbono dioxigeno carnivore, carnivoro cell, celula classification, clasificacion cleavage, hendidura climate, clima condensation, condensacion consumer, consumidor cytoplasm, citoplasma decomposer, decomposidor earthquake, terramoto electron, electron environment, ambiente eubacteria, eubacteria evaporation, evaporacion extrusive, extrusivo fission, fision flagella, flagelo foliated, foliado food chain, cadena de comida fungus, hongo hail, granizo herbivore, herbivor igneous, igneo intrusive, intrusivo invertebrate, invertebrado layer, capa lichen, liquen lithosphere, litosfera mammal, mamifero membrane, membrane metamorphic, metamorfico microscope, microscopo moneran, moneran moss, musgo nucleus, nucleo omnivore, omnivora organelle, organel (organito) organism, organismo oxygen, oxigeno photosynthesis, fotosintesis pollen, polena pollution, contaminacion precipitation, precipitacion pressure, presion producer, productor protist, protista renewable, renovable root, raiz scavenger, carronero sedimentary, sedimentario seed, semilla seismometer, sismometero skeleton, esqueletico spore, espora streak, raya de gema telescope, telescopo vacuole, vacuola water cycle, ciclo de agua weathering, desgaste SOCIAL STUDIES VOCABULARY: Alexander Alexandria Allies animism animist aqueduct archeologist archaeology archipelago armor arrowhead artifact Asia Athens; atomic bomb; attacked Australia Axis Aztec barbarian Beijing; Benito Juarez; bill Blitzkrieg border bridge; Britain, British; Bronze Age; Buddha Buddhism butte Caesar caliphate capitalism capitalist Carthage castle catepult cave Charlemagne China Christian Christianity; Christopher Columbus; C.I.S.; city civilization Cleopatra colonist colony colosseum communism communist compass Confederacy Confuscist Confuscism congress conservative continent Cortez county crusader culture cuneiform czar Darwin defeated democracy developed dictator dictatorship dynasty Edison Egypt Egyptian; El Salvador; emperor empire England equator E.U. Euphrates River factory fjord flag Ford fought France gatherer; Genghis Khan; George Washington; Germany geyser Giza glacier gladiator globe god goddess government Greece gulf Hannibal hieroglyphics Hiroshima Hitler; Homo sapiens; hunter Inca India industry invention inventor; Iron Age; Islam island Japan jihad kamekaze king knight Korea; Kublai Khan; lake landform latitude law; Leonardo da Vinci; liberal; Abraham Lincoln; longitude manufacturing; Marco Polo; Maya Mayflower Mesopotamia Mexico; Middle Ages; Middle East; Ming; Mississippi River; moat Mohammed Mongol mosque mountain; mountain chain; mummy myth Muslim Nagasaki Napoleon nation Native American Nazi Neanderthal; Nile River; nomad Nubia Olympics Parthenon peace petroleum Pilgrim pilgrimage Pizarro plain Plato Poland polytheism pottery prairie president product province Puritan pyramid queen rajah religion Rennaisance representative republic; Revolutionary War; river Rome sacrifice samurai science scientist senate serf settler Shang Shihuangdi Siberia slave socialism Socrates soldier Spain Sparta spear specialization sphinx Squanto Stalin state; Stone Age; surrender technology theocracy; Tigris River; treaty truce U.K., U.N., U.S. U.S.S.R., value, veto Vietnam village vote war warrior won; World War II LANGUAGE ARTS VOCABULARY grammar, parts of speech, adjective, adverb, conjunction, definite article, indefinite article, noun, preposition, pronoun, verb, diagram, title, body, structure, symbol, main idea, detail, theme, thesis, genre, hero, villain, plot, resolution, climax, onomatopoeia, metaphor, simile MATHEMATICS VOCABULARY add addend angle arc area average; bar graph base bisect calculate cardinal circle circumference compass coordinate cubed cylinder decimal degree denominator determine diameter difference distance divided by divided into; dividend divisor ellipse equation estimate even exponent face factor foot formula fraction graph height hexagon histogram horizontal; improper fraction; inch integer interest intersect kilometer length line; lowest common denominator mean median meter mixed number mode multiply negative number numerator odd ordinal ounce parallel parallelogram parentheses pentagon percent perimeter perpendicular pi pint point polygon; positive number pound power prime prism probability product proportion protractor pyramid quadrilateral quart radius randomly rate ratio rectangle rhombus root; round off; segment solve sphere square squared subtract sum take away time ton trapezoid triangle variable vertical whole number width yard ART FOR VOCABULARY ETC "On The Terrace." By Renoir. Copyright 2007 By Mason Emerson Art is very useful for building vocabulary and comprehension in general. For example if a student draws and cuts out a reindeer which is on a piece of brown construction paper and then pastes it on a white piece of paper, then s/he is more likely to remember the word reindeer. While doing the work the student will probably discuss it and use the word reindeer with other students which also puts the word and any English sentences used in the process into memory better. Art is also outstanding for showing cultural appreciation, especially when an activity or project is connected directly to the culture of ESL students. Some of these can be for example drawings etc centered around Mexico's Cinco De Mayo, murals remindful of Diego Rivera, or Panama's mola art. Activities with the coloring of copies of drawings or paintings of artwork by the Aztecs, Mayas, Olmec, Tarahumaras etc can be beautiful, instill pride and teach vocabulary. Also, art is also a major mode of learning for many people just as music or reading or writing are for other people. ACTIVITIES/PROJECTS For holidays and special days students may be helped to make: assorted ornaments and decorations; cards for holiday wishes, awards, certificates, Valentine's Day, Christmas etc; dioramas (example: of a house, various biomes, animal or plant classes), drawings, mobiles, empty round oatmeal boxes, masks (of a policeman, fireman, bandit), origami, paper models (example: of a car or other vehicles), sock and/or paper puppets, cards or paper items strung liana style on a string or piece of yarn, wind socks shaped like fish or other creatures, paperbag puppets; charts of a family tree, real or imitation coat-of-arms, typical daily events, favorite things such as books; pinwheels with things drawn on them; information card, flowers and trees, cutouts, traceable patterns, personalized stationery, paper flags, paper puzzles, flour-and-water paste piñata etc. Some projects can be combinations of activities. The artwork may be combined with writing activities such as a poem or a few informational sentences. Just think creatively and encourage students to do the same. It is best if at all possible to have concrete pictures or models of what you want them to do. SUPPLIES Some common supplies for art projects are: string, yarn, glitter, tinsel, butcher paper, construction paper, googly eyes, glue, paste, scissors, crayons, tempera paint, acrylic paint, oil paint, charcoal, clay, beads, styrofoam and regular paper plates, toothpicks, popcycle sticks, brown paperbags, bits of macaroni, food dye, old newspapers, cardboard, egg cartons, lined and/or unlined index cards, old socks, paper clips, colored feathers, pipe cleaners, stapler with staples, hole puncher, boxes for buildings etc, a bag of flour for mixing with water to form paste, stencils, examples of calligraphy and other writing systems (Chinese, cuneiform, hierglyphics etc). Students may use pen or pencil, wood, clay, collage, leather wrx. Some easy art projects or activities: Unos proyectos o actividades faciles de arte: Draw and color a state of the U.S.; write one or two sentences about the state. Haga un dibujo de uno de las banderas de los EEUU entonces escriban uno u dos frases sobre el estado y pinten la bandera: Go to http://www.wikipedia.org/ , type in the name of a state, and then when you are there draw and color a map of the state or a scene; on the same paper write a few sentences about the drawing Vayan a http://www.wikipedia.org/ , escriban por maquina el nombre de uno de los estados; cuando estan alli hagan un dibujo y pinten un estado, mapa o escena del estado; en la misma hoja escriban unos frases sobre el dibujo. Explore http://www.flickr.com for inspiration photos of Latino art; for example if you use "mola art" you can find photos such as this. Exploren http://www.flickr.com para fotos edificantes de arte latino; por ejempo si usted usa "mola art" (arte mola) puede encontras fotos como este. ART WORDS (BILINGUAL) IN CONTEXT Thousands of art words in English and Spanish look and sound very similar. HOWEVER, the following words are mostly words that are more different and therefore deserve more attention. Teachers, especially those who are art teachers with students who do not speak much English at home, may have all students including those who typically speak English, practice these words in the context of sentences during the earliest weeks of the school years and sometimes later on. Students do learn vocabulary much faster when it is learned within sentences than if learned as isolated words. Therefore the words below are also in sentences for easier practice and better learning. acrylics, acrilicos art, arte artist, artista bead, abalorio brush, cepillo butcher paper, papel grande y larga canvass, lienzo cut, cortar ceramic, ceramica charcoal pen, carboncillo circle, circulo clay, plastilina clean; limpiar, limpio color wheel, rueda de colores complementary, complementario Acrylics are a kind of paint. Acrilicos son un tipo de pinta. Let’s do an art project! Vamos a hacer un proyecto de arte! I want to become an artist. Quiero hacerme/llegar a ser un/a artista. May I have that bead. Puedo (con permiso) tener ese abalorio. Necesito ese abalorio. Pass me that brush, please. Pasame ese cepillo, por favor. Get some butcher paper. Recojete papel grande y larga. You will paint it on canvass. Vas a pintarlo en lienzo. Cut out the pictures. Corta afuera los pinturas. Make a ceramic pot. Haz una olla ceramica. Draw it with a charcoal pen. Dibujalo con carboncillo. Draw a circle around this. Dibuja un circulo alrededor de esto. Give me some blue clay. Dame un poco de plastilina azul. Clean this table! Limpia esa mesa! Look at the color wheel. Mira la rueda de colores. Blue and orange are Azul y anaranjado son complementary colors. construction paper, cartulina de color y a veces denso copper, cobre crayons/colors; crayolas, lapiz de colores do!, haz! draw, dibujar easel, caballete glue, pegar/encolar glitter, brillo jagged, dentado kiln, horno line, linea marker, marcador paint, pintar painting, cuadro primary, primario random, al azar scissors; tejiras, tejira show, mostra trace, trazar up, arriba wash; lavarse, lavar water colors, acuarela colores complementarios. Get the construction paper. Recojete la cartulina de color. Let’s make copper figures. Vamos a hacer figuras de cobre. Pass me that box of crayons. Pasame esa caja de crayolas. Do what I do. Haz lo que yo hago. Let’s draw some horses. Vamos a dibujar unos caballos. An easel holds a painting. Un caballete mantiene un cuadro. Glue the papers together. Pega el papeles juntos. Put more glitter here. Ponte mas brillo aca. This line is too jagged. Esta linea es demasiado dentado. You heat ceramics in a kiln. Tu calientas ceramicas en un horno. Make a line from right to left. Haz una linea de la derecha a la izquierda. I need an orange marker. Necesiito un marcador anaranjado. Paint this part red. Pinta este parte rojo. The Mona Lisa is a painting. La Mona Lisa es un cuadro. Yellow is a primary color. Amarillo es un color primario. Use random dots. Usa puntos al azar. Who has the scissors? Quien tiene las tejiras? Show me your drawing. Muestrame tu dibujo. Trace this house. Traza esta casa. Draw the lines up and down. Dibujan las lineas arriba y abajo. Wash your hands! Lavate los manos! We need the water colors. Necesitamos las acuarelas. BUSINESS VOCABULARY (ENGLISH-SPANISH ... INGLES-ESPANOL) Copyright 2007. By Mason Emerson Study the English and Spanish: Estudian el ingles y espanol: contabilidad accounting debit debito credit credito invoice factura purchase order orden de compra human resources recursos humanos order orden income ingresos expense gasto asset activo liability pasivo bookkeeping teneduria de libros clerk oficinista; empleado de banco ........... ledger libro de contabilidad manager gerente owner dueno profit ganancias, beneficias loss perdida inversion investment capital capital balance sheet balance general liquid assets activo liquido real estate bienes inmuebles stock existencias, estoc, stock stock market mercado de valores small cap stock acciones de pequeña capitalización bond bono certificado de depósito C.D.; Certificate Of Deposit petty cash dinero para gastos menores impuesto tax tax exemption/tax allowance deduccion fisical tax break/tax relief reduccion fisical state tax impuesto estatal sales tax impuesto sobre la venta gas tax impuesto sobre gasolina property tax impuesto sobre la propriedad income tax impuesto sobre la renta Fill in the English: Llenan el ingles: contabilidad debito credito factura orden de compra recursos humanos orden ingresos gasto activo pasivo teneduria de libros oficinista; empleado de banco ........... libro de contabilidad gerente dueno ganancias, beneficias perdida inversion capital balance general activo liquido bienes inmuebles existencias, estoc, stock mercado de valores acciones de pequeña capitalización bono certificado de depósito dinero para gastos menores impuesto deduccion fisical reduccion fisical impuesto estatal impuesto sobre la venta impuesto sobre gasolina impuesto sobre la propriedad impuesto sobre la renta Fill in the Spanish: Llenan el espanol: accounting debit credit invoice purchase order human resources order income expense asset liability bookkeeping clerk ledger manager owner profit loss investment capital balance sheet liquid assets real estate stock stock market small cap stock bond C.D.; Certificate Of Deposit petty cash tax tax exemption/tax allowance tax break/tax relief state tax sales tax gas tax property tax income tax -----------------------------------------------------EASY READINGS Copyright 2007 By Mason Emerson -----------------------------------------------------Beginning readers including beginning ESL students can benefit from these. You may want to add some simple line drawings. MAT THE CAT A cat is not a rat. A cat is not a bat. This cat is not fat. This cat has not sat. This cat is Mat. Mat has a hat. a=un/a, cat=gato, es=is, not=no, is not=no es, bat=murcielago/bate, this=esto/a, fat=gordo/a/os/as, sat=sentarse (pasado), has not = no ha, Mat (nombre=Mateo), hat=sombrero A BIG PIG We saw it. Did you see it? It was big and fat. It was a big fat pig! A big pig sat on a hat. It did not sit on a rat. we saw=nosotros vimos, it=ello (una/la cosa), did=?+pasado, you=usted, was=fue, big=grande, and=y, fat=gordo, pig=cerdo, sat=sento, on=en+superficie de, hat=sombrero, not=no MOP AND POP This is Mop. That is Pop. Mop has a star. Pop has a car. Mop can go, go, go in a car. Mop and Pop can see the stars! this=esto, that=eso, has=tiene, star=estrella/astro, car=carro/coche/automobile, can=poder, see=ver, the=el/la/los/las BUG IN A MUG What was this? What was that? I saw a mug. I saw a bug. No, no, bug was not in a jug. Bug was in a mug on a rug. what was=que fue, this=esto, that=eso, saw=ver (pasado), mug=tazon, bug=bicho, en=adentro de/encima de, on=en superficie de, jug=jarra WOW, COW AND CLOWN Wow! That was a clown! Wow! That was a brown cow! Yes, a brown cow and a clown. Can a clown frown? Can a brown cow frown? A cow can but not a clown! wow=ijole, clown=payaso, brown=color cafe, cow=vaca, frown=fruncir el ceno, can=poder, but=pero, not=no ABOUT ED AND NED Let's talk about Ed! And let's talk about Ned! Ed is an ox. So is Ned. They are oxen. Let's talk about the two oxen. let's=vamonos a, talk about=hablar de, ox=buey, so=lo mismo, two=dos ONE MOUSE, TWO MICE Mouse! Mouse! Mouse! A mouse was in the house! Look, look, look at that mouse! Mice! Mice! Mice! Mice aren't nice! Two mice are in it. One mouse is on it. mouse=ratoncito, was=estar (pasado), in=adentro de, house=casa, look=mira!, mice=ratoncitos, aren't=no son, nice=simpatico, two=dos, on=en superficie de ANDY, MANDY, RANDY, DANDY I see Andy. I see Mandy. I see them. They are dogs. I see Randy and Dandy. They are hogs. I see=yo veo, Andy=(nombre: Andres), Mandy (nombre), them=los (a ellos), they are=ellos son, dogs=perros, and=y, hogs=puercos/cochinos PETE AND SKEET We heat meat. We heat wheat. We eat meat. We eat wheat. I am Pete with two feet. He is Skeet with four feet. we=nosotros, heat=hacer mas caloroso/a, meat=carne, wheat=trigo, eat=comer, I am=yo soy, Pete=(nombre: forma corta de Pedro), with=con, two=dos, feet=pies, four=cuatro, Skeet=(nombre en esta cuento de un perro) ANN AND DAN Ann ran fast. Dan ran fast. Ann had a fast hand. Dan had a fast hand. Ann had fast feet. And Dan had fast feet. Ann=Ana, ran=corrio, fast=rapido/amente, Dan=Daniel, had=tuvo, hand=mano, feet=pies, and=y KITTEN AND PUP I know a little cow is a calf. I know a little cat is a kitten. But some say kitty cat. And I know a little dog is a pup. But some say puppy dog. And some also say doggie. know=saber, little=pequeno, cow=vaca, calf=becerro, kitten=gatito, pup=perrito, some=algunos, say=decir, also=tambien, doggie=perrito OCTOPUS AND BIRDS An octopus has eight arms. It lives down in the water. It has no tail or feathers. But a bird has both. Birds fly in the blue sky. They fly in the day and night. octopus=pulpo, has=tiene, eight=ocho, arms=brazos, it=ello, lives=vive, down=abajo, in=en, water=agua, no=ningun, tail=cola, feathers=plumas, bird=pajaro/ave, both=ambos, fly=voler, blue=azul, sky=cielo, they=ellos, day=dia, night=noche FUN AT THE THEATER We went to the theater. It was a big movie theater. We saw a Santa Claus movie. We saw James Bond fight bad men. The two movies were fun! We will go again and again. We like the movie theater a lot! we=nosotros, went=ir (pasado), to=a, big=grande, movie=pelicula, saw=ver (pasado), fight=luchar, bad=malo/a/os/as, men=hombres, two=dos, were=ser (pasado), fun=diversion/divertido/a/os/as, will=en futuro, go=ir, again=de nuevo, like=gustarse/disfrutar, a lot=muchisimo WHO IS MENDKHUU? Mendkhuu came from far away. She lived in Mongolia. Mongolia has much history. Kubla and Genghis Khan were there. Its Gobi Desert has fossils. It has some dinosaur eggs! came=venir (pasado), from=de, far=lejos, away=de aqui, lived=vivir (pasado), in=en, has=tiene, were=estuvieron, there=alli/alla, its (su/de ello), desert=desierto, fossils=fosiles, some=algunos/as, eggs=huevos MILTON I see Milton often. I saw him yesterday. He was at the library. He was reading a book. Milton sits by Nando. They sometimes talk and walk. I see=yo veo, often=frecuentamente, saw=ver (pasado), yesterday=ayer, was=estuvo, at=a, library=biblioteca, reading=leyendo, book=libro, sits=se sienta, by=al lado de, sometimes=a veces, talk=hablar/conversar, walk=andar GIRL FROM EL SALVADOR Do you know the girl from El Salvador? Elizabeth is from that nation. It's down south in Central America. Its products include coffee and bananas. It borders Nicaragua and Honduras. The capital is called El Salvador. do=?, you=usted, know=conocer, girl=muchacha, from=de, that=esa/o, it's ello esta, south=sur, in=en, its=su/de el/ella/ello, borders=bordear/tocar, is called=esta llamado (se llama) ZHENG WHO IS FROM HONG KONG Do you know Zheng who is from Hong Kong? He went from there to America. He lived in New York City. Zheng worked in a restaurant. He still works in one. It's near Kentucky Fried Chicken. do=?, you know=usted sabe, who=quien, is=es, from=de, he=el, went=ir (pasado), there=alli/alla, to=a, lived=vivir (pasado), worked=trabajar (pasado), in=en, still=todavia, he works=el trabaja, one=uno, it's near=ello+esta acerca+de WHAT IS A PIMPLE? I know you know many body parts. But do you know mole, pimple and wart? Do you know what a moustache is? Can you spell knuckle or wrist? What are your knee and ankle? Where are your index finger and ring finger? I know=yo se, many=muchos/as, body=cuerpo, parts=partes, but=pero, do=?, you know=usted sabe, mole=lunar, pimple=grano, wart=verruga, what=que, moustache=bigote, knuckle=nudillo, wrist=muneca de mano, where are=donde estan, index finger=dedo indice, ring finger=dedo de anillo WHAT IS A WIGWAM? Juana knows words Jose doesn't know. She knows sidewalk, hut, pagoda and wigwam. Jose doesn't know those words. But he does know how to spell more words. He can spell wrist, of, from, to, two and who. He can spell doubt, was, scissors and debt. knows=sabe, words=palabras, doesn't=! no, sidewalk=acera, hut=cabana/choza, pagoda=pagoda, wigwam=wigwam, those=esas/esos, but=pero, he=el, how=como, to=a, spell=escribir/escribir en voz alta, more=mas, wrist=muneca de mano, of=de (libro de Juan), from=de (voy de Mexico), two=dos, who=quien, can=poder, doubt=duda, scissors=tijeras, debt=deuda BLUEBERRY PIE My father likes to eat a lot. He likes to eat pie. His favorite pie is blueberry pie. He also likes blackberry pie. But my favorite is apple pie. I eat too much apple pie. my father=mi padre, likes=le gusta, to=a, eat=comer, a lot=mucho, he=el, pie=pastel, his=su (de el), favorite=favorito/a/os/as, but=pero, blueberry=arandano, blackberry=mora, apple=manzana, eat=comer, too much=demasiado GUADALUPE Guadalupe was from Texas. Guadalupe went back to Texas. She was there in Mission. She was on a mission. She speaks English well. She spoke a lot with Miguel. was=fue, from=de, went=ir (pasado), back=atras, to=a, mission=mision, ella=she, speak/s=hablar, English=ingles, well=bien, spoke=hablar (pasado), a lot=mucho, with=con THANKS FOR FOOD: Today is Thanksgiving. People say thanks for food. They eat pumpkin pie. They eat turkey. They eat cranberries. Yes, today is Thanksgiving! today=hoy, Thanksgiving=Dia de Gracias, people=gente, say=decir, thanks=gracias, for=para, food=comida, pumpkin=calabaza, eat=comer, cranberries=arandanos CHRISTMAS IS ALMOST HERE We love Christmas! It has pretty lights. They are on green trees. We love Christmas! We eat turkey, cake and pie. Yes, Christmas is almost here! we love=nosotros amamos, Christmas=Navidad, it has=ello tiene, pretty=bonito, lights=luces, they are=ellos estan, on=en superficie de, green=verde/s, trees=arboles, turkey=pavo, cake=bizcocho, pie=pastel, yes=si, is=es, almost=casi, here=aqui HALLOWEEN IS SPOOKY Halloween is much like Day of the Dead. We see many people who look like ghosts. Some people also look like clowns. Other people look like devils. And some look like angels. Halloween is different! is=es, like=como/similar a, day=dia, of=de, dead=muerto/a/os/as, we see=vemos, many=muchos/as, people=pueblos/gente, who=que/quien, look like=parecen como, ghosts=fantasmas, some=alguno/a/os/as, clowns=payasos, devils=diablos, angels=angeles, diferente JOSE IS MY NAME Listen! Jose is my name. I'm from California. But I live in Sedalia. I was in Mexico. But I'm here now. I'm Jose, a pretty cool dude! Listen!=Escucha(n), my name=mi nombre, I'm from=yo soy de, but=pero, I live=yo vivo, in=en, was=estar (pasado)/estuvo, here=aqui, now=ahora, pretty=muy (informal), cool=interesante (informal), dude=persona (muy informal) ANA NOT BANANA I'm Ana. Don't call me Banana! My brother is Joe. He's not mean. I'm not a queen. I'm Ana, but not Banana! I'm=yo soy, don't=no!, call=llamar, me=me, my brother=mi hermano, he's=el es, he's not=el no es, mean=malo (de mal conducta), not=no, queen=reina, but=pero MIGUEL I can tell you well. I can tell about Miguel. He is a tough hombre. His friend is Jose Fernando. They talk with Joe. Miguel is not slow. I can=yo puedo, tell=tell/contar, you=usted/le (a usted), well=bien, about=sobre/de/tocante a, tough=fuerte/duro/fornido, his=su/de el, friend=amigo, they talk=ellos hablan, with=con, is not=no es, slow=despacio/un poco estupido THE MYSTERY PERSON Who is this mysterious person? She sits on the bus with Mendkhuu. She likes to eat tacos and burritos. She likes to color pictures. She likes to read a lot. She likes people. who is=quien, this=esta/o, mysterious=misterioso/a, sit=sentarse, on=en superficie de, bus=autobus, with=con, likes=gustarse/disfrutarse, to=a, eat=comer, pictures=dibujos, read=leer, a lot=mucho, gente OLOGY POLY GEO BIO RE Ology poly geo bio re! Study many earth life again! You say this makes no sense. But I say it makes much sense. It is Latin and Greek. We use it in science. study=estudiar, many=muchos/as earth=tierra, life=vida, again=de nuevo, you=usted, say=decir, this=esto/a, makes=hace, sense=senso, but=pero, I=yo, say=decir, it=ello, and=y, Greek=Griego, we=nosotros, use=usar, science=ciencia TURN ON THE FAUCET Turn on the faucet! It's at the sink. They need water. They ate too many chiles. Paco ate too many tacos. Turn on the faucet! turn on=abrir (para agua), faucet=grifo/llave/canilla, at=a, sink=fregadero, need=necesitar, water=agua, too many=demasiados/as, chiles=chiles, ate=comer (pasado) ESL SCIENCE VOCABULARY Copyright 2007 By Mason Emerson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg By reading this a lot a person who knows little English will learn to read science words better and faster. Many words like algae are already easy because they are similar in both English and the other language such as Spanish. Therefore this gives emphasis to words that may look different. One word that looks different in English and Spanish is amphibian. Another is backbone. Black hole is a term used in astronomy. Cell as in plant cell is also different. Cleavage is a characteristic of gems. Consumer is an animal which eats another animal. Earthquake and environment are very different. So is the word chain in food chain. Por el leer de esto muchisimo una persona que sabe no mucho ingles va a aprender como leer palabras ciencias mejor y mas rapidamente. Muchas palabras como algas ya son fáciles porque son similares en ingles y la otra lengua tal como espanol. Por lo tanto esto da énfasis a las palabras que pueden parecer diferentes. Una palabra que parece diferente en inglés y español es anfibia. Otra es espina dorsal. Agujero negro es un termino utilizado en astronomía. Célula como en célula planta es diferente tambien. La hendidura es una caracteristica de gemas. Consumidor es un animal que come otro animal. Terremoto y ambiente son muy diferentes. Asi tambien es la palabra cadena en cadena de alimento. Lichen. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Lichen_07.JPG To continue, fungus, hail, lichen and mammal are good to learn. Moss, pollution, pressure and root do not look similar in English and Spanish. Learn scavenger, seed and skeleton too. Streak is another characteristic of gems. Weathering is a useful word. In contrast, as said, many other words look similar in both languages although the pronunciation is different. Some words that look very similar are barometer, telescope, microscope, classification and electron. If you want good grades for science then later you should also to learn how to spell these science words. A continuar, hongo, granizo, liquen y el mamifero son buenos para aprender. Musgo, contaminación, presión y raiz no parecen similares en inglés y espanol. Aprenda carronero, semilla y esqueleto tambien. Raya es otra característica de gemas. Desgaste por la acción atmosférica es una palabra util. En contraste, como dicho, muchas otras palabras parecen similares en ambas idiomas aunque la pronunciación es diferente. Algunas palabras que parecen muy similares son barometro, telescopio, microscopio, clasificacion y electron. Si usted quiere buenas calificaciones para ciencia entonces más adelante usted debe aprender también cómo deletrear estas palabras de la ciencia. CORRECT THESE WORDS VOCABULARY TO PRACTICE: VOCABULARIO PARA PRACTICAR: backbone, black hole, cell, consumer, cleavage, food chain, earthquake, environment, fungus, hail, lichen, scavenger, seed, streak, weathering cavaelge fiodohcan euakqarthe ennvnoerimt bbakocne blaoclkhe clel cumsenor fuugns hial lcihen seanegvcr esed srteak wirtheneag hial lhecin scnaeegvr bnokabce bkhlcloae staerk wreitnhaeg clel cuemnosr clvgaeae fadiohcon euatrqhkae evnmnnreiot fnuugs sdee usufng esed ahli agneversc ekbbaonc ohclkbeal clheni kserta wegintreah clle ndaoifoch ahetuarqke nnoteimrnve mnseuocr glevcaae WORDFIND: BUSCAPALABRAS VOCABULARY TO PRACTICE: VOCABULARIO PARA PRACTICAR: backbone, black hole, cell, consumer, cleavage, food chain, earthquake, environment, fungus, hail, lichen, scavenger, seed, streak, weathering M B C S N S R H B H S A L B S W N V R C F A K H U H K O B T O C U T P S E D L I D C J V A G N L Y F E T A O T J H E C O T K S N Q I N E C K Y V D V S B C E Q N N B L A C K N U A H G Q T Y E O I S M K E O I X W V P U F Y M C B Y N N L R K D M N D O O F Q W N P E V Q S W T G A Z J N E D M H H L M I L N P U K K Y E E Q U O Y N V T Y W U L U U M D U V R R P R F R E Z R X E G A V A E L C X T Q J Z N N I X A F N S W P J R F N L S Y Q A V H E V E Y Y P Q T L D H Z S N P W W T E Q L N W E A T H E R I N G Z D G J C E X E L E C P A I K Z A E A M L X S L T R S Y J W J Q O Q G L Y L T H M J A V Y X O Z T ESL WORDS BEYOND THE BEGINNING LEVEL VOCABULARIO ESL DESPUES DEL PRIMER NIVEL Copyright 2007 Compiled by Mason Emerson After learning basic English words such as eat, write and room , an ESL student must study more advanced words such as dine, jot and attic. Here are such words. Despues de aprender palabras basicas inglesas como eat (comer), write (escribir) y room (cuarto), un estudiante de ESL tiene que estudiar palabras mas avanzadas como dine (cenar), jot (anotar rapidamente), y atico. Aqui hay tales palabras. about (abaut), arriba de, tocante a I wrote about Mexico. It has about 110,000,000 people. Escribi de Mexico. Tiene casi 110,000,000 personas. ache (eik), doler My tooth aches. attic (eakiek), atico My best friend lives in an attic. Adam’s apple (Eadamz Eapel) nuez de Adan He hit my Adam’s apple. ad-lib (eadlieb) improvisar You can ad-lib your part in the play. afford (eafourd) tener dinero para Can we afford all this expensive food? alibi (auliebai) excusa, pretexto His alibi proved he was not the thief. anchor (eikar) ancla The ship had a huge, heavy anchor. antler (eantlar) asta, cuerno de ciervo The deer had big antlers. arouse (areauz) despertar, excitar Thomas Paine aroused patriotism. avalanche (eavalanch) avalancha An avalanche of snow can kill many people fast. avenge (aviendy) vengar Did he avenge his brother’s death? awe (aa) asombrar/ asombro The mountains awe me. babble (beabel) babulcear She babbles about everything backlog (beaklag), trabajo acumulado I have a big backlog of work to do. balmy (balmi), templado como clima de Hawaii Guadalaja’s climate is balmy. bang (being), golpear o cerrar fuertamente The gun went bang-bang-bang! bask (beask), disfrutar cosas o sol I saw two snakes bask in the sunlight. bayou (bai-u), pantano como en Luisiana Louisiana bayous have a lot of alligators. beckon (bekan), hacer senal por mano a He will beckon for you when he’s ready for you. big shot (bieg shat), persona extra importante My dad was a bigshot at the bank. blush (blash), sonrojo, hacerse colorado She will blush if he says “I love you.” boast (boust), jactancia, jactarse That guy always boasts about all smart he is. boom (bum), sonido de trueno u explosion . The cannons began to boom. border (bordar), frontera, borde He lives near the border with Mexico. borrow (barou), pedir prestado, apropriarse de We need to borrow more money. bake (beik), hornear Moma will bake some cookies. barrel (bearou), barril What kind of food is in that barrel? basement (beismient), sotano We like to play down in the basement. beat (bit), golpear o derrotar That boy beat me up. beret (berei/beret), boina The men all wore green berets on their heads. bigot (biegat), una persona intolerante A bigot does not like other races and religions. billy goat (bieli gout), macho cabrio This story is about three billy goats. birch, abedul (arbol) A birch is mostly white with some black. blacklist, lista negra They hated him and put him on their blacklist. blackmail, chantaje The criminal tried to blackmail the woman for money. bland, soso, flavor aburrido This food tastes so bland! blaze, fuego extra brillante o caliente Make a blaze in the chimney, please. bleak, desolado The artic is cold and very bleak. bleat, balar (hacer sonido de oveja, Sheep bleat a lot. conejo u animal chiquito muriendo) bold, valiente y quizas insolente a mismo tiempo Bank robbers must be bold. bookmark, senalador de libros I will put a bookmark in my new book. bookshelf, estante There are many books on the bookshelf. bootlegger, contrabandista de alcohol A moonshiner is a bootlegger in the mountains. boulder, roca extra enorme A boulder was in the middle of the road. brag, jactarse You are a smartaleck because you brag too much. braggart, jactancioso I think you are a braggart. brat, mocoso (nino siempre causando problemas) Don’t act like a brat! brig, bergantin o calabozo en barca They put him in the brig aboard the ship. brim, borde o estar lleno con un liquido Coffee spilled over the cup’s rim. brood, rumiar negativamente, My parents bought a brood of chickens. nidada de pajaros o mamiferos broom, escoba Use this broom to clean up the floor. broth (bratj/braf), caldo o sopa de pollo I eat chicken broth when I’m sick. buck, ciervo o persona macho That bucket has big antlers. bucket, balde o cubeta Fill this bucket with water. buffet, comidas en grupo de que tu puedes escoger lo que quieres We had a buffet at the Chinese restaurant. bug, bichon, molestar, uso de aparato electronico para oir secretamente Your bedroom has bugs in it! bully, un maton He is a bully to the other kids. bump, chocar contra He bumped against another kid. bun, bolillo de pan Can you bake some buns to eat? burst, reventarse a un globo o llanta Why did you burst my balloons? buzz, zumbido de abejas u otros insectos I heard the bees buzz. can, poder, lata I can open a can of beans. canoe, canoa The Indians paddled a long canoe. cap, gorra We put on our baseball caps. caribou, animal similar a ciervo enorme The caribou were in Alaska. carp, carpa (pez) o quejarse I caught a carp at a Missouri lake. cashier (kea-syier) cajero The cashier gave me change for my money. castaway (keast-a-wei), naufrago o persona naufraga He was a castaway on an island. catch, capturar Did you catch a lot of fish in Canada? catfish, bagre (pez) The catfish weighed many pounds. caterpillar (kea-da-pie-lar), oruga I brought a green caterpillar to class. chain, cadena He explored a chain of mountains. chigger, nigua (insectivo que mastica) Chiggers bit me on the stomach. chime, hacer sonar campana o tenor voz similar a campana I heard a bell chime. chip, astilla (pedazito de madera, vidrio, papas fritas) He picked up some chips of glass. chirp, gorjear de pajaros o grillos We heard some crickets chirp last night. chunk, pedazo bastante grande y de forma cubico I ate a chunk of that red apple. cinnamon, canela Cinnamon on bread tastes good. clammy, humido u frio y mojado Your hands felt very clammy. clerk, funcionario u oficinista The man worked as a store clerk. cliff, acantilado u precipicio Her cows fell off a high cliff. clink, tintinear The metal began to clink against the glass. clobber, dar una paliza a He wanted to clobber me with a stick! clout, influencia Dad has a lot of clout at work. clue (klu), pista o indicio por ejemplo de algo secreto The detective was given a clue. clump, grupo de plantas o masa de pan The kids played in a clump of trees. complain, quejarse They lost respect because they complained too often. coo, arrullar o sonido de paloma We heard the pigeon coo on top of the barn. corncob, elote I had to put the corncobs in the trash can. cowlick, remolino de pelo You have a cowlick in your hair. crackle (krea-kou), crepitar Lightening began to crackle in the sky. cricket, grillo u tipo de juego de inglaterra que resembla beisbol A cricket is an insect. crippled (kriepoud), lisiado After the car wreck the girl became crippled. cross, cruz, de mal humor Dad seemed cross yesterday. curl, rizar, torcer Curl your arms and lift this weight. curse, maldecir o maldicion Don’t curse like that! cute (kyut), mono u lindo The little doll was so cute. deep, hondo The lake water was deep. die, morir, dado, molde Tom died in New Mexico. dish, plato I had a big dish of ice-cream. drop, dejar caer, gota Who dropped this money? duck, pato, agachar, bajar la cabeza I shot a Canadian goose. daffodil, narciso Daffodils are my favorite flowers. dainty, delicado Mary has dainty hands. damage, dano Did you damage yourself? dandruff, caspa He had dandruff in his hair. dangle, colgar y movir en frente de otra persona He dangled food before the hungry dogs. daredevil, persona temeraria Daredevils do dangerous things. daring, otravado, atrevido Tom is a very daring guy. dazzle, deslumbrar, parecer hermoso Your eyes dazzle me. deadbeat, vagon/gorron A few fathers are deadbeats. deadend, sin salido/futuro He drove his car up a deadend street. decoy, senuelo (de pato/persona) I bought a duck decoy. deny, negar He denied that he did it. depth, fondo What is the depth of the lake? dip, sumergir He dipped his hands into the icy water. ditch, zanja, canal That ditch was full of snakes. draft, borrador, conscripcion This composition was only a first draft. They drafted the boys into the army. drag, arrastrar He drug his feet in the dust. dragonfly, libelula The dragonflies had beautiful wings. drain, vaciar agua de All the gas drained out of the car. down, hacia abajo, plumon de patos I slept on a pillow made of goose down. drift, dejar llevarse poco a poco por agua The clouds drifted across the sky. drift, monton, sentido The snow was in a high drift. drizzle, lloviznar The rain began to drizzle. drone, zangano, zumbido I heard an airplane drone. dull, sin brillo, torpe The language lesson was not dull. drought (draut), sequia During a drought many people die. dump, verter, vertedero Where did you dump the garbage? eagle (i-gou), aguila An eagle is a special bird. email, correo electronico Did you use email? emu (i-mu), emu (pajaro grande en Australia) I think emus are ugly. engaged (iengueidyd), compromiso u prometido para casarse He was engaged to the girl. eyeball (ai-bal), globo ocular I got a black eyeball. eyebrow, ceja Move your eyebrows some. famine, hambruna There’s little food during a famine. fancy (feant-si), elaborado y elegante He lived in a fancy house. fawn, cervato The mother deer had a baby fawn. fidget (fiedyiet), estarse inquieto Stop that fidgeting, kids! firecracker, petardo He shot off some firecrackers. firefly, luciernaga The fireflies were pretty in the forest. fishhook, anzuelo You need a fishhook to catch fish. flabby, blando u fofo u aguado My stomach is too flabby. flashy, llamativo o ostentoso He has flashy jewelry. fleece (flis), lana o defraudar He tried to fleece me of my money. flinch, estremecerce rapidamente The boy flinched just before the arrow came. flip, tirar monda, panqueques, pizza u otra cosa Did you flip the pancakes yet? flush, ruborizarse o limpiar con agua Did you flush the toilet? frost, escarcha Frost was all over my car windows. first aid, primeros auxilios He got hurt and needed first aid. flood, diluvio After the rain we had a flood. gab, charlar mucho y de nada en particular She gabbed too much about people. gadget, artilugio, aparato He invented a new gadget. gash, tajo, hacer una tajo en Pablo had a long gash on his stomach. gawk, mirar bosquiabierto Why do boys gawk at girls so much? grasshopper, saltamontes, chapulin Many grasshoppers are green. gear (guir), equipo apareja, herramienta de pescar o rueda dentada We bought some mountain climbing gear. grime, mugre, suciedad My brother got grime all over his hands. grudge, resentimiento My uncle had a grudge against that man. gurgle, borbotar The water gurgled down the mountainside. great-grandfather, bisabuelo Who was your great-grandfather? hacksaw, sierra para metales A hacksaw can cut metal. handle, pomo de puerta Open the door handle. harvest, cosechar We had a great harvest of corn this year. herd, manada We bought a herd of cattle. hike (jaik), hacer una caminata I wanted to hike across the hills. hiss, sisear (sonido por serpiente) Most snakes hiss before they bite you. hitchhike, hacer autostop I hitchhiked all the way to California. hoax, engano Is that story a hoax? hollow, hueco When I hit the tree it sounded hollow. hollyhawk, malvarossa Hollyhawks were growing beside my house . hop, brincar (lo que hace conejito u nino) Rabbits hopped on the grass. hut, choza He built a hut like some people have in Africa. igloo, iglu Eskimoes have built many igloos. imp, diablillo He’s an imp. jail, carcel They put the murderer in jail. jelly, gelatina Jelly is very soft. jack-o-lantern, linterna de calabaza Jack-o-lanterns are orange. jargon (dyar-gan), jerga Did you understand all that jargon? jaywalk, cruzar calle de manera ilegal Police arrest people who jaywalk. helicopter, helicoptero There was a helicopter in the sky. jilt, dejar plantado (no completar cita o casamiento) The boy jilted her for another girl. jostle, empujar por ejemplo cuando en cola Who jostled that boy in the lunch line? jot, anotar normalmente de manera rapida Jot some notes about this lesson. joy, alegria You didn’t seem to have a lot of joy. kennel, caseta para perros, perrera They put the puppy in a kennel. kettle (ke-dou), hervidor I made a kettle of corn. kidnap, secuestrar They kidnapped that little girl for money. kilt, falda escosesa llevado por ambos sexos Many men wear kilts in Scotland. knead (nid), amasar Mother kneaded the bread this morning. knot (nat), nudo Who tied that knot in my shoe? know-it-all (nou-iet-al), sabelotodo Don’t be such a know-it-all! lame, cojo, renco, debil He hurt his foot and became lame. lash, azotar Don’t lash out at us!! leak, perder aire o liquido Did the bag of water leak out? lean flaco o sin grasa This meat is expensive because it’s lean. leer, mirar con lasiva That man was leering at you again. lump, grumo What made the lump in your bread? lurk, estar al asecho The criminal was lurking in the bushes. mangy, sarnoso o gastoso That dog looks so mangy! mess, desorden Clean the mess on the floor by your desk. mire, oldo u barro u fango Don’t walk in that mire! moat, foso A moat went around the old castle. mole, lunar o topo (animal) The mole lived under the ground. You have a mole on your face. muffin, mantecada I ate two muffins for breakfast. mush, gachas de maiz I didn’t eat that cold mush. mop, trapear He had to mop up the floor. nasty, sucio o malo Your room looks so nasty! naughty (nadi), travieso Little boys are usually naughty. neigh (nei), relinchar I heard a horse neigh. nod, slaudar o inclinar con cabeza Did you nod for me to come and see you? nudge, darle con el codo a alguien Julia nudged her friend to go ahead. octopus, pulpo An octopus has eight arms. oath (ouf) juramento The President took an oath. octopus, pulpo An octopus has eight arms. pace, ir y venir quizas a causa de estar nervioso Why did you pace so much? paddle remar cano, pala Did you find the paddle? pallbearer portador del feretro Dad was a pallbearer at granddad’s funeral. patter tamborilear de lluvia The rain began to patter on the roof. patch, remender I planted a patch of flowers. peel, pelar fruta Can you peel an orange for me, please? peep, mirar furtivamente Don’t peep at the girls. perky, lleno de vida You seem very perky today. petty (pe-di), trivia o mezquino Bad people act petty. poke, golpear abruptamente con uno u mas dedos Who poked my arm? pond (pand/pan), charca o estanca We caught a fish in that pond. prod, pinchar o golpear con mano, ramita u pala He prodded the horse with a stick. prom, el baile mas formal y importante del ano en escuela superior I wanted to dance at the prom. pun, juego de palabras He makes up a lot of puns. punch, ponche de fruta o golpear por ejemplo en nariz Did you drink some punch? pyramid (pir-a-mied), piramide The Mayas built pyramids. quagmire (kweag-mair), cenagal o lodazal The men could not go through that quagmire. quake, temblar I felt the earth quake under my feet. quest, busqueda He went to Peru in quest of gold. quill, pua de puerco espin Quills existed before pens and pencils. raccoon, mapache A raccoon has a mask. racketeer, estafador Racketeer want money. raft, balsa I drifted on a raft across the ocean. ragweed, ambrosia Ragweed makes me sick. rail, pasamanos There was a rail along the stairs. rake, rastillo Can you rake all these leaves? ramble, pasear o desambular o divagar He rambled from nation to nation. rant, despetriar He’s always ranting against the government. rattle, hacer ruido como sonajero u serpiente cascabeles The door began to rattle. ravine (ra-vin), barranco A horse fell into a deep ravine. raw, no cocinado (por ejemplo hablando de puerco u otro carne) Never eat raw meat. reef, arrecife A wide reef went around the island. resign, dimitir Did you resign from the football team? ricochet (riekousyei), rebotar The bullet ricocheted from wall to wall. ridge (riedy), cadena de cerro u techo He climbed over a ridge and looked down. risky, arriesgado u riesgoso Space travel is risky. saber, sable He cut me with a sable. saidst, sadico A sadist is cruel. sag, colgar (mejillas) My stomach sagged. sailboat, velero A sailboat is a boat with one or more sails. sap, savia de planta Sap came from a hole in the tree. scamper, corretear A squirrel scampered down the tree. scurry, corretear comon un raton The mice scurried acroos the road. scythe, guadana You cut wheat with a scythe. shabby, gastado He had a shabby look about his face. shaft, asta de lanza o flecha He broke the arrow shaft. shaggy, peludo u despeinado She had shaggy hair. shallow, poco profundo The sea was shallow. shambles, caos Your room is in a shambles now. shed, cobertizo We put tools in the shed. shingle, tablilla para techar We put shingles on top the roof. shirk, esquivar responsibilidades Don’t be shirking your work! shiver, tiritar We shiver a lot during the winter. shock, escandalizar, darle descarga electrica That news shocked us. ship, barca I traveled on a ship. shovel, pala para excavar Dig with this shovel. shipwreck, naufragar Some shipwrecks have gold. shrub, argusto A shrub is smaller than a tree. sigh, suspirar What did you sigh about? silk, seda She wore a silk dress to the ball. sink, lavamanos, fregadero u lavaplatos You wash your hands or dishes at a sink. sip, sorber, chupar lentamente a liquido Dad liked to sip coffee at the restaurant. sizzle (sie-zou), chisporrotear The meat sizzled in the frying pan. sin, pecado He committed a sin. size, tamano He wore a large size of shoes. slap, cachetear No real man ever slaps a girl. sneak, ir a hurtadillas Sneak up behind his house near that tree. sore, dolorido, doloroso, llaga My shoulder felt very sore. skill, habilidad, capacidad The new worker has a lot of computer skills. skinny, flaco y quizas un poco feo a causa de eso That boy is very skinny. slaughter (sladar), matar animal A butcher slaughters or cuts up animals. sled, trineo (contrasta con “sleigh”) They got a new sled for Christmas. sleek, liso y brillante She wore a very sleek, blue dress. sleet, aguanieve Sleet sometimes falls during the winter. sleigh (slei), trineo tirado por caballos (contrasta con “sled”) Horses pulled sleighs through the snow. slick, resbalizado Highways are slick after it rains. slip, resbalarse She slipped and fell on the floor. slipper, zapatilla She lost her new slippers. slit, cortar o abrir por lo largo The murderer slit that guy’s throat. slope, inclinacion The boy went down the slope on a sled. sloth, perezoso (animal en Sur America) Some sloths are here in zoos. sludge, agua negra There was a lot of sludge in the lake. smash, romper algo de viedro en pedazitos Why did he smash that beer bottle? smear, embadurnar, The boys smeared eggs on their faces. smirk, sonreir con desprecio despues de oir o ver algo negativo que ocurrio a otra persona Juana smirked after Ana fell. smile, sonrisa, sonreir He had a big smile on his face. smooth, liso u suave That peanut butter was smooth. smudge, mancha o borron She had a smudge on her blouse. smut, obsendidad Don’t read smut! snack, bocado Do you want a snack before lunch? snarl, grunir de perro enojado, tigre o leon The wounded animal snarled. sneer, sonreir con desprecio Why did you sneer when I got hurt? snicker (snie-kar), reirse disimuladamente The boys snickered when the girl fell. sniff, oler profundamente y rapidamente Did you sniff the roses? snore, roncar Did your dad snore a lot when he slept? snowy (snou-i), nevoso The mountains look very snowy. snub, desarair A friend will not snub you. sod, cesped o tepe I need some new sod in front of my house. son-in-law, yerno My son-in-law was sick yesterday. sound, sonido, sano What was that strange sound? sour (sau-ar), agrio o acido (fruta o leche) The old milk was sour. spade, pala o pica para excavar I will dig with a spade. spit, saliva o escupir Don’t spit on the grass! spoil, arruinar Don’t spoil my excitement! spook, fatasma o espiritu Do you believe in spooks? spout, pico de jarra o hablar de Who broke this spout? manera enojada contra alguien o algo Quit spouting off everytime! squeak, chillar por ejemplo de ratoncito A mouse squeaked and ran from the cat. stagecoach (steidy-kouch), diligencia The Old West had stagecoaches. stagger, tambalearse a causa de The drunk staggered across the floor. borracho o con enfermedad stain, mancha She had a stain on her new dress! steep, empinado We walked down a steep hill. stepfather, padrastro My stepfather was angry at me. stepladder, escalera de tijera I climbed the stepladder. stingy, tacano Stingy people don’t spend much money . stink, apestar, oler mal Old cheese stinks a lot. stir, agitar o movir por mano algo Please stir the potatoes and milk. como sopa en olla stoop, agacharse Stoop under this tree branch. straw, paja o popote I drank soda through a straw. stretch, estirar, extender Stretch your arms a moment. stumble, tropezar Don’t stumble by walking too fast. suck, chupar por boca Mosquitoes suck blood. sunglasses, lente de sol Maria wore some new sunglasses. swap, intercambiar Alondra swapped stories with Lucila. swarm, ejambrar Bees began to swarm around Lucila. swear, jurar o decir palabrotas Do not swear around my mother! sweep, barrer Sweep this floor. sweet potato, batata I ate two big sweet potatoes. swell, hincarse o terrifico My hurt my arm and it began to swell. swindle, estafa He swindled people so he went to prison. swoon, desvanecerse Some people swoon when they see blood. tack, tachuela A tack looks like a small nail. tailgate, puerta trasera de troca Open the tailgate of your truck for me. tactful, discreto y diplomatico Be tactful when you talk to him. tap, tocar ligeramente en hombro It is disrespectful to tap on a person. tarnish, deslustrar The metal bowl began to tarnish. thatch (tjeach), paj para techo The hut had a thatch roof. thaw (tja), descongelar The snow thawed when the sun came out. thicket (tjie-kiet), matorral The animals lived in a thicket. throb (tjrab), plapetar His heart throbbed when he thought of her. thrill (tjriel), emocionar The news about the new baby thrilled him. thrive (tjraiv) florecer o prosperar Some people thrive during hard times. tier (tir) hiera The gym had many tiers of bleachers. tightwad (taitwad) avaro Tightwads don’t spend much money. tiptoe (tieptou) caminar de puntillas Tiptoe when you go near his bedroom! toad (toud), sapo To me toads look uglier than frogs. toothpick (tufpiek), palillo de dientes Did you get a toothpick? topple (tapou), volcar o derrocar Al Qaeda tried to topple the government. trough (traf), bebedero de animales o sena de olas Pigs eat and drink from a trough. true-blue, completamente leal He’s a true-blue American. tummy, panza o vientre The little girl’s tummy hurt. turf, tepe o cesped This is our turf! tusk, colmillo Elephants have large tusks. tweet piar (sonido de pajaritos o pollitos) Birds tweeted in the morning. twig, ramita Tree leaves have tiny twigs. twilight, crepusculo The sun was pretty at twilight. twine, cordel o mecate Tie this bag with some twine. twirl, girar rapidamente A cheerleader can twirl a baton fast. twist, torcer Did you twist your leg? utmost, lo mas posible I did my utmost to pass the test. utter, decir en voz baja Did he utter something? utterly, completamente I am utterly confused! van, camioneta She drove a purple van. vermin, alimanas We must kill vermit. voucher, comprobante This is a money voucher for food. vow, promesa He vowed to marry the girl. vulture, zopilote A vulture is a bird that eats dead animals. wad, taco de papel Pick up that paper wad. waddle, andar como pato The two fat boys waddled down the hall. wag, menear Don’t wag your finger at me! wagon, carrito My little brother has a red wagon. wail (wei-oul), genir o lamentarse Why are wailing? waist (weist), cintura The girl had a very narrow waist. wallow (wa-lou) revolearse (como puerco en lodo) Why did you wallow through that mud? wallpaper, papel pintado We bought some pretty wallpaper. walrus, morsa (animal) The walrus lived in the ocean. wand, varita magica The fairy had a wand in her hands. ward, sala hospital o districto politico In which city ward did you live? warden guardbosque o jefe de prison The warden ordered them to kill the prisoner. warehouse, bodega We took the cargo from the ship to a warehouse. wart, verrgua She had a tiny wart on her hand. warm, tibio It’s not hot but it’s pretty warm. wax, cera Did you ever try to eat some wax? weak, debil I got sick and felt weak. werewolf, hombre lobo Did werewolves ever exist? whack, golpear fuertamente This man whacked that man over the head. whine (jwain), loriquear o quejarse A man does not whine, only babies do. whippoorwill, chotacabras (pajaro) A whippoorwill is a kind of bird. whir, zumbar The insects began to whir through the air. whirl, girar la cabeza He whirled around and saw the new girl. whirlwind, remolino A whirlwind is a small tornado. whisper, cuchichear Did you whisper your secret to her yet? whistle (jwie-sou), silbar Don’t whistle that silly tune! whittle, tallar madera I began to whittle a toy from the wood. whopper, cosa enorme or mentira colosal I ate a whopper at the restaurant. widow, viuda A widow’s husband is dead. wiggle, menear por ejemplo menear las caderas. She wiggled when she walked. wildcat, gato montes A wildcat can hurt you. wilderness, yermo An unexplored forest is called a wilderness. windpipe, trauea He hurt his windpipe and couldn’t eat. wink (wink), guinar el ojo That boy winked at the girl. wipe, limpiar por trapo Did you wipe off the lunch table? wisp, amonjo de paja, humo u pelo. The bald man had only a wisp of hair. wit, inteligencia She had a lot of wit. witty, ingenioso She was a very witty young lady. wobble, bambolearse A drunk person wobbles when he walks. wolverine, gloton (animal) A wolverine is a small but powerful mammal. woo (wu), cortejar The man wooed the woman then they married. woodchuck, marmota de America Woodchucks have wide tails. woozy, mareado a causa de bebida alcoholico u enfermedad If you drink too much beer you will feel woozy. wreck, restos de buque o tren. There was a train wreck near my house. wrinkle (rinkel), arruga You have a lot of wrinkles on your forehead. yank, tirar de o jalar He yanked on the rope. yap, ladrar Puppies yap at strangers. yawn, bostezar I yawn when I’m sleepy. zany, alocado u disparatado That was a zany story! zap matar rapidamente por ejemplo en cuanto a moscas What did you zap the mosquitoes with? zip, cerrar cierre de Zip your pants up! zucchini (zu-ki-ni/zu-qui-ni), calabacita Did you eat that zucchini? is the hardest aspect of learning another language, but yet you have to start somewhere. The following shows one way to do it, in a word: modeling. You may also find it helpful to pair some of the slower students with some of the faster ones. WRITE ABOUT NATIONS Copyright 2007 By Mason Emerson The basic information about each nation here can be used to write short essays. For example, look at the information about Argentina, study the short sample essay, and then write your own about Argentina or other nations. BASIC INFORMATION: ARGENTINA Location: is in South America along the Atlantic Ocean Capital: Buenos Aires Geography: has the Andean mountains, a subtropical area, large prairie area called the pampas, forests, deserts Population: almost forty million Language: Spanish People: are Native Americans, Spanish, Italians, many also from the Middle East Religion: most Argentinians are Roman Catholic but about 300,000 are Jewish and some Muslim Government: a republic Independence: was declared independent from Spain on July 9, 1816 Minerals: has lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron, manganese, petroleum, and uranium. Products: grains, oilseeds and by-products, livestock Plants: include the ombu tree; the national flower is called the Ceibo Animals: include condors, llamas, boas, deer, trout, anteaters Internet domain: .ar History: Native American nations have included the Guaranis and Incas, Europeans came in 1518, Spain settled in 1580, the British Empire unsuccessfully invaded in 1806 and 1807, declared its freedom from Spain on July 9, 1816; its general Jose Marti is famous because he freed Peru and Chile in 1817, the army controlled the nation during much of the 1900s, Juan and Eva Peron were important politicians; in Argentina lost the Falkland’s War to Britain in 1982 democracies became common SAMPLE ESSAY: ARGENTINA This is about Argentina. To begin, Argentina is in South America. The capital is Buenos Aires. The population is almost forty million. Most people speak Spanish and are Catholics. It has gold and petroleum. The national flower is the Ceibo. Some animals are condors, boas and anteaters. Guaranis and Incas were in Colombia before Europeans came in 1518. Finally, it became independent in 1816. Argentina is interesting. ARGENTINA Location: is in South America along the Atlantic Ocean Capital: Buenos Aires Geography: has the Andean mountains, a subtropical area, large prairie area called the pampas, forests, deserts Population: almost forty million Language: Spanish People: are Native Americans, Spanish, Italians, many also from the Middle East Religion: most Argentinians are Roman Catholic but about 300,000 are Jewish and some Muslim Government: a republic Independence: was declared independent from Spain on July 9, 1816 Minerals: has lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron, manganese, petroleum, and uranium. Products: grains, oilseeds and by-products, livestock Plants: include the ombu tree; the national flower is called the Ceibo Animals: include condors, llamas, boas, deer, trout, anteaters Internet domain: .ar History: Native American nations have included the Guaranis and Incas, Europeans came in 1518, Spain settled in 1580, the British Empire unsuccessfully invaded in 1806 and 1807, declared its freedom from Spain on July 9, 1816; its general Jose Marti is famous because he freed Peru and Chile in 1817, the army controlled the nation during much of the 1900s, Juan and Eva Peron were important politicians; in Argentina lost the Falkland’s War to Britain in 1982 democracies became common BELIZE Location: is in Central America along the Atlantic Ocean Capital: Belmopan Geography: is a small nation; is on the Atlantic Ocean; has flat land with swamps and some low mountains in the west Population: about 300,000 People: many citizens are of Mayan and European or African ancestry; in the 1900s more people came from Asia and the Middle East Language: English, some Spanish, Maya and other Native American languages Government: is a democracy in the Commonwealth of Nations led by Britain Products: sugar, bananas, oranges, lemons, petroleum, some mining Famous people: Plants: has 4000 species of flowering plants and 400 species of trees; the Ceiba tree is sacred to Mayas Animals: has more than 150 species of birds including colorful toucans and macaws, tapirs and monkeys Sports: basketball and soccer are very popular Internet domain: .bz History: the Maya and other Native Americans lived in Belize; in the 1630 English and Scottish settlers came; became independent from Britain in 1981 CHILE Location: South America along the Pacific Ocean Capital: Santiago Population: more than 15 million People: most Chileans had Spanish ancestors and some Native American ancestors; more than 600,000 are Mapuches Geography: has part of the Andes moutains an is in different zones of climate Language: Spanish Government: a republic Products: include grapes, apples, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, asparagus, beans, fish, beef, wool, copper and timber Plants: the national flower is the copihue called Lapageria rosea in Latin; there are also interesting olivillo and alerce trees Internet domain: .cl Animals: include chinchillas, alpacas, llamas, vicunas, guanacos, pumas and colocolos, condors and carancha birds Sports: soccer is the most popular sport; two traditional sports are rayuela and chueca History: during the 1500 the Spanish conquered the Incas and other Native Americans in Chile; became independent from Spain in 1818, in 2006 Michelle Bachelet became the first woman president COLOMBIA Location: is in northern South America on the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans Capital: Bogota Geography: the nation is large and it has different climates and landforms People: most people are of mixed ancestry, others are European, African, or Native American Population: about 46 million Language: Spanish Government: a republic Products: include coffee, cut flowers, bananas, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa beans, timber, shrimp gold, copper, coal, emeralds, cattle Plants: lianas, orchids, chinchona, giant bamboo Animals: mammals include anteaters, sloths, monkeys, deer, tapirs, bears and capybaras. Internet domain: .co History: the Muiscas and other Native Americas were in Colombia before the Spanish came in 1500; became free from Spain on August 7, 1819; in recent times has had problems with international drug dealers including Pablo Escobar EL SALVADOR Location: in Central America on the Pacific Ocean Geography: has several small rivers and many volcanoes Capital: San Salvador Language: Spanish Government: a republic Population: more than seven million People: most of the people are part Spanish and part Native American Products: coffee, sugar, corn, rice, beans, cotton, beef, shrimp, milk Plants: trees include oaks, pines, coconuts, balsa and madrecacao; the national flower is called the izote Animals: include ducks, bluejays, herons and urracas Internet domain: sv History: The Pipil nation was in El Salvador before the Spanish came and defeated them in the 1500s; became completely independent in 1838 HONDURAS Location: is on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Geography: has lowlands along the oceans but many mountains and volcanoes in it interior, the climate varies from tropical to subtropical Capital: Tegucigalpa Language: Spanish Population: about 7.5 million People: most Hondurans are part Spanish and part Native American Government: a republic Products: include coffee, bananas, gold, silver, coal, shrimp and fish Plants: the national tree is the pine; the national flower is the Orchid (Brassavola Digbiana) Animals: include the white-tailed deer (odocoileus Virginianus), iguanas, white-faced monkeys and scarlet macaws Internet domain: .hn History: Mayas had a great civilization in Honduras; the Spanish came and defeated the Lenca Nation in the 1500s; became independent from Spain in 1821; in 1998 Hurricane Mitch caused much damage to buildings, bridges and crops MEXICO Location: North America Geography: has lowlands, mountains including volcanoes, deserts, tropical jungles Capital: Mexico City Language: Spanish People: 60% Amerindian, 30% Amerindian and European, 10% European Population: 107 million Government: a republic Products And Resources: corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, beans, cotton, coffee, fruit beef, iron, steel, petroleum, silver, copper, gold, natural gas, timber Plants: about 26,000 different species Animals: many unique mammals and amphibians Internet domain:.mx History: had many Amerindian civilizations including Olmec, Aztec, Maya, Purapeche; Cortez conquered Aztecs in 1519; became free from Spain 1821; lost a war and much land to the U.S. in 1848; Benito Juarez began reforms in 1855 and defeated French invaders in 1867; Civil War in 1920; joined NAFTA in 1994 NICARAGUA Location: Geography: Capital: Language: Population: almost six million People: most Nicaraguans are of mixed European and Native American or African ancestry Government: a republic Products: Plants: trees include pines, oaks, cedars, tamarinds, persimmons and mangos; the national tree is the madrono which has white flowers and grows thirty feet high; the national flower is the frangipani; other flowers are hibiscus, orchids and bougainvillea Animals: howler monkeys, tapirs, jaguars, anteaters, toucans, parrots, many butterflies, crocodiles Internet domain: .ni History: before the Spanish came in the 1500s; became independent from Spain on September 14, 1821; Violeta Barrios de Chamorro became the first woman President in Nicaragua and the North American continent in 1990 LEARN MORE http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107779.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_domain WRITE ABOUT STATES AND TERRITORIES Flags here came from wikipedia.org Study the examples of essays then you can write more essays that are your own. This way you will learn to write English compositions. Estudien los ejemplos de ensayos (redacciones) entonces puenden escribir mas ensayos que son los suyos. Por este modo van a aprender como escribir composiciones inglesas. Alabama Alabama has a population of about 4,500,000. Helen Keller was a famous woman from Alabama. The capital is Montgomery. The state insect is the Monarch butterfly. Alabama became a state in 1819. Alabama tiene una poblacion de casi 4.500.000. Helen Keller fue una mujer famosa de Alabama. Su capital es Montgomery. El insecto estatal es la mariposa Monarquia. More facts: largest city is Birmingham; fought for the Confederate States of America during the Civil War; is on the Gulf of Mexico; state tree is the Southern pine leaf; produces a lot of cotton, peanuts, soybeans and chickens Mas datos: ciudad mas grande es Birmingham; lucho para los Estados Confederados de America durante la Guerra Civil, esta en el Golfo de Mexico; arbol estatal es la pina de hojas del Sur; produce muchismo de algodon, cacahuetes y pollos Alaska This is about Alaska. Its capital is Juneau. The population is almost 627,000. It is a large state near the north pole. It has many mountains, lakes and rivers. It became a state in 1959. Esto es sobre Alaska. Su capital es Juneau. La poblacion es casi 627,000. Es un estado grande cercano el polo del norte. Tiene muchas montanas, lago y rios. Se hizo un estado en 1959. More facts: state bird: willow ptarmigan, highest mountain: Mt. McKinley, nickname: The Last Frontier; Russia owned Alaska until 1867 Mas datos: pajaro estatal: willow ptarmigan, montana mas alta: Mt. McKinley, apodo: La Ultima Frontera; Rusia poseo Alaska hasta 1867 Arizona capital: Phoenix, population: 5,200,000; has many deserts and Native American reservations; also has the Grand Canyon; became a state in 1912; the U.S. bought the area from Mexico in 1853 capital: Phoenix; poblacion: 5.200.000; tiene muchos desiertos y reservas amerindias; tiene tambien la Barranca Grande; se hizo un estado en 1912 Arkansas capital: Litle Rock, population: 2,700,000, has the Ozark Mountains with many forests and rivers, became a state in 1836, President Bill Clinton was born in the town called Hope; the U.S. bought the area from France in 1803 California capital: Sacramento, is on the Pacific Ocean, has many mountains and fertile valleys, the largest city is Los Angeles, population: about 34,000,000; produces a lot of fruits including oranges as well as vegetables; there are many oil wells and mines; other industries are the production of movies and electronic parts; man tourists visit; nickname: The Golden State; state flower: the poppy; state tree: the Redwood; state bird: the California valley quail; state mammal: the Grizzly bear; it was captured from Mexico in 1846 Colorado capital and largest city: Denver; state flower: the Rocky Mountain Columbine; became a state in 1876; population: almost 4,400,000 including many Hispanic Americans; has many moutains, three main rivers and is beautiful; many tourists ski in Colorado; Spanish explorer Coronado probably came to the area from Mexico in 1541; the U.S. bought the area from France in 1803 Delaware capital: Dover; largest city: Wilmington; became a state in 1787; was the first state; is on the Atlantic Ocean; population: almost 800,000; state bird: blue hen chicken; state flower: the peach blossom; state tree: the American holly Florida capital: Tallahassee; population: about 16 million; has many Cuban Americans; metropolitan Miami has almost 5.5 million people; tourist attractions include Disney World and Epcot Center; Ponce de Leon explored the state in 1513; became a state in 1845; the climate is semi-tropical; Suwanee River is the state song; was owned by Spain before 1845 Georgia capital: Atlanta, population: about 8,200,000; has many migrants from Mexico; President Jimmy Carter was born in the town called Plains; it produces a lot of cotton, peanuts, corn and chickens; fought for the Confederate States of America during the Civil War; it is on the Atlantic Ocean Hawaii capital and largest city: Honolulu; population: 1,300,000; is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean; has some volcanoes; state bird: the Nene; produces a lot of tropical fruits; has a lot of tourists; became a state in 1959 Idaho Capital: Boise; became a state in 1890; has many mines; has a lot of science and technology business; produces a lot of potatoes and wheat; population: about 1,300,000; has many mountains and beautiful rivers; state tree: the Western white pine; state flower: the syringa; state bird: the Mountain bluebird; state fish: the cutthroat trout Illinois capital: Springfield; largest city: Chicago; population: about 12,500,000; became a state in December 3, 1818; Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Ronald Reagan lived in Illinois; nickname is The Prairie State; state insect: Monarch butterfly; state bird: the Cardinal; state mammal: the White-tailed deer; state tree: the White Oak; state fish: the Blue gill; was part of France until 1763 and then part of Britain Indiana capital: Indianapolis; population: about 6,100,000; has many mines and factories; produces a lot of corn, wheat and soybeans; became a state in 1816; state bird: the Cardinal; state tree: the tulip tree; state flower: the peony; was part of France and later Britain Iowa population: about 3 million; capital: Des Moines; became a state in 1846; U.S. President Hoover was born in Iowa; produces a lot of corn, soybeans and hogs; state abbreviation: IA; state tree: the oak; state flower: the wild rose; was owned by France before 1803 Kansas capital: Topeka; population: 2.7 million; it produces a lot of wheat, cars and airplanes; nickname: The Sunflower State; famous female pilot Amelia Earhart came from Kansas; state song: Home On The Range; the Spaniard Coronado came from Mexico and explored the area in 1541; became a state in 1861 Kentucky capital: Frankfurt; largest city: Louisville; produces a lot of tobacco and corn; population: bout 2.7 million; state wild animal: the Gray squirrel; state bird: the Cardinal; state tree: the Tulip tree; state gem: the river pearl; it has a lot of coal mines; it makes a lot of cars and whiskey Louisiana capital: Baton Rouge; population: about 4,500,000; became a state in 1812; produces a lot of rice, cotton and soybeans; is on the Gulf of Mexico; is sometimes hit by hurricanes; fought for the Confederate States of America during the Civil War; largest city is New Orleans; was part of France before 1803; many people in Louisiana speak both French and English Maine capital: Augusta; largest city Portland; on the border with Canada and on the Atlantic Ocean; state insect: the honeybee; state animal: the moose; many tourists visit; extremely beautiful with many forests and long coast; state tree: the Eastern white pine; produces a lot of potatoes; builds many ships; has a large fishing industry; became a state in 1820 Maryland capital: Annapolis; largest city: Baltimore; became a state in 1788; produces a lot of tobacco, corn and soybeans, milk and chickens; has coal mines; makes a lot of steel; state tree: the White oak; state flower: Black-eyed Susan; state bird: Baltimore oriole; the famous abolitionist Frederick Douglass lived in Maryland Massachusetts capital: Boston; population: about 6.4 million; state tree: the American elm; state flower: the Mayflower; state fish: the cod; famous writers in Massachusetts include Whittier, Thoreau, Emily Dickinson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allen Poe; U.S. Presidents include John Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Kennedy, George H. Bush; famous suffragist: Susan B. Anthony; famous scientists: Benjamin Franklin, Robert Goddard, Percival Lowe; industries include book publishing, electronics, textiles, fishing and tourism Michigan capital: Lansing; largest city: Detroit; produces a lot of wheat, corn and soybeans; became a state in 1837; is on the Great Lakes; state tree: the White pine; state wildflower: the Dwarf lake iris; state mammal is the White-tailed deer; state bird is the Robin; large industries include timber and fishing; state abbreviation: MI; was part of France and later part of Britain Minnesota Capital: St. Paul; largest city: Minneapolis; Population: 5 million; became a state in 1858; produces a lot of corn, soybeans, wheat, beets, paper, iron, milk and cheese; its nickname is L'Etoile du Nord which is French for The Star of the North; state insect: Monarch butterfly; highest mountain is Eagle Mountain; the southern area is mostly flat with farms but the northern area includes mountains and forests; tourists love the beautiful scenery near Canada Mississippi Capital and largest city: Jackson; is on the Gulf of Mexico; Population: about 3 million; became a state in 1817; produces a lot of cotton, rice, corn and soybeans; other industries include oil, fishing and electronics; state tree: the magnolia ; state bird: the mockingbird; state fish: the largemouth bass; state insect: the honeybee Missouri Capital: Jefferson City: Largest city is St.Louis; Population: almost 6 million; became a state in 1821; produces a lot of soybeans and corn, cars, airplanes and boats; state tree: state flower: the White hawthorne; the flowering dogwood; state bird is the Bluebird; state insect: the honeybee; its nickname: the Show Me State; is in the central part of the United States; the southern part has many high hills or short mountains including part of the Ozark Mountains; there are some large copper mines and many caves; until 1803 the area was part of Spain and later France Montana Capital:Helena; Largest city is Billings; Population: under 1 million; became a state in 1889; produces a lot of wheat, beets, timber, gold, silver, oil, copper, lumber; Other industries are mining and tourism; state tree: the Ponderosa pine; state animal: the grizzley bear; state bird: the Western meadowlark; state motto: Oro y Plata which is Spanish for Gold And Silver; nickname is The Treasure State; many tourists come to visit Yellowstone National Park; cattle ranching is important; was the first state to give suffrage (the right to vote) to women Nebraska Capital: Lincoln; Largest city is Omaha; Population: almost 2 million; became a state in 1867; has a lot of prairieland; produces a lot of corn, wheat, sorghum and soybeans; state tree: the cottonwood; state flower: the goldenrod; state bird: the Western meadowlark; state mammal: the White-tailed deer; many German Americans are in the state Nevada Capital: Carson City. Largest city is Las Vegas; Population: about 2 million; became a state in 1864; has a lot of desert; produces a lot of gold and silver; has many tourists who come for gambling and entertainment; state flower: the sagebrush; state trees: the Bristle cone pine and the Single leaf pinon; state bird: the Mountain bluebird; a Spanish priest named Kino explored the area in the late 1600s; became a U.S. territory in 1848 after war with Mexico New Hampshire Capital: Concord; Largest city is Manchester; Population: about 1.3 million; became a state in 1788; has a border on the Atlantic Ocean and with Canada; has many forests and mountains; produces a lot of electronics, software, lumber, textiles; many tourists visit; state tree: the White birch; state bird: the Purple finch; French and British ships explored the coast in the 1500s New Jersey Capital: Trenton; Largest city is Newark; Population: about 8.5 million; became a state in 1787; is on the Atlantic Ocean; produces a lot of oil-based products, medicines, chemicals, potatoes, peaches, tomatoes; state tree: the red oak; state bird: the Eastern goldfinch New Mexico Capital: Santa Fe; largest city is Albuquerque; Population: almost 2 million; became a state in 1912; produces a lot of uranium, silver, copper, potash; has a lot of oil and natural gas; many tourists visit; there are many Native American reservations; state flower: the yucca; state tree: the pinon ; state mammal: the black bear; state bird: the roadrunner; was formerly part of Mexico New York Capital: Albany; largest city is New York City; Population: about 20 million; is on the Atlantic Ocean; has a border with Canada; became a state in 1788; industries inclue publishing, insurance, banking, international trade; state tree: the sugar maple ; state bird: the Eastern bluebird; state fruit: the apple; Sweden and Holland controlled the area before Britain; has many migrants from Mexico, Asia and other parts of the world; U.S. Presidents from New York were Martin VanBuren, Millard Fillmore, Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin Roosevelt; North Carolina Capital: Largest city is ; Population; became a state in ; produces a lot of ; state tree ; state bird North Dakota Capital: Bismarck; Largest city is Fargo; became a state in 1889; Population: about 650,000; there are many Native Americans of the Sioux nation; produces a lot of wheat, oats, flaxseed, barley, soft coal and electricity; state tree: the American elm; state bird: Western meadowlark; La Verendrye of France explored the area about 1738; Spain and France claimed the area Ohio Capital: 1803; Population: about 11.5 million; became a state in 1803; produces a lot of steel, cars, other vehicles, plastics, chemical; has a lot of coal mines and farms; state tree: the buckeye; state flower: the Scarlet carnation; state bird: the Cardinal; state mammal: the White-tailed deer: U.S. Presidents from Ohio were Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, William Howard Taft and Warren Gamaliel Harding; the area was part of France and later Britain until 1783 Oklahoma Capital: Oklahoma City; Population: about 3.5 million; became a state in 1907; produces a lot of; state tree: the red bud; state animal: the buffalo; state bird: the scissor-tailed flycatcher; the area was claimed by Spain and France for many years; many Native American nations live in Oklahoma; the Spanish explorer Coronado may have explored the area in 1541 but there are also boulders with Viking alphabet letters and numbers which suggest Vikings may have come about 1050 Oregon Capital: Salem; Largest city is Portland; Population: about 3.5 million; became a state in 1859; is on the Pacific Ocean; has many mountains including Mt. Hood; produces a lot of electronics, timber, paper, cattle, wheat, coal; state tree ; state animal: the beaver; state fish: the Chinook salmon; state bird: the Western Meadowlark; state tree: the Douglass fir; state tree: the Oregon grape; British explorer James Cook sailed along the coast in 1778; Americans Lewis and Clark explored the area in 1804 through 1805 Pennsylvania Capital: Harrisburg. Largest city is Philadelphia; Population: about 13.5 million; became a state in 1787; is on the East Coast of the U.S.; has a border with Canada on Lake Erie; produces a lot of steel, cars, medicines, electronics, soybeans, corn, oats, mushrooms; state tree: Easterm hemlock; state flower: Mountain laurel; state bird: the ruffled grouse; James Buchanon was a U.S. President from the state; it was founded by the Quaker William Penn Vermont Capital: Montpelier. Largest city is Burlington; Population: about 610,000; became a state in 1791; is on the border with Canada; its name is French for Green Mountain; produces a lot of maple syrup, paper, electronics, milk, cheese, butter; Tourists love to see the beautiful trees during autumn; state tree: the sugar maple; state bird: the hermit thrust; state butterfly: the Monarch butterfly; U.S. Presidents: Chester Alan Arthur, Calvin Coolidge; The Viking Olaf Tommson may have explored northern Vermont in 950 A.D. Jacque Cartier of France came in 1535. France controlled the area until 1763. Virginia Capital: Richmond; largest city is Virginia Beach; population is more than 7 million; became a state in 1788; is on the Atlantic Ocean; produces a lot of ships, tobacco, corn, peanuts, chickens, hogs, sweet potatoes; state tree: the American dogwood; state bird: the Cardinal; fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War; state song: "Carry Me Back To Old Virginia" Washington Capital: Olympia; largest city is Seattle; Population: almost 6 million; is on the Pacific Ocean; has a border with Canada; became a state in 1889; produces a lot of computer software, apples, airplanes, nuts, berries, cattle; state tree, timber; state bird: the Goldfinch; state tree: the Western hemlock; often has a lot of clouds; state song: "Washington, My Home." Spaniard Captain Don Bruno de Heceta explored the coast in 1775 West Virginia Capital: Charleston; population is about 1,810,000; became a state in 1863; was formerly part of Virginia; produces a lot of coal, chemicals and glass; state flower: Rhododendrum; state tree: the sugar maple; state animal: the black bear; state fish: the Brook trout; state bird: the Cardinal; nickname: The Mountain State Wisconsin Capital: Madison; largest city is Milwaukee; Population: 5,400,000; became a state in 1848; produces a lot of milk, cheese, butter; corn, beer and paper; state tree ; state bird: the robin; state animal: the badger; state wild animal: the White-tailed deer; state domestic animal: the cow; state insect: the honeybee; state flower: the wood violet; many tourists visit to see its beautiful forests and the Great Lakes; many Wisconsins are German or Scandinavian; France controlled the area until 1763. Famous people were magician Harry Houdini and the writer Laura Ingalls Wilder. Wyoming Capital is Cheyenne; Population: about 500,000; became a state in 1890; state tree: the plains cottonwood; state bird: the Western meadowlark; raises a lot of cattle and sheep; has coal and uranium mines; other industries include tourism, oil and natural gas; has many mountains; in 1924 Wyoming became the first state to elect a female governor Puerto Rico Language: most Puerto Ricans speak Spanish and English; Capital: San Juan; Population: about 4 million and almost 3 million other Puerto Ricans live on the U.S. mainland; became a commonwealth of the U.S. in 1898; Puerto Ricans are citizens of the U.S. although some want to become an independent nation; important industries include manufacturing and banking American Samoa photo credit: whitehouse.gov Capital: Pago Pago; Population: is in the Pacific Ocean; about 60,000; most Samoans speak English and Samoan; Samoans are U.S. nationals but not citizens; most of the land is owned by the entire community; American Samoa produces a lot of tuna fish and handicrafts as well as some bananas, coconuts, breadfruits, taro, pineapples, papayas, yams, copra and livestock French and other Europeans visited the area in the 1700s; Germany gave the land to the U.S. in 1899 The U.S. Territory Of Guam Guam is in the Pacific; Capital: Hagatna; Population: about 6,000; Guamanians speak English and Chamorro; the climate is tropical; has steep cliffs along the ocean; inland are many soft hills; in 1521 Fernando Magellan explored Guam for Portugal; Miguel Lopez de Legazpi claimed Guam for Spain; Spain gave Guam to the U.S. in 1898 after war; Japan captured and controlled Guam from December 8, 1941 to July 21, 1944. Culture: international with much Spanish, Chamorro and American influence; Guamanians receive much money from tourism, the U.S. military, petroleum products and fish.
