Biology 30 – Mr. Mills – Final Exam Review
All of the questions on the final exam are covered in this review, but not all of the
objectives below are on the final exam.
Unit 1 – Biochemistry
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Compare and contrast organic and inorganic molecules (size, content, complexity).
Understand how water is unique, and why it is important to all living things.
Explain the relationship between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
Name the four major types of organic molecules found in all cells.
List the building blocks of lipids, outline their formation and breakdown and describe their uses.
Outline the types of carbohydrates, their building blocks, and give examples of their uses.
Differentiate between saturated fats and cholesterol and their effects on the circulatory system.
Compare and contrast the locations, structures and functions of DNA and RNA.
List the building blocks and aggregates of proteins; describe their formation and their uses.
Explain the functions of enzymes and coenzymes in living cells and how they work in cells.
Review cell structure and function of all of the organelles in both plant and animal cells.
Explain the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
Explain why living things need energy.
Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Explain the function of hydrogen acceptors in cellular respiration.
Briefly describe glycolysis.
Explain the process of fermentation and differentiate between its products in plants and animals.
Describe the location and function of the electron transport chain.
Describe the function and products of the Krebs cycle.
Define photosynthesis and recognize which organisms use this process.
Write the general equation for photosynthesis.
Describe the light reactions and the dark reactions
Compare and contrast respiration and photosynthesis.
List the factors which affect the rate of photosynthesis.
Unit 2 - Reproduction
1. Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
2. Describe types of natural and artificial vegetative reproduction.
3. Compare and contrast mitosis and cytokinesis in plant and animal cells.
4. Differentiate between binary fission, budding, spore formation and regeneration.
5. List and describe the stages of mitosis.
6. Explain the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction.
7. Differentiate between gametes, zygotes, diploid, and haploid.
8. List and describe the stages of meiosis.
9. Explain the advantages of sexual reproduction.
10. List the parts and functions of the male and female reproductive systems in humans.
11. Compare and contrast external and internal fertilization in animals.
12. Describe the process of oogenesis.
13. Describe the process of spermatogenesis and the structure of the sperm.
14. Describe the process of fertilization and implantation in humans.
15. Differentiate between development and differentiation.
16. Outline the events in cleavage and development to the gastrula stage.
17. List the 3 germ layers and the tissues they form.
18. Compare and contrast external and internal development.
19. Describe adaptations of various animals for reproduction on land. This includes an explanation
of the amniotic egg, marsupial and placental mammals
Biology 30 – Mr. Mills – Final Exam Review
20. List male and female secondary sex characteristics and the hormones involved.
21. List the stages of the menstrual cycle and explain the roles of the hormones involved.
22. Describe the birth process.
23. Differentiate between the umbilical cord, placenta and amniotic fluid.
Unit 3 - Genetics
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Outline Mendel's experiments.
State Mendel's laws of dominance and segregation.
Explain segregation in terms of chromosomes and meiosis.
Explain the law of independent assortment in terms of genes and meiosis.
Use Punnett squares to do monohybrid, test crosses, dihybrid, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, sex
linked and multiple allele crosses. There will definitely be different types of genetics problems in both the
MC and written sections of the final exam.
State the law of probability and relate it to Mendel's experiments.
Outline the role of X and Y chromosomes in sex determination and sex linked traits.
Differentiate between linkage and crossing over.
Outline how we know that DNA is the genetic material.
Describe the structure of DNA.
Describe replication in DNA.
Describe the process of transcription, translation and how these two processes are responsible for the
synthesis of proteins.
Compare and contrast the structure and function of mRNA and tRNA.
What are some problems in studying human heredity?
List the benefits and disadvantages of genetic engineering and cloning.
Describe techniques used to diagnose human genetic disorders
Describe sex-linked, recessive, dominant and chromosomal disorders.
Unit 4 – Human Body Systems Part I
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Differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Outline the types of nutrients necessary and their uses in the diet.
Outline a healthy diet.
Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion
List the organs of the human digestive system and describe their functions.
List the digestive enzymes, their place of productions and their functions.
Describe the process of swallowing in detail. Include all structures that are involved in
swallowing.
8. Explain the importance of transport in organisms.
9. Compare and contrast open and closed circulatory systems.
10. Outline the structure and functions within the heart and describe blood's pathway through it.
11. Outline the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries.
12. Explain the heartbeat cycle and factors influencing the heartbeat and blood pressure.
13. Outline pulmonary and systemic circulation and explain what the blood gains and loses.
14. Describe the function of the lymphatic system.
15. List the parts of the blood and their functions.
16. Describe the clotting process.
17. Differentiate between active and passive immunity.
18. List and briefly describe some immune system disorders.
Biology 30 – Mr. Mills – Final Exam Review
19. Describe the ABO and Rh typing systems for human blood
20. Differentiate between the 3 lines of defense against disease causing organisms.
21. Explain how body cells exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
22. Compare and contrast internal respiration with external respiration.
23. Define gas exchange and list the characteristics of a good respiratory surface.
24. Describe gas exchange in protists and explain why structures are needed in larger animals.
25. Compare and contrast gas exchange between earthworms, grasshoppers and gilled animals.
26. List the structures of the human respiratory system and describe their functions.
Unit 5 – Human Body Systems Part II
1. Define excretion and describe why it is necessary to maintain homeostasis.
2. List the major metabolic wastes and describe how they are formed.
3. Compare excretion between protozoa, hydra, earthworms and grasshoppers.
4. Identify the principal wastes and organs of excretion in humans.
5. Describe the excretory functions of the liver.
6. List the structures of the human urinary system and describe their functions.
7. Describe the excretory functions of the lungs and skin.
8. Explain the role of a nervous system and describe its basic structures.
9. Describe the structures and functions in a neuron.
10. List and describe the function of various types of nerves.
11. Compare and contrast a resting neuron with one transmitting an impulse.
12. Describe transmission of an impulse across a synapse and at a neuromuscular junction.
13. Compare and contrast the nervous systems of hydra, earthworms and grasshoppers.
14. Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted from the dendrite of a neuron to the synapse at the
end of the axon.
15. Outline the protective structures surrounding the nervous system in humans.
16. Name the parts of the brain and their functions.
17. Identify the nerves in the peripheral nervous system and their functions.
18. Compare and contrast the functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
19. List and describe the functions of the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
20. Differentiate between a reflex and voluntary behaviour.
21. List the structures of the eye and describe how they function in vision and protection.
22. List the structures of the ear and describe how they function in hearing and balance.
23. Describe the role of the hypothalamus and the pituitary in the function of the endocrine system.
24. Explain the regulation of hormone secretion through negative feedback.
25. Compare and contrast the functions of nervous systems and endocrine systems.
26. Identify and describe the 2 types of hormone action.
27. List the endocrine glands, the hormones they secrete, and their functions.
28. Identify the disorders caused by hyposecretion and hypersecretion of hormones.
Final Exam Format:
100 Multiple Choice Questions.
The written section will include questions from each of the 5 units studied.
You will be required to answer written questions from each of the 5 units.
Biology 30 – Mr. Mills – Final Exam Review
You will have some choice of which questions you choose to answer from
each of the units. Good luck & study hard!!