Overview Country Hong Kong, China 1/ Background Statistics Human development index rank 21 1 GNI per capita (PPP in US$) 45,090 1 Life expectancy at birth (years) 82.5 1 Mean years of schooling (years) 10.0 1 Expected years of schooling (years) 13.8 1 Total population 7,053,000 2 2/ Disability Statistics Population of persons with disabilities 361,300 3, a (excluding persons with intellectual disabilities) b Proportion of persons with disabilities to total population 5.2 per cent 3 Employment rate of persons with disabilities Of the 347,900 persons aged 15 and over with disabilities, some 302,100 (86.8 per cent) were economically inactive and the remaining 45,800 (13.2 per cent) were economically active. Of the 347,900 persons aged 15 and over with disabilities, some 41,000 (11.8 per cent) were employed persons. 3, c Access to education All children and youth, including children with disabilities, who have the right of abode in Hong Kong, China are provided with twelve years of free and universal primary and secondary education in public sector schools. Students with severe special educational needs or multiple disabilities are referred to special schools for intensive support services subject to the assessment and recommendation of specialists and parents’ consent. Other students with special educational needs are placed in ordinary schools (2008c). 4 About 69.2 per cent of persons with disabilities had primary education or below, 24.6 per cent secondary education and 6.2 per cent postsecondary education as against 31.3 per cent, 47.8 per cent and 20.9 per cent respectively among the total population. Of the 41,000 employed persons with disabilities, about 29.4 per cent of them had primary education or below, as against 12.7 per cent for the total employed population. 3 3/ Definitions Overview Country Hong Kong, China Disability Discrimination Ordinance (1995, sect. 2) a. b. c. d. e. f. Definition of disability g. total or partial loss of the person's bodily or mental functions; total or partial loss of a part of the person's body; the presence in the body of organisms causing disease or illness; the presence in the body of organisms capable of causing disease or illness; the malfunction, malformation or disfigurement of a part of the person's body; a disorder or malfunction that results in the person learning differently from a person without the disorder or malfunction; or a disorder, illness or disease that affects a person's thought processes, perception of reality, emotions or judgment or that results in disturbed behavior, This definition includes a disability that: i. ii. iii. iv. Definition of persons with disabilities Categories of impairment presently exists; previously existed but no longer exists; may exist in the future; or is imputed to a person. General Household Survey on persons with disabilities and chronic diseases (2008b) “…those who (i) had been diagnosed by qualified health personnel (such as practitioners of Western medicine and Chinese medicine, including herbalists, bone-setters and acupuncturists) as having one or more of the following nine conditions; or (ii) had perceived themselves as having one or more of the first four of the following nine conditions which had lasted, or were likely to last, for a period of six months or more at the time of enumeration, including (a) restriction in body movement; (b) seeing difficulty; (c) hearing difficulty; (d) speech difficulty; (e) mental illness/mood disorder; (f) autism; (g) Specific Learning Difficulties (SpLD); (h) Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD), and; (i) intellectual disability.” According to the Rehabilitation Programme Plan 2007, there are ten categories of disability: Overview Country Hong Kong, China a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder Autism Hearing impairment Intellectual disability Physical disability Mental illness Specific Learning Difficulties Speech impairment Visceral disability; and Visual impairment 4/ Commitment to International Instruments on Disability Not applicable Ratification or signatory of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), and its Optional Protocol The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has entered into force 31 August 2008 for the People’s Republic of China, including the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region The People’s Republic of China submitted the initial report (including the part of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) to the United Nation on 31 August 2010 d Ratification of ILO Convention 159 Not applicable Ratification or signatory of the Convention on Cluster Munitions Not applicable Ratification or signatory of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction Not applicable 5/ Legal Framework Constitutional provisions No Disability-specific laws Comprehensive Disability Discrimination Ordinance (1995); Mental Health Ordinance (1997a) Sectoral .. Disability-inclusive laws Cover: education; employment; access to built environments and transportation; legal assistance 6/ Policy Framework Disability-specific policies Comprehensive Rehabilitation Programme Plan (2007) Overview Country Hong Kong, China Sectoral Cover: prevention and identification, medical rehabilitation, pre-school training, education, employment and vocational rehabilitation, residential care, day care and community support, development of self-help organisation, access and transport, application of information and communications technologies, recreational, sports, cultural and arts activities, public education. Disability-inclusive .. 7/ Institutional Framework The Commissioner for Rehabilitation is the focal point with the Government and is responsible to the Secretary for Labour and Welfare for coordinating policies on rehabilitation and efforts from different parties to ensure effective delivery of services for the well-being of persons with disabilities. The national coordination mechanism or disability focal point The Rehabilitation Advisory Committee (RAC), being the coordination mechanism, is the principal advisory body to the Hong Kong Government on matters pertaining to the wellbeing of persons with disabilities and the development and implementation of rehabilitation policies and services in Hong Kong, China. It also coordinates the public education efforts by Government departments, public bodies and non-government organisations including promotion of the Rehabilitation Programme Plan. RAC is chaired by a non-official, and all its members are appointed in their personal capacities by the Chief Executive. With the entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities since 31 August 2008, the RAC has taken on the new role of advising the Hong Kong Government on the promotion and monitoring of the implementation of the Convention in Hong Kong, China. Sources: 1. United Nations Development Programme (2010). Human Development Report 2010 (New York, UNDP). 2. United Nations (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, accessed from http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm on 25 July 2011. 3. Hong Kong, China (2008c). “Social Data Collected via the General Household Survey”, Special Topics Report – Report No. 48, Persons with Disabilities and Chronic Diseases (Census and Statistics Department), accessed from www.censtatd.gov.hk/products_and_services/products/publications/statistical_report/ social_data/index_cd_B1130148_dt_detail.jsp on 25 July 2011. 4. ESCAP (2006). Questionnaire on the Mid-point Review of the Implementation of the Biwako Millennium Framework for Action towards an Inclusive, Barrier-free and Rights-based Society for Persons with Disabilities in Asia and the Pacific (BMF), answers from the respective Government on file with ESCAP. Notes: a. Based on a territory-wide survey on persons with disabilities and chronic diseases conducted in 2007 by the Census and Statistics Department. b. According to statistical assessment of the survey, there were about 67,000-87,000 persons (1.0-1.3 per cent of total population of Hong Kong China) with intellectual disability. Since intellectual disability is a sensitive issue to some respondents, the information collected from these respondents may be subject to larger error, and hence the survey may have underestimated the number of persons with intellectual disability. For this reason, the survey results of the number of persons with intellectual disability and the number of other persons with disabilities were handled separately. c. Among those 302,100 economically inactive persons aged 15 and over with disabilities, some 221,500 (or 63.7 per cent of all persons aged 15 and over with disabilities) were retired persons. d. The People’s Republic of China’s initial report (including the part of Hong Kong, China) to the United Nation on 31 August 2010, accessed from www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/futuresessions.aspx on 25 July 2011. Comprehensive 1. Definitions a) Disability Section 2 of the Disability Discrimination Ordinance (1995) defines "disability" in relation to a person: a. b. c. d. e. f. total or partial loss of the person's bodily or mental functions; total or partial loss of a part of the person's body; the presence in the body of organisms causing disease or illness; the presence in the body of organisms capable of causing disease or illness; the malfunction, malformation or disfigurement of a part of the person's body; a disorder or malfunction that results in the person learning differently from a person without the disorder or malfunction; or g. a disorder, illness or disease that affects a person's thought processes, perception of reality, emotions or judgment or that results in disturbed behaviour, This definition includes a disability that: i. ii. iii. iv. presently exists; previously existed but no longer exists; may exist in the future; or is imputed to a person. (Hong Kong, China 1995, sect. 2) b) Persons with disabilities According to the 2008 General Household Survey on persons with disabilities and chronic diseases, “persons with disabilities” were defined as those who (i) had been diagnosed by qualified health personnel (such as practitioners of Western medicine and Chinese medicine, including herbalists, bone-setters and acupuncturists) as having one or more of the following nine conditions; or (ii) had perceived themselves as having one or more of the first four of the following nine conditions which had lasted, or were likely to last, for a period of six months or more at the time of enumeration, including (a) restriction in body movement; (b) seeing difficulty; (c) hearing difficulty; (d) speech difficulty; (e) mental illness/mood disorder; (f) autism; (g) Specific Learning Difficulties (SpLD); (h) Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD), and; (i) intellectual disability (Hong Kong, China 2008b). c) Categories of impairment According to the Rehabilitation Programme Plan 2007, there are ten categories of disability: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder Autism Hearing impairment Intellectual disability Physical disability Mental illness Specific Learning Difficulties Speech impairment Visceral disability; and Visual impairment 2. Legal framework a) Constitutional provisions Basic Law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, 1990 [English] – [Chinese] The Basic Law of Hong Kong (Hong Kong, China 1990), which provides the legal framework for the systems and policies in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, does not mention persons with disabilities. However, it stipulates the rights and freedoms enjoyed by all Hong Kong residents and other persons in Hong Kong, China. In addition, the Basic Law provides for the implementation of the provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the international labour conventions which are applicable to Hong Kong, China. b) Disability-specific laws and regulations i. Comprehensive disability-specific laws and regulations Disability Discrimination Ordinance, Cap. 487, 1995 [English] – [Chinese] Enacted in 1995, the Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1995) prohibits any discrimination against or harassment of persons with disabilities and their associates in the areas of employment, membership of trade unions, qualifying bodies, access to premises, provisions of goods, services and facilities, accommodation and management of premises, sporting activities, and exercise of government powers and performance of its functions. The Ordinance also makes provision against harassment and vilification of persons with disabilities. Mental Health Ordinance, Cap. 136, 1997 [English] – [Chinese] The Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1997a) sets out necessary legal safeguards for people with mental disabilities as well as their carers. Main provisions include the management of property and affairs, reception, detention and treatment in mental hospitals, guardianship, and consent to medical and dental treatment. ii. Sectoral disability-specific laws and regulations As a general policy consistent with the principles of integration and equal opportunities, laws in Hong Kong, China are made for and apply to all residents and other persons in Hong Kong, China including persons with disabilities. However, to meet special needs, specific legislative provisions have been made, e.g. antidiscrimination, protecting the mentally disabled, etc. c) Disability-inclusive laws and regulations Table 1: Disability-inclusive laws and regulations in Hong Kong, China. Regulations Content Self-Help Organizations of Persons with Disabilities .. Women with disabilities Sex Discrimination Ordinance, Cap. 480, The Ordinance prohibits unlawful 1995 discrimination on the grounds of sex, [English] – [Chinese] marital status or pregnancy in specified areas of activity, such as employment and education. The Ordinance outlaws sexual harassment as well as discriminatory practices, including the publication of discriminatory advertisements. Early Detection, Intervention and Education Education Ordinance, Cap. 279, 1971 This Ordinance (Hong Kong, China [English] – [Chinese] 1971a) , among other issues relating to education, aims to promote equal opportunities for all, establishes compulsory and free education for all children from primary to Form III of secondary education, generally aged 6 to 15, including children with disabilities. Training and Employment Employment Ordinance, Cap. 57, 1968 This Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1968) [English] – [Chinese] provides for the protection of wages of all employees, and regulates general conditions of employment and related matters. Employees’ Compensation Ordinance, This Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1953) Cap. 282, 1953 provides for compensation to all [English] – [Chinese] employees for work-related injuries. Employment Ordinance, Cap. 57, 1968 This Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1968) [English] – [Chinese] provides for the protection of wages of all employees, and regulates general conditions of employment and related matters. Minimum Wage Ordinance, Cap. 608 This Ordinance aims to establish an (The Ordinance will come into operation optimal statutory minimum wage (SMW) on 1 May 2011 as announced in a notice regime which provides a wage floor to published in the Gazette and subject to forestall excessively low wages but the approval of the Legislative Council.) without unduly jeopardizing Hong Kong’s [English] – [Chinese] labour market flexibility, economic growth, competitiveness and employment opportunities for vulnerable workers. Under the Ordinance, the SMW is applicable to employees with disabilities and able-bodied employees alike. In order to strike a reasonable balance between providing wage protection to persons with disabilities and safeguarding their employment opportunities, it also provides for a special arrangement so that a person with disabilities will have the right to choose to undergo a productivity assessment to help determine whether the person with disabilities should be remunerated at not lower than the SMW level or at a rate commensurate with his/her productivity. To forestall abuse, the right to invoke such an assessment is vested in the person with disabilities rather than his/her employer. Access to Built Environment and Public Transportation Building Ordinance, Cap. 123, 1960 The Building regulations (Hong Kong, [English] – [Chinese] China 1956) under this Ordinance prescribe design requirements to ensure that private buildings are accessible persons with disabilities and meet their needs. Cross-Harbour Tunnel (Passage Tax) This Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1982) Ordinance, Cap. 109, 1982 provides that people with severe mobility [English] – [Chinese] impairment are exempt from payment of the passage tax. Dutiable Commodities Ordinance, Cap. This Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1963) 109, 1963 provides a partial waiver of the duty [English] – [Chinese] payable on fuel for people with mobility impairment. Motor Vehicles (First Registration Tax) This Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1967) Ordinance, Cap. 330, 1967 stipulates that a ‘disabled person’ is not [English] – [Chinese] liable to pay first registration tax on the first Hong Kong dollars 300,000 of the taxable value of a motor vehicle for which he is applying for first registration. Road Traffic Ordinance, Cap. 374, 1984 This Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1984) [English] – [Chinese] stipulates that a ‘disabled person’ may apply for exemption of fees for a learner’s driving license, full driving license fee, driving test fee, annual vehicle license fee, fee for the transfer of vehicle ownership. Design Manual, Barrier-Free Access, The Design Manual, Barrier-Free Access 2008 2008 (Hong Kong, China 2008a) sets out [English] – [Chinese] the design considerations and requirements of providing proper access to and appropriate facilities in a building for persons with disabilities. Access to Information and Communication .. Poverty Alleviation through Capacity-building, Social Security and Sustainable Livelihood Programmes Inland Revenue Ordinance, Cap. 112, The Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1950a) 1950, amended 1989 provides for a Disabled Dependent [English] – [Chinese] Allowance for taxpayers who support a dependant with disabilities. Legal Assistance Crimes Ordinance, Cap. 200, 1971 The Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1971b) [English] – [Chinese] contains explicit provisions to ensure that persons with mental disabilities are specially protected from sexual offences. Criminal Procedure Ordinance, Cap. 221, The Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1950b) 1950 provides for special rules and procedures [English] – [Chinese] designed to protect “mentally disordered” and “mentally handicapped persons” in criminal proceedings involving them as victims or defendants. Special provisions are included to protect the rights of persons with disabilities who are accused, to a fair hearing. Under the Ordinance, “mentally disordered” or “mentally disabled people” may be admitted to appropriate investigation, observation and treatment. Enduring Powers of Attorney Ordinance, The Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1997b) Cap. 501, 1997 provides for the creation of a special type [English] – [Chinese] of power of attorney entitled “enduring power of attorney”. Unlike an ordinary power of attorney, an enduring power of attorney is not revoked by reason of the “mental incapacity” of the donor of the power subsequent to its creation. Legislative Council Ordinance, Cap. 542, The Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1997c) 1997 provides that a person, who is determined [English] – [Chinese] by a court decision to be “mentally incapable” of managing himself or his Rules of the High Court, Cap. 4, 1997 [English] – [Chinese] Official Solicitor Ordinance, Cap. 416, 1997 [English] – [Chinese] affairs, will be disqualified from being registered as an elector, voting at an election, being elected/nominated as a candidate in an election, or holding office as an elected member of the Legislative Council. The Rules (Hong Kong, China 1997d) provides that “mentally disordered people” may delegate civil proceedings, providing for the appointment of a guardian ad litem to defend on behalf of a mentally disordered to allow an independent and concerned individual to intervene for their protection. The Ordinance to provide for the appointment of an Official Solicitor and for related purposes. The Official Solicitor is a public officer who looks after the interests of persons under a disability of age or mental capacity in civil proceedings. 3. Policies and plans a) Disability-specific policies and plans i. Comprehensive disability-specific policies and plans According to the Labour and Welfare Bureau of the Hong Kong, China, “the overall objective of the rehabilitation policy in Hong Kong is to prevent disabilities, to help persons with disabilities develop their physical and mental capabilities as well as their ability to integrate into the community, and to create a barrier-free physical environment through a comprehensive range of effective measures, with a view to ensuring that persons with disabilities can participate in full and enjoy equal opportunities both in terms of their social life and personal growth.” (Hong Kong, China 2009b) Rehabilitation Programme Plan, 2007 [English] – [Chinese] In 2007, the Rehabilitation Programme Plan (Hong Kong, China 2007) was put together by a working group comprised of representatives of persons with disabilities, self-help groups, rehabilitation service providers, parents’ groups, the Hong Kong Council of Social Service, business sector and relevant Government departments. The Plan puts forward recommendations on the way forward for various rehabilitation services in Hong Kong, China, spanning prevention and identification, medical rehabilitation, pre-school training, education, employment and vocational rehabilitation, residential care, day care and community support, development of selfhelp organizations, access and transport, application of information and communications technologies, recreational, sports, cultural and arts activities and public education. ii. Sectoral disability-specific policies and plans Code of Practice on Education, 2001 [English] – [Chinese] The Code of Practice on Education (Hong Kong, China 2001) has been issued in accordance with the Disability Discrimination Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1995). Its purpose is "to assist educational establishments to develop policies and procedures that prevent and eliminate disability discrimination, provide educators with practical guidance on disability issues, enable persons with disabilities, their parents and associates to understand their rights and responsibilities under the Ordinance" (sect.2). The Code defines implications of the Ordinance in education, including general liability, discrimination and harassment in education, access to premises, provisions of goods, services and facilities, infectious diseases, among others. Practical guidelines for educational establishments to formulate policies on equal opportunities are provided, covering issues such as student admission, curriculum, provision of access to premises, provision of goods, services, and facilities, discipline, request for information and confidentiality and staff development. Code of Practice on Employment, 1997 [English] – [Chinese] Issued by the Equal Opportunities Commission in accordance with the Disability Discrimination Ordinance (1995), the Code of Practice on Employment "aims to eliminate discrimination, harassment and vilification of persons with a disability in employment. It also aims to eliminate disability victimization in employment and to promote equal employment opportunities for persons with a disability." (Hong Kong, China 1997c, sect.1) The Code examines the implications of the Disability Discrimination Ordinance (1995) in employment, provides practical guidelines for employers, introduces equal employment opportunities policies and defines the employee’s rights and responsibilities. The Equal Opportunities Commission is reviewing the Code with regard to public views collected through the public consultation conducted during April to July 2010. Access to built environments and public transport Guide to Public Transport for People with Disabilities, 2009 [English] – [Chinese] The Guide to Public Transport for People with Disabilities (Hong Kong, China 2009a) offers information to persons with disabilities on the facilities on various public transport modes. Guideline for Taxi Services, 1998 [English] – [Chinese] The Guideline for Taxi Services (Hong Kong, China 1998b) is designed to help eliminate unlawful discriminatory acts occurring in the course of the provision of taxi services. This Guideline is a reference which lists out points that need to be observed by taxi drivers and passengers with a disability. b) Disability-inclusive policies and plans Digital 21 Strategy [English] – [Chinese] The Digital 21 Strategy (Hong Kong, China 1998a) is the overall blueprint of the Hong Kong Government for driving information technology development in Hong Kong, China. One of its target areas is aimed at "building a digitally inclusive society", to ensure that different sectors of the community, including persons with disabilities will have access to information technology. The Digital 21 Strategy Advisory Committee was set up to advice the Government on the strategies and programmes facilitating the implementation of the Digital 21 Strategy. The Advisory Committee has established a Task Force on Digital Inclusion (the Task Force) under the chairmanship of the Government Chief Information Office. The Task Force acknowledges that there are special needs among the different persons with disabilities groups in access to information and service. The "IT Hong Kong" campaign was launched in September 2000 to raise awareness and promote adoption of information technology in the community, allowing for the establishment of Community Cyberpoints, which are equipped with facilities designed to enhance access for the blind and the visually impaired. Guidelines on Dissemination of Information through Government Homepages [English] – [Chinese] Section D of the Guidelines on Dissemination of Information through Government Homepages (Hong Kong, China 2008c) displays design considerations for improving accessibility of websites by the visually-impaired, including provision of text-equivalent for multimedia contents, use of colour, font setting, bilingual pages, treatment of tables, text-only version, frames, navigation mechanism, forms, clientside scripting and useful tools. 4. Institutional framework and Government focal point Commissioner for Rehabilitation The Commissioner for Rehabilitation is the focal point with the Government and is responsible to the Secretary for Labour and Welfare for coordinating policies on rehabilitation and efforts from different parties to ensure effective delivery of services for the well-being of persons with disabilities (Hong Kong, China 2009a). Rehabilitation Advisory Committee The Rehabilitation Advisory Committee (RAC), being the coordination mechanism, is the principal advisory body to the Hong Kong Government on matters pertaining to the well-being of persons with disabilities and the development and implementation of rehabilitation policies and services in Hong Kong, China. It also coordinates the public education efforts by Government departments, public bodies and non-government organisations including promotion of the Rehabilitation Programme Plan. RAC is chaired by a non-official, and all its members are appointed in their personal capacities by the Chief Executive. With the entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities since 31 August 2008, the RAC has taken on the new role of advising the Hong Kong Government on the promotion and monitoring of the implementation of the Convention in Hong Kong, China. Equal Opportunities Commission The Equal Opportunities Commission is an independent statutory body responsible for the implementation and enforcement of the Disability Discrimination Ordinance (Hong Kong, China 1995). It also provides assistance to persons with disabilities who have experienced discrimination, harassment, vilification or victimization, through its complaint handling mechanism. The Commission has issues a Code of Practice on Employment under the Disability Discrimination Ordinance to provide guidance on the procedures and systems which can help to prevent disability discrimination and harassment in employment. The Commission provides assistance to persons with disabilities through its complaint handling mechanism, provision of legal advice and assistance in proceedings. The Equal Opportunities Commission can be contacted at: Equal Opportunities Commission 19/F., CityPlaza Three, 14 Taikoo Wan Road, Taikoo Shing, Hong Kong. Tel: + 852 2511-8211 Website: www.eoc.org.hk/eoc/GraphicsFolder/default.aspx Line Ministries and Agencies Since the needs of persons with disabilities cover many different aspects, including access and transport, education, medical rehabilitation, employment, residential care and community support services, arts and culture, relevant Government policy bureaus, departments and organizations will implement programmes under their policy purview with due regard to the wellbeing and interests of persons with disabilities. Below are some examples of the relevant contacts: Labour and Welfare Bureau, Social Welfare Department, Labour Department (responsible for social welfare and employment matters of persons with disabilities) Transport and Housing Bureau, Transport Department (facilitate the development of accessible transport and road system) Education Bureau (to ensure persons with disabilities have equal opportunity to receive proper education) Architectural Services Department, Buildings Department (facilitate the development of barrier-free premises) Food and Health Bureau, Hospital Authority, Department of Health (responsible for medical needs of persons with disabilities) Relevant authorities and agencies can be contacted at the following: http://tel.directory.gov.hk/index_ENG.html 5. Useful links Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) www.eoc.org.hk Rehabilitation International (RI) www.riglobal.org The Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation (HKSR) www.rehabsociety.org.hk/ 6. 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Ada Hin, Labour and Welfare Bureau, electronic communication with ESCAP dated 9 June 2009. _______(2010a). Minimum Wage Ordinance (Cap. 608), accessed from www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_pdf.nsf/6799165D2FEE3FA94825755E0033E532/B0716 B97D7851B694825776800535F28/$FILE/CAP_608_e_b5.pdf on 25 July 2011. _______(2010b). Ada Hin, Labour and Welfare Bureau, electronic communication with ESCAP dated 6 December 2010. Last updated: 25 July 2011.