Review Sheet III
Material covered for third exam
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3 types of muscle (smooth, skeletal, and cardiac)
Skeletal muscle anatomy (neuromuscular junction, motor endplate, tendon, etc.)
Fast and slow twitch muscle fibers
Anatomy of a muscle
Mechanisms of muscle contraction
In terms of movement, what is controlled by the:
o Spinal cord
o Cerebellum – you should know the basics of the organization of this structure
o Basal ganglia
o Cortex
Major differences between the dorsolateral and ventromedial motor pathways
Disorders of movement (I discussed several in class)
What do muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs do?
What is a biological rhythm? (What 3 factors define a true biological rhythm).
Who is Colin Pittendrigh and Jean Jacque deMairan?
Free-running period
Nocturnal vs. diurnal
Entrainment
Phase shift
Zeitgebers
What is the importance of the SCN?
Why was discovery of the tau mutant important?
Pineal gland. What does it do? Where is it located? What does it secrete?
Pros and cons for considering melatonin as a remedy for resetting the biological clock
“Master oscillator” and “slave oscillators”
EEG, EMG, EOG – what does each of these mean and what do they record?
Have a general understanding of what characterizes each stage of sleep
Why is REM sleep known as “paradoxical sleep”?
What defines how rested a person feels after sleeping?
How does sleep change as we age?
Forebrain system (basal forebrain) is responsible for SWS.
Brainstem system (reticular formation) activates the forebrain into wakefulness
Pontine system triggers REM sleep
Role of serotonin in sleep
Reasons why we sleep?
Be familiar with the various parasomnias and dyssomnias
Endotherms vs. ectotherms
Mechanisms to generate or dissipate heat
Sites within the hypothalamus that regulate body temperature
Set point
Digestive system (what do the various parts do)?
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Hypovolemic and osmotic thirsts (how do they differ)?
Angiotensin II
Where are osmoreceptors located?
Aldosterone. Where does it come from? What does it do?
Three phases of energy metabolism
Pancreas. What two hormones does it secrete? What do each of these do?
Type I and Type II diabetes
Diabetes insipidus
Lipostatic theory
Other mechanisms controlling food intake and food processing
o Taste
o Duodenum and CCK
o Neuropeptide Y and galanin
o Stomach stimulation
o Leptin
Leaky-barrel model and settling-point
Eating disorders
Classes of hormones (protein and peptide, steroid, amino acid derivatives, fatty acid
derivatives). Know the differences between each
How are peptide hormones and steroid hormones made?
How do peptide hormones and steroid hormones act?
What hormone(s)/releasing factor does each secrete (testes, ovaries, pancreas, adrenal
gland, pituitary, hypothalamus)? What does each do?
Positive and negative feedback (how does it work)?
HPG and HPA axes.
Berthold’s experiment
Critical period
Activational/organizational hypothesis
Aromatase hypothesis
Two portions of the pituitary gland. What does each do?
Mullerian and Wolffian ducts
Turner’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, TFM, 5-reductase deficiency, CAH. What
are the characteristics of each?
Who is Roger Gorski? What did he define?
Aromatase and 5 reductase
Who is Simon LeVay? What was his famous study?
Definitions of sex/gender
Who is John Money?
Alpha-fetoprotein
Temperature dependent sex determination
Japanese quail (estrogen feminizes females. Males are the default sex)
Zebra finches – how are they different?
Gynandromorph
Stress – what parallel pathways are activated?
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HPA axis – understand how feedback affects the secretion of the various components.
Immune system – What are the two types and the two cells involved? What are some
general differences between the two?
How do glucocorticoids affect immune function?