Geography Department Queen Mary University of London Health, Place and Diversity GEG6106 Module Handbook 2008-09 GEG6106 HEALTH, PLACE AND DIVERSITY 2008/09 Convener: Professor Isabel Dyck Lecturer: Professor Isabel Dyck Office: Room 109 Email: i.dyck@qmul.ac.uk Office hours: Mondays 4.00-5.00 p.m. or by appointment Lectures: Mondays 2-4pm, Semester A Welcome to the module. This handbook provides you with a summary overview of the course aims, assessment information, and an outline of each week's topic and readings. There is a core reading list for each week, and a supplementary list from which you may choose to enhance the depth of your understanding. Supplementary reading will also be useful for the coursework essay and in preparing for the examination. Aims of the course: The course aims to provide students with an understanding of the embeddedness of health and health behaviour within geographies of power. Through a range of topical themes, it demonstrates the contribution of work at the interface of health, cultural and social geography to understanding contemporary health issues. A focus on narrative-based approaches in health geography is used in the critical examination of contemporary health issues and their conceptualisation. Course content: The course examines a variety of contemporary health and care issues and their distinct geographies. The tension between biomedical and alternative knowledges of healthy and ill bodies is an underlying theme informing the course and the body is a lens through which to explore such tension. Topical themes of the course are used to examine how health and care experience is constructed, interpreted, managed and represented within relations of power and social, cultural, and economic change. The course will draw on a number of theoretical influences to consider the gendered, classed and ‘raced’ dimensions of health, illness and care and their shaping by political economy, globalisation and the politics of medical knowledge. Learning Outcomes: Students will acquire knowledge about: the situatedness of health and health behaviour in political economy, social and cultural change, and the politics of health knowledge how gender, ‘race’, class, life course and other dimensions of difference are implicated in health experience the potential contribution of narrative-based approaches in health geography to address public health issues Students will develop skills in: critical interpretation of qualitative material written and verbal argument incorporating course materials Method of Instruction: Lecture content will introduce the main ideas covered in the course. This will be supplemented by small group discussion, mini-quizzes and other forms of class participation. You are encouraged to look out for examples of media coverage of current health issues, which will help you link course concepts to contemporary social and health concerns. Feedback on any in-class or other informal assessment (e.g. quizzes) will be provided in the same class or the following week. Written feedback comments on the coursework essay will be provided within four term-time weeks of submission (see assessment information below). Course Reading: There is no text for the course. The following are useful as background or refresher reading: Curtis, S. (2004) Health and Inequality: Geographical Perspectives. London, Sage Gatrell, A.C. (2002) Geographies of Health: An Introduction, Oxford, Blackwell. Gesler W.M. and Kearns. R.A. (2002) Culture/Place/Health. London, Routledge Cummins, S. and Milligan, C. (2000) Taking up the challenge: new directions in the geographies of health and impairment, Area 32: 7-9 Kearns, R.A. and Gesler, W.M. (1998) Introduction, in R.A. Kearns and W.M. Gesler (eds) Putting Health into Place: Landscape, Identity and Well-being, Syracuse, NY, Syracuse University Press, pp. 1-16 Kearns, R.A. and Moon, G. (2002) From medical to health geography: novelty, place and theory after a decade of change, Progress in Human Geography 26, 5: 605-625 Kearns, R.A. (1995) Medical geography: making space for difference. Progress in Human Geography 19(2):249-257 Kearns, R.A. (1996) AIDS and medical geography: embracing the other? Progress in Human Geography 20(1):123-131 Kearns, R.A. (1997) Narratives and metaphor in health geographies Progress in Human Geography 21(2): 269-277 Parr H (2004) Medical geography: critical medical and health geography? Progress in Human Geography 28:246-257 . Key and supplementary readings are listed with individual lecture information. Key readings provide backing for lecture content. Supplementary readings are intended to give you broader coverage of key issues addressed in the lectures, together with providing sources for the coursework essay. Additional supplementary readings may be added during the course. Course outline: The week-by-week course lecture topics are: 1. Introduction to module. Embodying health geography. 2. Health knowledges: negotiated meanings of health and illness 3. Bodies, body knowledges and the state: public health as a biopolitical project 4. Optimising the body: health, beauty, consumer culture 5. ‘Other’ bodies – geographies of disability 6. ‘Other’ minds – managing ‘madness’ 7. Reading Week 8. Gendered bodies and health: Feminist geographies of health 9. Bodies across borders: migration and health 10. Environment, health and well-being: spaces of health and healing 11. Care and caregiving in geographies of health 12. Bodies, labour processes and health ASSESSMENT: 1. One unseen written examination: 75% of total marks Please note: past exam papers can provide guidance, but each year module content varies and students should consult the current handbook for up-to-date information AND 2. Coursework essay of 2500 words: 25% of total marks This assignment is intended to give you an opportunity to explore the links between a ‘real world’ contemporary health issue and concepts from the module. Using a recent healthrelated issue covered in the media, develop an analysis drawing on ideas and readings from the module. You may use a media article of your own choice, or choose one that will be provided in Week 12. Students are encouraged to draw on concepts from at least two lectures. Time will be given in class in Week 12 to discuss the coursework essay. Any student wishing to have feedback on titles and topic ideas need to submit these by Week 11, for feedback in Week 12. PLEASE NOTE: students will receive feedback on coursework within four term-time weeks of its submission (by the end of Week 9 Semester B).. Any marks returned to students remain provisional until confirmed by the Geography Board of Examiners at the end of each academic year. Marks may also be changed following any second marking process. See next page for marking criteria. HAND-IN DATE for coursework essay is 9th February 2009 (1) SUBMIT BY WEBCT between 9am and 5pm and (2) IDENTICAL COPY TO THE DROP BOX LOCATED IN THE FOYER ON THE 1ST FLOOR OF THE GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT between 9am and 5pm. NOTE: Late submissions will NOT be accepted unless there are extenuating circumstances; extensions must be agreed beforehand with the 3rd Year Tutor (Simon Carr). All essays are checked automatically for plagiarism. Please make sure you understand correct referencing. Evidence of plagiarism will result in a 0 mark for the essay. WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE. EMBODYING GEOGRAPHIES OF HEALTH This lecture introduces the course through a focus on problematising the body – or bodies. It considers how different ways of conceptualising the body have implications for how ‘healthy’ and ‘ill’ bodies are understood and managed. Can the body be thought of as ‘natural’? How have societal and technological changes shaped the way bodies are understood? In what ways has work in sociology and human geography on the body been translated into health geography concerns? The lecture and key readings provide an overview of these issues and their relationship to ‘embodying’ geographies of health. Learning Outcomes: Students will: - acquire knowledge of different approaches to theorising the body and how they have been utilised in work seeking to explain geographies of health - be able to discuss the notion of ‘embodying’ health geography knowledge Key Readings: Hall, E. (2000) ‘Blood, brain and bones’: taking the body seriously in the geography of health and impairment, Area 32(1): 21-29 Parr, H. (2002) Medical geography: diagnosing the body in medical and health geography 19992000. Progress in Human Geography 27:240-251 Petersen, A. (2007) The Body in Question: A Socio-cultural Approach, London, Routledge. Chapters 1 and 2. Supplementary Reading: Callard, F. (1998) The body in theory. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16: 387400 Dorn, M. and Laws, G. (1994) Social theory, body politics, and medical geography: extending Kearns’ invitation, The Professional Geographer 46(1): 106-110 Howson, A. (2004) The Body in Society: An Introduction. Polity Press, pp. 1-14 Moss, P. and Dyck, I. (2003) Embodying social geography. In K. Anderson, M. Domosh, S. Pile and N. Thrift (eds) Handbook of Cultural Geography, Sage, pp.58-73. Longhurst, R. (1995) The body and geography. Gender, Place and Culture 2:97-105 Valentine, G. (2001) Social Geographies: Space and Society. London, Prentice Hall pp15-55 (Chapter 2) WEEK 2: HEALTH KNOWLEDGES: NEGOTIATED MEANINGS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS Petersen (2007:8) referring to Foucault’s influential work states, “Seeing power as residing in categories and distinctions focuses attention on knowledge and those who produce knowledge”. This lecture introduces the notion of plural health knowledges, socially and culturally constructed within relations of power. What is health? What is a ‘healthy’ body? The temporality of constructions of health and illness and their relationship to societal norms are discussed. Health knowledges are shown to hold different authority in defining and managing healthy and ill bodies.The lecture will consider the tension between ‘expert’, alternative and lay health knowledges and use case examples to demonstrate the contribution of space and place to ‘knowing’ the ‘ill’ or ‘diseased’ body. Learning Outcomes: Students will - be familiar with the notion of health knowledge as socially and culturally constructed within relations of power - acquire knowledge of sites where ‘expert’ and ‘experiential’ health knowledges are constructed and negotiated - critically consider the spatialisation of knowledge producing sites as a dimension of power in understanding health and illness Key Readings: Doel, M.A. and Segrott, J. (2003) Beyond belief? Consumer culture, complementary medicine and the disease of everyday life. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 21:739759 Hall, E. (2004) Spaces and networks of genetic knowledge making: the ‘geneticisation of heart disease, Health & Place, 10(4), 311-318. Parr, H. (2002) New body-geographies: the embodied spaces of health and illness information on the Internet, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 20: 73-95. Petersen, A. (2007) The Body in Question: A Socio-cultural Approach. London, Routledge. Chapter 5 Powers of mind over body pp 104-131 Supplementary Reading: General Craddock, S. (1995) Sewers and scapegoats: spatial metaphors of smallpox in nineteenth century San Francisco. Social Science and Medicine 41: 957-968 Curtis, S. and Taket, A. (1996) Health & Societies: Changing Perspectives, Arnold. Chapter Two Davies, G., Day, R. and Williamson, S. (2004) The geography of health knowledge/s. Editorial. Health & Place, 10(4), 293-297 Gordon, C. (ed).(1980) Power/Knowledge. Selected Interviews and Other Writings 19721977.Michel Foucault. New York, Pantheon King, M. and Watson, K. (2004) Introduction. In: Martin King and Katherine Watson (eds) Representing Health: Discourses of Health and Illness in the Media. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-21. Petersen, A. and Bunton, R. (eds) (1997) Foucault, Health and Medicine. London, Routledge Place and’ lay perceptions’ Airey, L. (2003) ‘Nea as ice a scheme as it used to be’: lay account of neighbourhood incivilities and well-being, Health and Place 9:129-138 Cornwell, J. (1983) Hard-earned Lives: Accounts of Health and Illness in East London. London, Tavistock. Biomedical and genetic knowledge Hall, E. (2003) Reading maps of genes: interpreting the spatiality of genetic knowledge, Health & Place 9:151-162 Schaffer, R., Kuczynski, K. and Skinner, D. (2007) Producing genetic knowledge and citizenship through the internet: mothers, pediatric genetics, and cybermedicine, Sociology of Health & Illness 30(1): 145-159 Complementary and Alternative Medicine/issues of integration Andrews, G.J. (2002) Private complementary medicine and older people: service use and user empowerment. Ageing & Society 22: 343-368 Coward, R.(1993) The myth of alternative health. In: A. Beattie, M. Gott, L. Jones and M. Sidell (eds) Health and Wellbeing: A Reader. Milton Keynes, Open University pp 94-101 Doel, M.A. and Segrott, J. (2003) Self, health, and gender: complementary and alternative medicine in the British mass media, Gender, Place and Culture, 10(2): 131-144 Dyck, I. 1995) Putting chronic illness in place: women immigrants’ accounts of their health care, Geoforum 26(3): 247-260 Hare, M.L. (1993) The emergence of an urban US Chinese medicine, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, New Series 7(1):30-49 Johnston, S.L. (2002) Native American Traditional and Alternative Medicine, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 583:195-213 Jonas, W.B. (2002) Policy, the public, and priorities in alternative medicine research, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 583:28-43 Offiong, D.A. (1999) Traditional healers in the Nigerian health care delivery system and the debate over integrating traditional and scientific medicine, Anthropological Quarterly 72(3): 118-130 Wiles, J. and Rosenberg, M. (2001) ‘Gentle, caring experience’: seeking alternative care in Canada. Health & Place 7(3): 209-224 Willis, E. and White, K. (2004) Evidence-based medicine and CAM, in P. Tovey, G. Easthope and J. Adams (eds) The Mainstreaming of Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Studies in Social Context. London, Routledge WEEK 3: BODIES, BODY KNOWLEDGE AND THE STATE: PUBLIC HEALTH AS A BIOPOLITICAL PROJECT The lecture considers the influence of social change and developments in medical knowledge of the body on approaches taken to managing public health. Increasingly health messages encourage self-responsibility for health, framing this as a moral duty. The lecture focuses on the notion of the ‘risky body’, its regulation, and possibilities for resistance. The example of obesity will be used as a primary case study. Learning Outcomes: Students will: - be familiar with interconnections between knowledge of the body and the framing of public health concerns - be able to discuss the contribution of health geographers to understanding links between social identities, places and responses to health education and promotion messages Key Readings: Brown, T. and Duncan, C. (2002) Placing geographies of public health. Area, 33 (4): 361-369. Evans, B (2006) ‘Gluttony or sloth’: critical geographies of bodies and morality in (anti)obesity policy Area 38(3): 259-267 Herrick C. (2007) Risky bodies: Public health, social marketing and the governance of obesity Geoforum 38(1): 90-102 Supplementary Reading: Bell, D. and Valentine, G. (1997) Consuming Geographies: We Are Where We Eat. London, Routledge Brown T and Bell M (2007) Off the couch and on the move: Global public health and the medicalisation of nature Social Science & Medicine 64(6): 1343-1354 Collins D.C.A, Kearns R.A and Mitchell H (2006) "An integral part of the children's education": placing sun protection in Auckland primary schools Health & Place 12 (4): 436-448 Colls, R. (2004) “Looking alright, feeling alright”: emotions, sizing and the geographies of women’s experience of clothing consumption, Social and Cultural Geography 5(4):583-596 Cummins, S and Macintyre, S. (2006) Food environments and obesity: neighbourhood or nation? International Journal of Epidemiology 35, 100-104 Fusco, C. (2006) Inscribing healthification: governance, risk, surveillance and the subjects and spaces of fitness and health Health & Place 12(1): 65-78 Guthman, J. and DuPois, M. (2006) Embodying neoliberalism: economy, culture and the politics of fat. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 24, 427-448 Howson, A. (2004) The Body in Society: An Introduction, Cambridge, Polity Press, pp 120-139 (Chapter 5 Regulating the body) Longhurst, R. (2005) Fat bodies: developing geographical research agendas. Progress in Human Geography 29, 247-259 Lupton, D. (1995) The Imperative of Health: Public Health and the Regulated Body. London, Sage (especially Chapter 5) Rawlins, E. (2008) Citizenship, health education and the obesity ‘crisis’, ACME 135-151 Renzaho, A.M.N. (2004) Fat, rich and beautiful: changing socio-cultural paradigms associated with obesity risk, nutritional status and refugee children from sub-Saharan Africa, Health & Place 10: 105-113 Rose, N. (2007) The Politics of Life Itself: Biomedicine, Power, and Subjectivity in the Twentyfirst Century..Princeton, Princeton University Press, pp 9-40 Valentine, G. (1999) A corporeal geography of consumption. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 17, 329-351 WEEK 4: OPTIMISING BODIES: HEALTH, BEAUTY, CONSUMER CULTURE This week’s lecture focuses on the beauty/health/lifestyle nexus that emerged with consumer capitalism. While public health messages in the global north emphasise exercise and nutritional intake in promoting the health, medical and technological advances provide potential ‘short cuts’ to achieving the ideal body. In this lecture body modification activities are considered, including eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, and cosmetic surgery. Although such activities are primarily associated with women and girls, increasing numbers of men and older people are caught up in the body/beauty/health nexus. The linking of social identities, culture, place and optimal body size provide a focus for discussion of the ‘colonisation’ of the body by normative discourses of beauty and health and ways this may be contested. Learning Outcomes: Students will: - acquire knowledge of the historical and cultural specificity of ‘appropriate’ body size - be able to assess the role of specific sites in mediating relationships between health, beauty and consumer culture Key readings: Dias, K. (2003) The Ana-sanctuary: women’s pro-anorexia narratives in cyberspace, Journal of International Women’s Studies, 4(2):31-45 Edmonds, A. (2007) ‘The poor have the right to be beautiful’: cosmetic surgery in neo-liberal Brazil, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, New Series 13:363-381 Litva, A., Peggs, K. and Moon, G. (2001) Locating young women’s health and appearance. In: I. Dyck, N.D. Lewis and S. McLafferty, Geographies of Women’s Health. London, Routledge, pp. 248-264 Petersen, A. (2007) The Body in Question: A Socio-cultural Approach. London, Routledge. Chapter 3 Reshaping and perfecting bodies pp 47-79 Supplementary reading: Becker, A.E. (2002) Eating behaviours and attitudes following prolonged exposure to television among ethnic Fijian adolescent girls, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180:509-514. Body & Society (1999) Special Issue: Body Modification, 5:2-3 Davis, K. Reshaping the Female Body: The Dilemmas of Cosmetic Surgery, New York, Routledge Eckermann, L. (1997) Foucault, embodiment and gendered subjectivities. In: A. Petersen and R. Bunton (eds) Foucault, Health and Medicine. London, Routledge, pp. 151-169 Kaw, E. (1993) The medicalization of racial features: Asian American women and cosmetic surgery, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, New Series 7(1): 74-89 Kim, T. (2003) Neo-Confucian body techniques: women’s bodies in Korea’s consumer society, Body and Society 9:97 Latham, M. (2008) The shape of things to come: feminism, regulation and cosmetic surgery, Medical Law Review 00: 1-21 Featherstone, M. (1991) The body in consumer culture. In: M. Featherstone, M. Hepworth and B.S. Turner (eds) The Body: Social Process and Cultural Theory. London, Sage, pp. 170-196 Howson, A. (2004) The Body in Society: An Introduction, Cambridge, Polity Press, pp.93-119 (Chapter Four: The body in consumer culture) Xu, G. and Feiner, S. (2007) Meinu Jingji/China’s beauty economy: buying looks, shifting value, and changing place, Feminist Economics 13 (3-4): 307-323 WEEK 5: ‘OTHER BODIES’: GEOGRAPHIES OF DISABILITY The lecture this week considers the contribution of geography to understanding disabled bodies and disability experience, tracing key concerns over time. It explores the notion of disability as a sociospatial construct and goes on to consider ways the body has been incorporated into analysis. The complex interlinking of spatial arrangements, social and medical norms, and the experience of a non-normative body are examined. Discourses and social identities are shown to interweave with space in constructing disability and chronic illness experience. Learning Outcomes: Students will: - learn about the implications of including a theorised account of the body and experiential accounts in constructing geographies of disability, impairment and chronic illness - be familiar with how medical knowledge, bodily experience, social identities and institutions interplay in constructing spatialities of disability/chronic illness experience Key Readings: Chouinard, V. (1997) Making space for disabling difference: challenging ableist geographies. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 15: 379-387 Dyck, I. (1995) Hidden geographies: the changing lifeworlds of women with disabilities Social Science and Medicine 40:307-320 Gleeson, B. (1999) Geographies of Disability, London, Routledge (especially Chapter 4) Hall, E. (2000) ‘Blood, brain and bones’: taking the body seriously in the geography of health and impairment, Area 32(1): 21-29 Hall, E. and Kearns, R.A. (2001) Making space for the ‘intellectual’ in geographies of disability, Health & Place 7(3): 237-246 Moss, P. and Dyck, I. (1996) Inquiry into environment and body: women, work and chronic illness. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14: 737-753 Parr, H. and Butler, R. (1999) ‘New geographies of illness, impairment and disability’, in. In R. Butler and H. Parr (eds) Mind and Body Spaces: Geographies of Disability, Illness and Impairment, London, Routledge, pp. 1-24. Supplementary Reading: Atkin, K., Ahmad, W.I.U. and Jones, L. (2002) Young South Asian deaf people and their families: negotiating relationships and identities, Sociology of Health & Illness 24(1): 2146 Butler, R. and Parr, H. (eds) (1999) Mind and Body Spaces: Geographies of Disability, Illness and Impairment, London, Routledge (various chapters) Coyle, F. (2004) ‘Safe space’ as counter-space: women, environmental illness and ‘corporeal chaos.’ The Canadian Geographer 48(1): 62-75 Crooks, V.A..and Chouinard, V. (2006) An embodied geography of disablement: chronically ill women’s struggles for enabling places and spaces of health care and daily life. Health & Place 12(3): 345-352 Dorn, M. (1998) Beyond nomadism: the travel narratives of a ‘cripple’. In: Heidi J. Nast and Steve Pile (eds) Places Through the Body. New York, Routledge, pp183-206 Dyck, I. (1999) Body troubles: Women, the workplace and negotiations of a disabled identity. In R. Butler and H. Parr (eds) Mind and Body Spaces: Geographies of Disability, Illness and Impairment, London, Routledge, pp.119-137 Environment and Planning D: Society and Space (1997) Special Issue: Geographies of Disability 15: 379-480 Imrie, R. (ed) (2001) Barriered and bounded places and the spatialities of disability, Urban Studies 38(2): 231-237 Holt, L. (2003) Disabling children in primary school micro-spaces: geographies of inclusion and exclusion. Health and Place, 9: 119-128. Imrie, R. and Edwards, C. (2007) The geographies of disability: reflections on the development of a sub-discipline. Geography Compass 2 www.geography-compass.com Kitchin, R. (1998) ‘Out of place,’ knowing one’s place’: space, power and the exclusion of disabled people, Disability and Society, 13(3): 343-356 Matthews, H. and Vujakovic., P. (1995) ‘Mapping the environment of wheelchair users’, Geography Review (January), 30-34 Moss, P. (1997) Negotiating spaces in home environments: older women living with arthritis, Social Science and Medicine 45:23-33 Moss, P. and Dyck, I. (2001) Material bodies precariously positioned: women embodying chronic illness in the workplace. In: I. Dyck, N.D. Lewis, and S. McLafferty, Geographies of Women’s Health, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 231-247 Moss, P. and Dyck, I. (2002) Women, Body, Illness: Space and Identity in the Everyday Lives of Women and Chronic Illness. Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield. Pain, R., Barke, M., Fuller, D., Gough, J., MacFarlane, R. and Mowl, G. (2001) Introducing Social Geographies. London, Arnold. Chapter 8: Geographies of Disability. Park, D.C., Radford, J.P. and Vi ckers, M.H. (1998) Disability studies in human geography. Progress in Human Geography 22: 208-233 Parr, H. (2002) Medical geography: diagnosing the body in medical and health geography, 19992000. Progress in Human Geography, 26(2):240-251 Sothern, M. (2007). You could truly be yourself if you just weren’t you: sexuality, disabled bodyspace and the (neo)liberal politics of self-help. Environment and Planning D:Society and Space 25(1):144-159 Valentine, G. (2001) Social Geographies: Space and Society, London, Prentice Hall. Chapter Two Valentine, G. (1999) What it means to be a man: the body, masculinities, disability. In: R. Butler and H. Parr (eds) Mind and Body Spaces: Geographies of Disability, Illness and Impairment, London, Routledge, pp.167-180 Wilton, R.(1996) Diminished worlds? The geography of everyday life with HIV/AIDS, Health and Place 2(2): 69-83 Wilton, R. (2004). From flexibility to accommodation: disabled workers and the reinvention of paid work. Transactions, Institute of British Geographers NS 29, 420-432 WEEK 6: ‘OTHER’ MINDS: MANAGING ‘MADNESS’ Continuing from last week’s lecture we consider the relationships among body/mind differences, space, and medical knowledge. Consequences of the medicalisation of ‘madness’ for issues of exclusion/inclusion are examined. The relationship between place and experiences of mental health problems provide a focus for discussion, including the role of space in managing those categorised as mentally ill. Learning Outcomes: Students will: - be able to discuss the role of narrative accounts of living with ‘madness’ in understanding the medicalisation of ‘different minds’ - acquire knowledge of the relationship between place/space and the management of those with mental health problems - be able to discuss the relationship between the body/mind, referring to case studies Key Readings: Davidson, J. (2000) “The world was getting smaller”: agoraphobia and bodily boundaries, Area 32(1):31-40 Milligan, C. (2000) ‘Breaking out of the asylum’: developments in the geography of mental illhealth – the influence of the informal sector, Health & Place 6(3): 189-200 Parr, H. (1999) Bodies and psychiatric medicine: interpreting different geographies of mental health. In: R. Butler and H. Parr (eds) Mind and Body Spaces: Geographies of Illness, Impairment and Disability. London, Routledge, pp. 181-202. Parr, H. (1999) Delusional geographies: embodied experiences of ‘madness’/illness, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 17: 673-690 Parr, H. and Philo, C. (2003) Rural mental health and social geographies of caring. Social and Cultural Geography 4(4):471-488 Supplementary Reading: Curtis, S. (2004) Health and Inequality: Geographical Perspectives. London, Sage. Chapter Seven Davidson, J. (2001) Fear and trembling in the mall: women, agoraphobia, and body boundaries. In: I. Dyck, N.D. Lewis, and S. McLafferty, Geographies of Women’s Health, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 213-230 Davidson, J. (2007) ‘In a world of her own …’: re-presenting alienation and emotion in the lives and writings of women with autism, Gender, Place and Culture, 14(6): 659-677 Gattuso, S., Fullagar, S. and Young, I. (2005) Speaking of women’s ‘nameless misery’: the everyday construction of depression in Australian women’s magazines Social Science and Medicine 61(8): 1640-48. Hardey, M. (2005) Writing digital selves: narratives of health and illness on the internet. In: Martin King and Katherine Watson (eds) Representing Health: Discourses of Health and Illness in the Media. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 133-150. Knowles, C. (2000) Burger King, Dunkin Donuts and the Politics of Community Mental Health Care', Health & Place, 6: 213-224 Parr, H. (1998) Mental health, ethnography and the body, Area 30(1):28-37 Parr, H. (2000) Interpreting the ‘hidden social geographies’ of mental health: ethnographies of inclusion and exclusion in semi-institutional places. Health & Place 6(3) 225-238 Parr, H. and Philo, C. (1995) Mapping ‘mad’ identities. In: S. Pile and N. Thrift (eds) Mapping the Subject: Geographies of Cultural Transformation. New York, Routledge pp 199-205 Parr, H., Philo, C. and Burns. N. (2004) Social geographies of rural mental health: experiencing inclusion and exclusion. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 29(4): 401419 Philo, C. (1997) Across the water: reviewing geographical studies of asylums and other mental health facilities. Health & Place 3:73-89 Sashidharan, S.P. and Francis, E. (1993) ‘Epidemiology, ethnicity and schizophrenia’, in W.I.U. Ahmad (ed) ‘Race’ and health in contemporary Britain, Buckingham, Open University Press, pp. 137-166 Segrott, J., and Doel, M.A. (2004) Disturbing geography: obsessive-compulsive disorder as spatial practice, Social & Cultural Geography 5(4): 597-614 Wolch, J. and Philo, C. (2000) From distributions of deviance to definitions of difference: past and future mental health geographies, Health and Place 6(3): 137-157. WEEK 7 READING WEEK NO LECTURE WEEK 8: GENDERED BODIES AND HEALTH: FEMINIST GEOGRAPHIES OF HEALTH AND GENDER STUDIES With a particular focus on feminist geographies of health this lecture locates contemporary geographical work about gender and health within a wider debate concerning gender inequities in heath. It considers how conceptualisations of gender shape explanation of differences in the health of men and women, and introduces work on men’s health primarily from sociology. It goes on to explore how work at various scales illuminates the embeddedness of men’s and women’s health in notions of masculinity and femininity, gender relations and place. Learning Outcomes: Students will: - be able to discuss the notion of gender as a socially constructed difference shaping health status and behaviour - acquire knowledge of different methodological approaches used in feminist health geography to enhance understanding the relationship between place and women’s health - explore the relationship between masculinity, place and men’s health behaviour Key Readings: Courtenay, W.H. (2000) Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men’s well-being: a theory of gender and health, Social Science and Medicine, 50:1385-1401 Dyck, I. (2003) Feminism and health geography: twin tracks or divergent agendas? Gender, Place and Culture 10:361-368 Dyck, I., Lewis, N.D., and McLafferty, S. (2001) Chapter 1: Why geographies of women’s health? In: I. Dyck, N.D. Lewis, and S. McLafferty, Geographies of Women’s Health, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 1-20 Payne, S. (2006) The Health of Men and Women, Cambridge, Polity Press. Chapters One and Two Supplementary Reading: Allison, M. and Harpham, T. (2002) Southern African perspectives on the geography of health. Health and Place (Special Issue) 8 (4): 223-226. Bondi, L. and Davidson, J. (2003) Troubling the place of gender. In: K. Anderson, M. Domosh, S.Pile and N.Thrift (eds) Handbook of Cultural Geography, London, Sage, pp.325-343 Craddock, S. (2001) Scales of justice: women, equity, and HIV in East Africa. In: I. Dyck, N.D. Lewis, and S. McLafferty, Geographies of Women’s Health, London and New York, Routledge, pp.41-60 Doyal, L. (1995) What Makes Women Sick: Gender and the Political Economy of Health, London, Macmillan. Doyal, L. (2000) Gender equity in health: debates and dilemmas, Social Science and Medicine, 51:931-939 Dyck, I. Lewis, N.D. and McLafferty, S. (2001) Geographies of Women’s Health, London, Routledge – chapters represent various approaches, topics and international examples Ellaway, A. and Macintyre, S. (2001) Women in their place: gender and perceptions of neighbourhoods and health in the West of Scotland. In: I. Dyck, N.D. Lewis, and S. McLafferty, Geographies of Women’s Health, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 265281 Howson, A. (2004) The Body in Society: An Introduction, Cambridge, Polity, pp. 39-66 (Chapter 2, The body, gender and sex) Inhorn, M and Whittle, K.L. (2001) Feminism meets the “new” epidemiologies: toward an appraisal of antifeminist biases in epidemiological research on women’s health, Social Science and Medicine, 53:553-567 McLafferty, S. and Templaski, B. (1995) Restructuring and women’s reproductive health: implications for low birthweight in New York City Geoforum 26: 309-323 Noone, J.H. and Stephens, C. (2008) Men, masculine identities, and health care utilisation, Sociology of Health & Illness 30(5): 711-725 O’Brien, R., Hunt, K., and Hart, G. (2005) “It’s caveman stuff, but that is to a certain extent how guys still operate’: men’s accounts of masculinity and help seeking, Social Science and Medicine 61(3): 503-516 Pain, R., Barke, M., Fuller, D., Gough, J., MacFarlane, R. and Mowl, G. (2001) Introducing Social Geographies. London, Arnold. Chapter Six: Geographies of Gender and Sexuality. Panelli, R (2004) Social Geographies: From Difference to Action, Sage. Chapter 4: Gender Popay, J. and Groves, K. (2000) ‘Narrative’ in research on gender inequalities in health. In: E. Allendale and K. Hunt (eds) Gender Inequalities in Health. Buckingham and Philadelphia, Open University Press, pp. 64-89 (especially pp.64-80) Pope, C. (2001) Babies and borderlands: factors that influence Sonoran women’s decision to seek prenatal care in southern Arizona. In: I. Dyck, N.D. Lewis, and S. McLafferty, Geographies of Women’s Health, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 143-158. Riska, E. (2002) From Type A man to the hardy man: masculinity and health, Sociology of Health and Illness, 24(3): 347-358 Robertson, S. (2007) Understanding Men’s Health: Masculinity, Identity and Well-being. Schoef, B.G. (1998) Inscribing the body politic: women and AIDS in Africa. In: Margaret Lock and Patricia Kaufert (eds) Pragmatic Women and Body Politics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Preess Underhill-Sem, Y. (2001) “The baby is turning”: child-bearing in Wanigela, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea. In: I. Dyck, N.D. Lewis, S. McLafferty, Geographies of Women’s Health. London, Routledge, 197-212 Valentine, G. (2007) Theorizing and researching intersectionality: a challenge for feminist geography. The Professional Geographer 59: 10-21 Wainwright, E. (2002) Constant medical supervision: locating reproductive bodies in Victorian and Edwardian Dundee. Health and Place 9: 163-174 Weston, H.J. (2003) Public honour, private shame and HIV: issues affecting sexual health service delivery in London’s South Asian communities. Health and Place 9: 109-117 Young, I.M. (2005) Lived body versus gender. In: P.Essed, D.T.Goldberg and A.Kobayashi (eds) A Companion to Gender Studies, Oxford, Blackwell, pp. 102-113 WEEK 9: BODIES ACROSS BORDERS: MIGRATION AND HEALTH Migration and health is a large field of study. In this lecture, selected readings are used to further develop the theme of diversity in health and illness experience, with a particular focus on interpretive approaches and research using qualitative methodology in studying the implications for health and health behaviour of the global circulation of people and health knowledge. It raises the issue of the utility of concepts of culture and ’race’ in explaining health and illness concepts and practices of established minority groups and more recent migrants through interrogation of the tension between structural conditions and ‘culture’. Case examples illustrate the complex relationships among migration, place, culture, social identities and health. Learning Outcomes: Students will: - be able to discuss the links between culture, place and health in analysing the health experiences of migrants and refugees in the context of international migration - be able to assess critically key concepts employed in interpreting the health experiences and behaviour of minority ethnic groups in the global north Key Readings: Ahmad, W.I.U. and Bradby, H. (2007) Locating ethnicity and health: exploring concepts and contexts, Sociology of Health & Illness 29(6): 795-810 Dyck, I. (2006) Travelling tales and migratory meanings: South Asian migrant women talk of place, health and healing, Social and Cultural Geography 7(1): 1-18 Gatrell. A. C. (2002) Chapter 6 People on the move: Migration and health. Explaining geographies of health. Geographies of Health: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 166-191 Gesler, W.M. and Kearns, R.A. (2002) culture/place/health, New York, Routledge, pp. 1-35 Kerner, Caroline, Bailey, Adrian J., Mountz, Alison, Miyares, Ines and Wright, Richard A. (2001) “Thank God she’s not sick”: health and disciplinary practice among Salvadoran women in northern New Jersey. In: I. Dyck, N.D. Lewis, and S. McLafferty, Geographies of Women’s Health, London and New York, Routledge, pp.127-142. Supplementary Reading: Ahmad, W.I.U. (1996) The trouble with culture. In K. Kelleher and S. Hillier (eds) Researching Cultural Differences in Health. London: Routledge. Chapter 9, 190-219 Dyck, I. (1995) Putting chronic illness in place: women immigrants’ accounts of their health care, Geoforum, 26, 247-260 Dyck, I. and Dossa, P. (2007) Place, health and home: gender and migration in the constitution of healthy space, Health & Place 13: 691-701 Dyck, I. and Kearns, R.A. (1995) Transforming the relations of research: towards culturally safe geographies of health and healing Health & Place 1(3): 137-147 Elliott, S.J. and Gillie, J (1998) Moving experiences: a qualitative analysis of health and migration, Health & Place, 4: 327-339 Flad, M.M. (1995) Tracing an Irish widow’s journey: immigration and medical care in the midnineteenth century. Geoforum 26(3): 261-272 Gilgen, D., Macusezahl, D., Salis Gross, C., Battegay, E., Flubacher, P., Tanner, M., Weiss, M.G. and Hatz, C. (2005) Impact of migration on illness experience and help-seeking strategies of patients from Turkey and Bosnia in primary health care in Basel, Health & Place, 11(3):261-273 Green, G., Bradby, H., Chan, A. and Lee, M. (2005) “We are not completely Westernised”: Dual medical systems and pathways to health care among Chinese migrant women in England, Social Science and Medicine Grove, N.J. and Zwi, A.B. (2006) Our health and theirs: forced migration, othering, and public health, Social Science and Medicine, 62:1931-1942 Karlsen, S. and Nazroo, J.Y. (2002) Agency and structure: the impact of ethnic identity and racism on the health of ethnic minority people, Sociology of Health and Illness, 24(1): 1-20 Kelleher, D. and Hillier, S. (1996) (eds) Researching Cultural Differences in Health, London and New York, Routledge (several chapters are useful in addressing the relationship between cultural difference and health Manderson, L., Kirk, M. and Hoban, E. (2001) Walking the talk: research partnerships in women’s business in Australia. In: I. Dyck, N.D. Lewis, and S. McLafferty, Geographies of Women’s Health, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 177-194. Manderson, L. and Allotey, P. (2003) Story-telling, marginality, and community in Australia: how immigrants position their difference in health care settings, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 22, 1-21. Ong, A. (1995) Making the biopolitical subject: Cambodian immigrants, refugee medicine and cultural citizenship in California, Social Science and Medicine 40(9): 1243-1257 Pope, C. (2001) Babies and borderlands: factors that influence Sonoran women’s decision to seek prenatal care in southern Arizona. In: I. Dyck, N.D. Lewis, and S. McLafferty, Geographies of Women’s Health, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 143-158. Tripathi, S. (2001) Differing access to social networks: rural and urban women in India with reproductive tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases. In: I. Dyck, N.D. Lewis, and S. McLafferty, Geographies of Women’s Health, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 159-176. WEEK 10: ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: SPACES OF HEALTH AND HEALING This lecture considers the ways in which notions of therapeutic landscape and therapeutic spaces have informed health geographers’ investigation of the relationship between health and place. It explores changes in how Gesler’s initial conceptualisation of therapeutic landscape has been utilised, focusing on a range of spaces that have been examined for their therapeutic qualities and the relationality of environment and human agency in their construction. Learning Outcomes: Students will: - be familiar with recent developments in extending the notion of therapeutic landscape - be able to discuss research examples in assessing the tension between structure and agency in the construction of healthy space Key Readings: Gesler, W.M. (2005) Therapeutic landscapes: an evolving theme, Health & Place, 11(4):295-297 Lea, J. (2008) Retreating to nature: rethinking ‘therapeutic landscapes’, Area 40(1): 90-98 Smyth, F. (2005) Medical geography: therapeutic places, spaces and networks, Progress in Human Geography, 29: 488-495 Supplementary Reading: Andrews, J.P. and Andrews, G.J. (2003) Life in a secure unit: the rehabilitation of young people through the use of sport. Social Science and Medicine 56: 531Bondi, L. (2003) A situated practice for (re)situating selves: trainee counsellors and the promise of counselling. Environment and Planning A, 35: 853-870 Bondi, L. and Fewell, J. (2003) Unlocking the cage door: the spatially of counselling. Social & Cultural Geography 4(4): 528-546 Bondi, L. (2004) ‘A double-edged sword’? The professionalization of counselling in the United Kingdom, Health & Place 10:310-328 Conradson, D. (2005) Landscape, care and the relational self: therapeutic encounters in rural England, Health & Place, 11(4):337-348 Curtis, S. (2004) Health and Inequality: Geographical Perspectives. London, Sage. Chapter 2 pp28-51 Dyck, I. and Dossa, P. (2007) Place, health and home: gender and migration in the constitution of healthy space. Health & Place 13 (3): 691-701 Hemming, P. (2007) Renegotiating the primary school: children’s emotional geographies of sport, exercise and play. Children’s Geographies 5: 353-371 Holloway, J. (2000) Institutional geographies of the new age movement. Geoforum 31:553-566 Joseph, A.E. and Moon, G. (2002) From retreat to health centre: legislation, commercial opportunities and the repositioning of a Victorian private asylum. Social Science and Medicine 55:2193-2200 Kearns, R.A. and Barnett, J. (1999) Auckland’s Starship Enterprise: place metaphor in a children’s hospital. In. Allison Williams (ed) Therapeutic Landscapes: The Dynamic Between Wellness and Place. Lanham, MD, University Press of America Kearns, R.A. and Collins, D.C.A. (2000) New Zealand children’s health camps: therapeutic landscapes meet the contract state. Social Science and Medicine 57: 1047-1060 MacKian, S.C. (2008) What the papers say: reading therapeutic landscapes of women’s health and empowerment in Uganda. Health & Place 14(1): 106-115 Milligan C. and Bingley, A, (2007) 'Therapeutic places or scary spaces? The impact of woodland on the mental well-being of young adults', Health Place, 13:3, 799-811. Milligan, C., Gatrell, A. and Bingley, A. (2004) Cultivating health: therapeutic landscapes and older people in Northern England. Social Science and Medicine 58(9): 1781-1793 Pain, R., Bailey, C., and Mowl, G. (2001) Infant feeding in North East England: contested spaces of reproduction. Area 33: 261-272 Parr, H. (1999) Mental health and the therapeutic geographies of the city: individual and collection negotiation. In. Allison Williams (ed) Therapeutic Landscapes: The Dynamic between Health and Wellness. Lanham, MD, University of America Press Wakefield, S. and McMullan, C. (2005) Healing places of decline: (re)imagining everyday landscapes in Hamilton, Ontario, Health & Place 11(4):299-312 Williams, A. (ed|) (1999) Therapeutic Landscapes: The Dynamic Between Wellness and Place. Lanham, MD, University Press of America Williams, A. (2002) Changing geographies of care: employing the concept of therapeutic landscapes as a framework in examining home space. Social Science and Medicine 55: 141-154 Williams, A. (ed) (2007) Therapeutic Landscapes (Geographies of Health), Ashgate. Wilson, K. (2003) Therapeutic landscapes and First Nations people: an exploration of culture, health and place. Health & Place 9: 83-93 Wilton, R. and DeVerteuil, G. (2006) Spaces of sobriety/sites of power: examining social model alcohol recovery programs as therapeutic landscapes. Social Science and Medicine 63: 649661 WEEK 11: CARE AND CAREGIVING IN GEOGRAPHIES OF HEALTH The focus of this lecture is care provided in the home, the primary site of ‘community care’ for the disabled, chronically ill and frail elderly. The readings help to reveal relations of power, operating through the interlocking scales of the global, nation-state, city and household, within which care needs and provision are constructed. Experiences of both care receivers and care givers are considered. While the highly gendered character of care-giving is highlighted, the impact of economic and social change on who provides care emphasises the interweaving of gender with class, racialised identities and life course issues in the organization of care practices. Learning Outcomes: Students will: - acquire knowledge about how links between political economy and health care restructuring shapes the provision and experience of care - be able to discuss the gendered dimensions of care giving - consider the contribution of experiential accounts of care receiving and care giving for practice and policy issues Key Readings: Conradson, D. (2003) Geography of care: spaces, practices, experiences, Social and Cultural Geography 4: 450-454 Milligan, C. (2003) Location or dis-location? Towards a conceptualization of people and place in the care-giving experience, Social & Cultural Geography, 4(4): 455-470. Parr, H. (2003) Medical geography: care and caring, Progress in Human Geography 27(2): 212221 Williams, A. and Crooks, V.A. (2008) Introduction: space, place and the geographies of women’s caregiving work, Gender, Place and Culture 15(3): 243-248 Supplementary Reading: Barnes, C. (2005) Who cares? In: Crang, P., Cloke, P. and Goodwin, M. (eds) Introducing Human Geographies (Second edition), London, Arnold, pp.588-601 Chattoo, S. and Ahmad, W.I.U. (2008) The moral economy of selfhood and caring: negotiating boundaries of personal care as embodied moral practice, Sociology of Health and Illness 30(4): 550-564 Cloutier-Fisher, D. and Joseph, A.E. (2000) Long term care restructuring in rural Ontario: retrieving community service user and provider narratives, Social Science and Medicine, 50:1037-1045 Dyck, I., Kontos, P, Angus, J., and McKeever, P, (2005) The home as a site for long term care: meanings and management of bodies and spaces, Health and Place, 11 (2): 173-185. Ehrenreich and Hothschild Fisher, B. and Tronto, J. (1990) Towards a feminist theory of caring. In: E.Abel and M.Nelson (eds) Circles of Care, Work and Identity in Women’s Lives, Albany, pp. 36-54 Gender, Place and Culture (2008) 15(3) Special issue. Gleeson, B. and Kearns, R.A. (2001) Re-moralising landscapes of care, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 19: 61-80 Hallman, B.C. and Joseph, A.E. (1999) Getting there: mapping the gendered geography of caregiving to elderly relatives. Canadian Journal of Aging 18: 397-414 Joseph, A.E. and Chalmers, A. (1996) Restructuring long-term care and the geography of aging: a view from rural New Zealand, Social Science and Medicine 42(6): 887-896 Joseph, A.E. and Hallman, B.C. (1998) Over the hill and far away: distance as a barrier to the provision of assistance to elderly relatives, Social Science and Medicine 46 (6): 63-639. Kofman, E. (2004) Gendered global migrations: diversity and stratification, International Feminist Journal of Politics 6(4): 643-668 McKie, L., Bowlby, S. and Gregory, S. (2001) Gender, caring and employment in Britain, Journal of Social Policy 30(2): 233-258 Meintel, D., Fortin, S. and Cognett, M. (2006) On the road and on their own: autonomy and giving in home health care in Quebec, Gender, Place and Culture 13(5): 563-580 Milligan, C. (2000) ‘Bearing the burden’: towards a restructured geography of caring, Area, 32(1): 49-58 Milligan, C. (2006) Caring for older people in the 21st century: notes from a small island, Health & Place 12(3): 320-331 Parr, H. and Philo, C. (2003) Rural mental health and social geographies of caring, Social and Cultural Geography 4: 471-488 Patel, N. (1993) Healthy margins: black elders’ care – models, policies and prospects. In: W.I.U. Ahmad (ed) ‘Race’ and Health in Contemporary Britain, Buckingham and Philadelphia, Open University Press pp. 114-134 Popke, J.(2006) Geography and ethics: everyday mediations through care and consumption, Progress in Human Geography 30(4): 504-512 Robson, E. (2000) Invisible carers: young people in Zimbabwe’s home-based health care, Area 32: 59-70 Robson, E., Ansell, N. Huber, U.S., Gould, W.T.S. and van Blerk, L. (2006) Young caregivers in the context of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa, Population, Space and Place 12: 93-111 Social & Cultural Geography (2003) Special Issue: Geographers of Care 4(4) Skinner, M.W. (2008) Voluntarism and long-term care in the countryside: the paradox of a threadbare sector. The Canadian Geographer 52: 188-203 Twigg, J. (1999) The spatial ordering of care: public and private in bathing support in the home, Sociology of Health and Illness 21(4):381-400 Wiles, J. (2003) Daily geographies of caregivers: mobility, routine, scale, Social Science and Medicine, 57(7): 1307-1325 Williams, A. (2001) Home care restructuring at work. In: I. Dyck, N.D. Lewis, and S. McLafferty, Geographies of Women’s Health, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 108126 WEEK 12 : BODIES, LABOUR PROCESSES AND HEALTH This lecture explores the impact of work on health, conceptualising the workplace as a landscape of risk. It examines interconnections between political economy and the body, exploring how economic processes become embodied in health experience in particular places. Power relations around gendered, racialised and classed bodies are seen to play out in unhealthy and ‘broken’ bodies. Learning Outcomes: Students will: - learn about the ‘scaling’ of work-related health conditions - be familiar with examples of the influence of gender on workplace health Readings: Herod, A. and Aguiar, L.L.M. (2006) Introduction: ethnographies of the cleaning body, Antipode 38(3):530-533 Glassman, Jim (2001) Women workers and the regulation of health and safety on the industrial periphery: the case of Northern Thailand. In: I. Dyck, N.D. Lewis, and S. McLafferty, Geographies of Women’s Health, London and New York, Routledge pp. 61-87 Leslie, D. and Butz, L. (1998) “GM suicide”: flexibility, space, and the injured body, Economic Geography, 74, 360-378. Panelli, RA. And Gallagher, L.M. (2003) “It’s your whole way of life really”: negotiating work, health and gender. Health and Place, 9: 95-105 Supplementary Reading: Antipode 38(3) Special Issue; Section 2 articles Guelke, J. K. (2003) Road-kill on the information highway: repetitive sprain injury in the academy. Canadian Geographer 47 (4): 386-399. Hartley, M., Popay, J. and Plewis, I. (2008) Domestic conditions, paid employment and women’s experience of health, Sociology of Health & Illness (virtual special issue) Pratt, G. in collaboration with the Philippine Women Centre (1998) Inscribing work on Filipina bodies. In: Heidi J. Nast and Steve Pile (eds) Places Through the Body. New York, Routledge pp. 283-304 Price, P.L. (1999) Bodies, faith and inner landscapes: rethinking change form the very local. Latin American Perspectives 26(3): 37-59 Wolkowitz, C. (2006) Bodies At Work, Sage