Professor Neil T. Heffernan III CV
Note: An electronic version of this document with working links to all papers is at all papers is at
http://nth.wpi.edu/pubs_and_grants/papers/index-home.html
Education
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Ph. D. Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 2001.
M.S. Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 1997.
B.A. Computer Science and History, Amherst College, Summa cum laude,1993.
Appointments
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Associate Professor July 2008 to present.
Assistant Professor, WPI, July, 2002 to 2008.
Post-Doctoral Researcher, Human-Computer Interaction Institute, School of Computer
Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 2001 to 2002.
Awards & Honors
A14Massachusetts Association of School Committee’s Annual Award for “Community
Leader for Public Education”. The citation reads “Since coming to Worcester in 2002,
Neil and Cristina Heffernan have generously dedicated their time, talent and boundless
energy to building ASSISTments, an online math tutoring system, for Worcester middle
and high school students and their teachers. This program is a magnificent tool that is
distinguished by, among other facets, its clarity and easy of access and use.”
A132008 Sigma Xi Research Award for Outstanding Junior Faculty Researcher.
A12Honored for meritorious achievement as an advisor to best Major Qualifying Project in
the department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2007
A11Best 3-page "Poster" Award (with my student Jason Walonoski), International
Intelligent Tutoring System Conference. 2006.
A10US Patent Filed by WPI for technology used in the ASSISTment intelligent tutoring
system.
A9 Nominated for Best Paper First Authored by a student (with Mingyu Feng) a conference
with an 11% acceptance rate ;World Wed Web Conference (WWW'06).
A8 I was invited to serve on the NSF/CRA CyberLearning Workshop focused on
Technology-Enabled Assessment to help shape a research agenda for NSF's EHR
Directorate.
A7 National Science Foundation's most prestigious award for young researchers.
A6 Nominated for the Massachusetts Teacher Associations “Friend of Education” award by
Forest Grove Middle School for my ASSISTment project work.
A5 Nominated by my department for WPI's Ambassador Award for doing a outstanding job
of representing WPI to the community.
A4 Best 3-page "Poster" Award (with my student Leena Razzaq), International Intelligent
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Tutoring System Conference. 2004.
A3 US Patent #6,634,887: Methods and systems for tutoring using a tutorial model with
interactive dialog (with Ken Koedinger).
A2 National Academy of Education/Spencer Foundation Post-Doctoral Fellowship Award.
2002.
A1 The David Marr Award for Best Student Paper Award, (with Ken Koedinger), Cognitive
Science Conference. 1997.
Grants Awarded
My research was benefited from about 9 million dollars from the National Science Foundation,
U.S. Department of Education, the Office of Naval Research, the Spencer Foundation, the US
Army and the Massachusetts Technology Transfer Council.
GA18US Department of Education: Institute for Education Sciences. ASSISTments Meets
Science Learning. PI Janice Gobert. CoPI’s Heffernan and Beck. $1.2 million. 3/093/2012
GA17NSF: GK12 ““Partnership Implementing Math and Science Education: Assisting
Middle School Use of Tutoring Technology. PIMSE. $2 million. 2008-13
GA16NSF: Research Experience for Teachers Supplement. $19,500 .
GA15NSF: DRK-12. “ASSISTments Meets Inquiry” PI: Gobert. Co-PI’s Heffernan, Ruiz
& Kim. Anticipated start date is 2007-Sept, 1. Five years. $1.5 million.
GA14NSF Supplement Research Experience for Undergraduates. $13,500.
GA13Massachusetts Technology Transfer Center: "Scaling up a Web-Based Formative
Assessment System: Testing the Replicability of Deploying ASSISTment beyond its
'Home Town'". PI Heffernan. $40,000. (Awarded Jan 24th, 2007 )
GA12US Department of Education: "Making Longitudinal Web-Based Assessments Give
Cognitively Diagnostic Reports to Teachers, Parents & Students While Employing
Mastery Learning." PI Heffernan. Co-PIs Ken Koedinger (CMU), Brian Junker
(CMU), George T. Heineman (WPI), Murali Mani (WPI) & Cristina Heffernan
(WPS). $2 million over 4 years commencing in 2007.
GA11National Science Foundation: CAREER Grant. "Learning About Learning" PIHeffernan. $900,000. 2005-2010
GA10Office of Naval Research: "Demonstrating Affordable Behavior Modeling with CTAT
through Machine Learning and Human Computer Interaction Techniques." PIHeffernan. $275,000 2005-08.
GA9 US Department of Education: "Fellowships in CS to Support the Learning Sciences
and Security." Awarded approximately $800,000 to support 5 PhD per year. 20062009. PI Matt Ward. Co-PIs Heffernan, Agu and Mani.
GA8 US Dept of Education: Institute of Education Sciences: “Using Web-Based Cognitive
Assessment Systems for Predicting Student Performance on State Exams” PIKoedinger. Co-PIs Heffernan, Junker and Ritter. $1.4 million over 4 years. 2003-07.
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GA7 National Science Foundation: “Research Experience for K12”. $99,457. PIRundensteiner. Co-PI Heffernan. 2006-08
GA6 US Army: Phase 2: STTR $500,000 with Sonalysts Inc
GA5 US Army: Phase 1: STTR Grant to explain to the Army how to incorporate intelligent
tutoring into their warrior simulation systems. $100,000 with Sonalysts Inc.
GA4 Research Advancement Program at WPI: “Programming by Demonstration for
Intelligent Tutoring Systems.” PI-Heffernan. $7,500. 2003.
GA3 Office of Naval Research: "Affordable Cognitive Modeling Authoring Tools using
HCI Methods". PI-Heffernan. $203,304 2003-06
GA2 Office of Naval Research: "Cognitive Tutor Tools for Advanced Instructional
Strategies." PI-Koedinger. Co-PI's Heffernan & Aleven. April -Sept, 30th 2002.
$200,000.
GA1 National Academy of Education/ Spencer Foundation: "A Comparison of Student
Learning Under Multiple Conditions: Classroom Instruction, One-on-one Human
Tutoring, and Different types of Computer Tutoring". PI-Heffernan. $50,000. 20022004
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Press
Newspaper Articles
PRESS15Worcester Telgrem citation for award from School Committee.
PRESS14“U.S. gives $1.5 million for science tutoring” by Boston Globe. January 10, 2008.
PRESS13“New WPI System” by Worcester Telegram & Gazette. January 10, 2008.
“WPI projects win NSF grants: Work on science education, tiny sensors receive
PRESS12
funding” by Jacqueline Reis. Worcester Telegram & Gazette. August 23, 2007.
IEEE Intelligent System “In the News” article called “Intelligence Tutors Make
PRESS11the Grade” that talked about ASSISTments and other Intelligent tutoring systems.
By reporter Mark Ingebretsen.
“WPI Tutor Program is Money in the Bank” by Matthew Brown. Worcester
PRESS10
Business Journal. June 2007. http://nth.wpi.edu/press/WorBus/WBJ.htm
“WPI receives $2M ‘assist’ for tutoring.” by Telegram & Gazette Staff. Telegram
PRESS9
& Gazette. May 26, 2007.
“WPI Receives $2 Million Award to Develop an Intelligent Tutoring System That
PRESS8
Can Improve Math Education” ACM TechNews. May 23, 2007.
PRESS7 “Assessing the Odds.” by Michael W. Dorsey. Transformations. Fall 2006.
“Professor’s preparation program adds up to better MCAS math scores.” by
PRESS6
Gretchen Weber. The Worcester Educator. Spring 2006.
“Enter the Computer Tutor: PCs Can Help Kids Pass No Child Left Behind
PRESS5
Tests.” by Angie C. Marek. U.S. News & World Report. November 11, 2005.
“Schools, sponsors teaming up for TV ads.” by Jacqueline Reis Telegram &
PRESS4
Gazette. December, 2005.
“WPI asst. profs awarded grants.” by Mallary Jean Tenore. Telegram & Gazette.
PRESS3
August 11, 2005
“‘Assistment’ makes the grade.” by Jacqueline Reis. Telegram & Gazette. May
PRESS2
23, 2005.
“Pupils to get online help with MCAS.” by Clive McFarlane. Telegram &
PRESS1
Gazette. January 14, 2004.
Radio and Television
RT3 "Prof. Neil Heffernan gets coverage by WPI": A short clip by WPI's TEAM Worcester
featuring the ASSISTment system. Archived at:
http://web.cs.wpi.edu/Research/trg/public/project/videos/asst_wmv.wmv
RT2 580 AM, WTAG interview by Greg Byrne, August 11th, 2005:
This 55 second audio clip is from Worcester's local radio station, 580 AM. In it, Prof
Heffernan is interviewed about how his $900,000, NSF CAREER award is going to
impact Massachusetts 8th and 10th grade math students. Archived at:
http://web.cs.wpi.edu/Research/trg/public/project/audio/Neil_interview.mp3
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RT1 "Prof. Neil Heffernan makes huge impact", NECN Nightly News, May 23rd, 2005: A
two minute clip showing students at Forest Grove Middle School, and their math
teacher, using and talking about the Assistment System. Archived at:
http://web.cs.wpi.edu/Research/trg/public/project/videos/NECN_MCAS_story_5-232005.wmv
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Publications
Note: In the following sections all coauthors who are WPI students are italicized.
Book Chapters
BC3Pardos, Z. A., Heffernan, N. T., Anderson, B., Heffernan, L. C. (In Submission) Using
Fine-Grained Skill Models to Fit Student Performance with Bayesian Networks.
Chapter in C. Romero, S. Ventura, S. R. Viola, M. Pechenizkiy and R. S. J. Baker.
Handbook of Educational Data Mining. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.
BC2Feng, M., Heffernan, N.T., & Koedinger, K.R. (in press). Student Modeling in an
Intelligent Tutoring System. Submitted to
Stankov, Glavinc, Rosic. (Eds.) Intelligent Tutoring Systems in E-learning
Environments: Design, Implementation and Evaluation. IGI Global. early 2010
(anticipated) (Based on W10, W11 and W12)
BC1Razzaq, Feng, Heffernan, Koedinger, Nuzzo-Jones, Junker, Macasek, Rasmussen,
Turner & Walonoski. (2007). A Web-based authoring tool for intelligent tutors:
Assessment and instructional assistance. In Nadia Nedjah, Luiza deMacedo Mourelle,
Mario Neto Borges and Nival Nunesde Almeida (Eds). Intelligent Educational
Machines. Intelligent Systems Engineering Book Series. pp.23-49. Springer Berlin /
Heidelberg. http://www.springerlink.com/content/m2g23834641m858n/fulltext.pdf
Journal Articles
J10Feng , M, Heffernan, N., Heffernan, C. & Mani, M. (accepted) Using Mixed-Effects
Modeling to Analyze Different Grain-Sized Skill Models. IEEE Transaction on Learning
Technologies. Expected publication date of Fall 2009. (Based on PP8 and WP15)
J9 Razzaq, L., Patvarczki, J., Almeida, S.F., Vartak, M., Feng, M., Heffernan, N.T. and
Koedinger, K. (accepted). The ASSISTment builder: Supporting the Life-cycle of ITS
Content Creation. Submitted to the IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies
Special Issue on Real-World Applications of Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Expected
publication date of Fall 2009. (Based on YRP5)
J8 Feng, M., Heffernan, N.T., & Koedinger, K.R. (in press). Addressing the assessment
challenge in an Intelligent Tutoring System that tutors as it assesses. Accepted by The
Journal of User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction. (Based on CP15)
J7 Mendicino, M., Razzaq, L. & Heffernan, N. T. (accepted- In Press) Improving Learning
from Homework Using Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Journal of Research on Technology
in Education (JRTE). Published by the International Society For Technology in
Education (ISTE). Scheduled to appear in the Spring 2009 issue.
J6 Razzaq, L., Heffernan, N., Feng, M., Pardos Z. (2007). Developing Fine-Grained
Transfer Models in the ASSISTment System. Journal of Technology, Instruction,
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J5
J4
J3
J2
J1
Cognition, and Learning, Vol. 5. Number 3. Old City Publishing, Philadelphia, PA.
2007. pp. 289-304.
Feng, M., Heffernan, N.T. (2007). Towards live informing and automatic analyzing of
student learning: Reporting in the Assistment system. Journal of Interactive Learning
Research (JILR) 18(2) pp. 207-230. Chesapeake, VA: AACE. (Based on W12)
Baker, R., Walonoski, J., Heffernan, T., Roll, I., Corbett, A. & Koedinger, K. (2008)
Why students engage in "Gaming the System" behavior in interactive learning
environments Journal of Interactive Learning Research (JILR). Chesapeake, VA:
AACE. 19(2), 185-224 (Based on CP12 and PP5)
Feng, M., Heffernan, N.T. (2006). Informing teachers live about student learning:
Reporting in the Assistment system Technology, Instruction, Cognition, and Learning
Journal Vol. 3. Number 1-2. Old City Publishing, Philadelphia, PA. 2007. (Based on
W12)
Heffernan, Koedinger & Razzaq (2008) Expanding the model-tracing architecture: A 3rd
generation intelligent tutor for Algebra symbolization. The International Journal of
Artificial Intelligence in Education. 18(2). 153-178 (Builds upon CP8 and CP1-4) .
Heffernan, N. T., & Koedinger, K. R. (2002). Results from a Web-Based Tutor for
Writing Algebra Expressions for Word-Problems Sciences et Techniques Educatives
Volume 9:1-2. (This French language journal has translated our paper into French. My
translation of this Journal's title is "Educational Sciences and Technology.")
http://www.inrp.fr/atief/ste/ste-res-vol9.htm (Based on D1)
Journal Articles in Submission:
Strictly Reviewed Conferences (Percent acceptance rate in the 30s or below) ;
CP29Razzaq, L., Heffernan, N.T., Shrestha, P., Wei, X., Maharjan, A., Heffernan, C.
(Submitted) Are Worked Examples an Effective Feedback Mechanism During
Problem Solving? Submitted to the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society,
2009.
CP28Kim, R, Weitz, R., Heffernan, N. & Krach, N. (submitted) Tutored Problem Solving
vs. “Pure”: Worked Examples Submitted to Cognitive Science Society Annual 2009
Conference
CP27Sao Pedro, M., Gobert, J. Heffernan, N. & Beck, J. (submitted) Can an Intelligent
Tutor Teach the Control Variables Strategy for Scientific Inquiry? Submitted to
Cognitive Science Society Annual Conference
CP26Pardos, Z. & Heffernan, N. (accepted) Detecting the Learning Value of Items in a
Randomized Problem Set. AIED 2009.
CP25Razzaq, L. & Heffernan, N. (accepted) To Tutor or Not to Tutor: That is the Question.
AIED 2009
CP24Feng, M. & Heffernan, N. (accepted) Using Learning Decomposition to Analyze
Instructional Effectiveness in the ASSISTment System. AIED 2009
CP23Feng, M., Beck, J,. Heffernan, N. & Koedinger, K. (2008) Can an Intelligent Tutoring
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System Predict Math Proficiency as Well as a Standardized Test? In Baker & Beck
(Eds.). Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Education Data Mining.
pp.107-116.
CP22Feng, M., Heffernan, N., Beck, J, & Koedinger, K. (2008) Can we predict which
groups of questions students will learn from? In Baker & Beck (Eds.). Proceedings of
the 1st International Conference on Education Data Mining. pp.218-225.
CP21
CP20Razzaq, L., Mendicino, M. & Heffernan, N. (2008) Comparing classroom problemsolving with no feedback to web-based homework assistance. In Woolf, Aimeur,
Nkambou and Lajoie (Eds.) Proceeding of the 9th International Conference on
Intelligent Tutoring Systems. pp. 426 -437. Springer-Verlag: Berlin.
CP19Razzaq, L., Heffernan, N. T., Lindeman, R. W. (2007). What Level of Tutor
Interaction is Best? In Luckin & Koedinger (Eds.) Proceedings of the 13th Conference
on Artificial Intelligence in Education. IOS Press. pp 222-229.
CP18Pardos, Z. A., Heffernan, N. T., Anderson, B. & Heffernan, C. (2007). The effect of
model granularity on student performance prediction using Bayesian networks. The
International User Modeling Conference 2007. (Based on W14 and W18)
CP17Feng, M., Heffernan, N. T., Mani, M., & Heffernan, C. (2007). Assessing students’
performance longitudinally: Item difficulty parameter vs. skill learning tracking. The
National Council on Educational Measurement 2007 Annual Conference,
Chicago. (Based upon WP15)
CP16Feng, M., Heffernan, N. & Koedinger, K.R. (2006a). Predicting state test scores better
with intelligent tutoring systems: developing metrics to measure assistance required. In
Ikeda, Ashley & Chan (Eds.). Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on
Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Springer-Verlag: Berlin. pp. 31-40.
CP15Feng, M., Heffernan, N. T., & Koedinger, K. R. (2006b). Addressing the testing
challenge with a Web-based e-assessment system that tutors as it assesses.
Proceedings of the Fifteenth International World Wide Web Conference (WWW-06).
New York, NY: ACM Press. ISBN:1-59593-332-9. pp. 307-316. [Nominated for Best
Student Paper]
CP14Heffernan N.T., Turner T. E., Lourenco A.L.N., Macasek M.A., Nuzzo-Jones G., &
Koedinger K.R. (2006). The ASSISTment builder: Towards an analysis of cost
effectiveness of ITS creation. Proceedings of the 19th International FLAIRS
Conference, Melbourne Beach, Florida, USA. pp. 515-520. (Based on W10)
CP13Razzaq, L. & Heffernan, N.T. (2006). Scaffolding vs. hints in the Assistment system.
In Ikeda, Ashley & Chan (Eds.). Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on
Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Springer-Verlag: Berlin. pp. 635-644.
CP12Walonoski, J. & Heffernan, N.T. (2006a). Detection and analysis of off-task gaming
behavior in intelligent tutoring systems. In Ikeda, Ashley & Chan (Eds.). Proceedings
of the Eight International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. SpringerVerlag: Berlin. pp. 382-391. 2006.
CP11Razzaq, L., Feng, M., Nuzzo-Jones, G., Heffernan, N.T., Koedinger, K. R., Junker, B.,
Ritter, S., Knight, A., Aniszczyk, C., Choksey, S., Livak, T., Mercado, E., Turner, T.E.,
Upalekar. R, Walonoski, J.A., Macasek. M.A. & Rasmussen, K.P. (2005). The
Assistment project: Blending assessment and assisting. In C.K. Looi, G. McCalla, B.
Bredeweg, & J. Breuker (Eds.) Proceedings of the 12th Artificial Intelligence in
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Education, Amsterdam: ISO Press. pp. 555-562.
CP10Rose C., Donmez P., Gweon G., Knight A., Junker B., Cohen W., Koedinger K.,
Heffernan N.T. (2005). Automatic and semi-automatic skill coding with a view
towards supporting on-line Assessment. In Looi, McCalla, Bredeweg, & Breuker
(Eds.) The 12th Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education 2005,
Amsterdam. ISO Press. pp. 571-578.
CP9 Croteau, E., Heffernan, N. T. & Koedinger, K. R. (2004). Why are Algebra word
problems difficult? Using tutorial log files and the power law of learning to select the
best fitting cognitive model. In J.C. Lester, R.M. Vicari, & F. Parguacu (Eds.)
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems.
Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 240-250.
CP8 Heffernan, N. T. & Croteau, E. (2004). Web-Based Evaluations Showing Differential
Learning for Tutorial Strategies Employed by the Ms. Lindquist Tutor. In James C.
Lester, Rosa Maria Vicari, Fábio Paraguaçu (Eds.) Proceedings of 7th Annual
Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference, Maceio, Brazil. Springer Lecture Notes in
Computer Science. pp. 491-500.
CP7 Jarivs, M., Nuzzo-Jones, G. & Heffernan. N. T. (2004). Applying machine learning
techniques to rule generation in intelligent tutoring systems. In J.C. Lester, R.M.
Vicari, & F. Parguacu (Eds.) In James C. Lester, Rosa Maria Vicari, Fábio Paraguaçu
(Eds.) Proceedings of 7th Annual Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference, Maceio,
Brazil. Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science. pp. 541-553.
CP6 Koedinger, K. R., Aleven, V., Heffernan. T., McLaren, B. & Hockenberry, M. (2004).
Opening the door to non-programmers: Authoring intelligent tutor behavior by
demonstration. In James C. Lester, Rosa Maria Vicari, Fábio Paraguaçu (Eds.)
Proceedings of 7th Annual Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference,e, Maceio, Brazil.
pp.162-173. Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
CP5 Heffernan, N. T. (2003). Web-based evaluations showing both cognitive and
motivational benefits of the Ms. Lindquist tutor In F. Verdejo and U. Hoppe
(Eds) 11th International Conference Artificial Intelligence in Education. Sydney,
Australia. IOS Press. pp.115-122.
CP4 Heffernan, N. T., & Koedinger, K. R.(2002). An intelligent tutoring system
incorporating a model of an experienced human tutor In Stefano A. Cerri, Guy
Gouardères, Fábio Paraguaçu (Eds.): 6th International Conference on Intelligent
Tutoring System. Biarritz, France. Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science: pp.
596-608.
CP3 Heffernan, N. T., & Koedinger, K. R. (2000) Intelligent tutoring systems are missing
the tutor: Building a more strategic dialog-based tutor. In C.P. Rose & R. Freedman
(Eds.) Proceedings of the AAAI Fall Symposium on Building Dialogue Systems for
Tutorial Applications. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press. ISBN 978-1-57735-124-5. pp.
14- 19
CP2 Heffernan, N. T. & Koedinger, K. R. (1998). A developmental model for algebra
symbolization: The results of a difficulty factors assessment. In M. Gernsbacher & S.
Derry (Eds.) Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science
Society. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 484-489.
CP1 Heffernan, N. T. & Koedinger, K.R. (1997). The composition effect in symbolizing:
The role of symbol production vs. text comprehension. In Proceedings of the
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Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum. pp. 307-312. [Marr prize winner for best student paper.]
Published 3-4 Page Papers (aka "Poster") in Prestigious Conferences (Percent
acceptance rate in the 50-60s%)
PP10Jozsef Patvarczki, Shane F. Almeida, Joseph E. Beck, and Neil T. Heffernan.( 2008
Note- this is not the final version linked yet ) Lessons Learned from Scaling Up a WebBased Intelligent Tutoring System. In Woolf & Aimeur (Eds.) Proceeding of the 9th
International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Springer-Verlag: Berlin.
PP9 Yu Guo , Neil T.Heffernan, Joseph E. Beck.(2008) Trying to Reduce Bottom-out
hinting: Will telling student how many hints they have left help?. In Woolf & Aimeur
(Eds.) Proceeding of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems.
Springer-Verlag: Berlin.
PP8 Pardos, Z., Feng, M. & Heffernan, N. T. & Heffernan-Lindquist, C. (2007) Analyzing
fine-grained skill models using bayesian and mixed effect methods. In Luckin &
Koedinger (Eds.) Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in
Education. IOS Press. pp. 626-628. (Based on W17)
PP7 Wietz, R., Heffernan, N. T., Kodaganallur, V. & Rosenthal, D. (2007). The
distribution of student errors across schools: An initial study. In Luckin & Koedinger
(Eds.) Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education. IOS
Press. pp 671-673.
PP6 Kardian, K. & Heffernan, N.T. (2006). Knowledge engineering for intelligent tutoring
systems: Assessing semi-automatic skill encoding methods. In Ikeda, Ashley & Chan
(Eds.) Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring
Systems. Springer-Verlag: Berlin. pp. 735-737. A longer version was published as
WPI-CS-TR-06-06 (pdf)
PP5 Walonoski, J. & Heffernan, N. (2006b). Prevention of off-task gaming behavior in
intelligent tutoring systems. In Ikeda, Ashley & Chan (Eds.). Proceedings of the 8th
International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Springer-Verlag: Berlin. pp.
722-724. [Winner of the Best 3-page Paper Award out of 40 such papers]. A longer
version is here.
PP4 Nuzzo-Jones, G., Walonoski, J.A., Heffernan, N.T. & Livak, T. (2005). The eXtensible
tutor architecture: A new foundation for ITS. In Looi, McCalla, Bredeweg, & Breuker
(Eds.) Proceedings of the 12th Artificial Intelligence in Education, 555-562.
Amsterdam: ISO Press. pp. 902-904. (Based on W11)
PP3 Turner, T.E., Macasek, M.A., Nuzzo-Jones, G., Heffernan, N..T & Koedinger, K.
(2005). The Assistment builder: A rapid development tool for ITS. In Looi, McCalla,
Bredeweg, & Breuker (Eds.) Proceedings of the 12th Artificial Intelligence in
Education, Amsterdam: ISO Press. pp. 929-931. A longer version appears in Hefferan
et al. 2006. (Based on W10)
PP2 Koedinger, K. R., Aleven, V., & Heffernan, N. T. (2003). Toward a rapid development
environment for cognitive tutors. In F. Verdejo and U. Hoppe (Eds) 11th International
Conference Artificial Intelligence in Education. Sydney, Australia. IOS Press. pp. 455457.
PP1 Razzaq, L. & Heffernan, N. T (2004) Tutorial dialog in an equation solving intelligent
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tutoring system . In J.C. Lester, R.M. Vicari, & F. Parguacu (Eds.) Proceedings of 7th
Annual International Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference, Berlin: SpringerVerlag. pp. 851-853. [Winner of the Best Poster Award]
Less Stringently Reviewed Venues
WP19Razzaq, L., Heffernan, N.T. (2008). Towards Designing a User-Adaptive Web-Based
E-Learning System. In Mary Czerwinski, Arnold M. Lund, Desney S. Tan (Eds.):
Extended Abstracts Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Human Factors in
Computing Systems. pp. 3525-3530. Florence, Italy: ACM 2008
WP18Pardos, Z., Heffernan, N. T., Anderson, B., & Heffernan-Lindquist, C. (2007). The
effect of model granularity on student performance prediction using Bayesian
networks. The Educational Data Mining Workshop held at the International User
Modeling Conference 2007. Corfu, Greece. (Work later led to CP18)
WP17Pardos, Z., Feng, M. Heffernan, N. T., Heffernan-Lindquist, C. & Ruiz, C. (2007)
Analyzing fine-grained skill models using Bayesian and mixed effect methods. In the
Educational Data Mining Workshop held at the 13th Conference on Artificial
Intelligence in Education. This is a longer version of CP18.
WP16Lllyod, N., Heffernan, N. & Ruiz, C. (2007). Predicting student engagement in
intelligent tutoring systems using teacher expert knowledge. In the Educational
DataMining Workshop held at the 13th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in
Education.
WP15Feng, M., Heffernan, N. T., Mani, M., & Heffernan, C. (2006). Using mixed-effects
modeling to compare different grain-sized skill models. In Beck, J., Aimeur, E., &
Barnes, T. (Eds). Educational Data Mining: Papers from the AAAI Workshop. Menlo
Park, CA: AAAI Press. pp. 57-66. Technical Report WS-06-05. (Work later led to
PP8)
WP14Pardos, Z. A., Heffernan, N. T., Anderson, B., & Heffernan C. (2006). Using finegrained skill models to fit student performance with Bayesian networks. Workshop in
Educational Data Mining held at the Eighth International Conference on Intelligent
Tutoring Systems. Taiwan. 2006. (Work later led to PP8)
WP13Feng, M., Heffernan, N. T., & Koedinger, K. R. (2005). Looking for sources of error
in predicting student's knowledge. In Beck. J. (Eds). Educational Data Mining:
Papers from the 2005 AAAI Workshop. Menlo Park, California: AAAI Press. pp. 5461. Technical Report WS-05-02.
WP12Feng, M., & Heffernan, N. (2005). Informing teachers live about student learning:
Reporting in the Assistment system. Workshop on Usage Analysis in Learning
Systems held at the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in
Education. Amsterdam. (Work later led to J3 and J5)
WP11Nuzzo-Jones, G., Walonoski, J.A., Heffernan, N.T. & Livak, T. (2005). The eXtensible
tutor architecture: A new foundation for ITS. Workshop on Adaptive Systems for
Web-Based Education: Tools and Reusability held at the 12th Annual Conference on
Artificial Intelligence in Education. Amsterdam. pp. 1-7. (Work later led to BC1 and
PP4)
WP10Turner, T.E., Macasek, M.A., Nuzzo-Jones, G., Heffernan, N..T & Koedinger, K.
(2005). The Assistment builder: A Rapid development tool for ITS. In a workshop on
11
WP9
WP8
WP7
WP6
WP5
WP4
WP3
WP2
WP1
on Adaptive Systems for Web-Based Education: Tools and Reusability, held at the
12th Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education Amsterdam. (Work
later led to BC1, PP4 and CP14)
Freyberger, J., Heffernan, N., & Ruiz, C. (2004). Using association rules to guide a
search for best fitting transfer models of student learning.ing. In Beck, Baker, Corbett,
Kay, Litman, Mitrovic & Rigger (Eds.) Workshop on Analyzing Student-Tutor
Interaction Logs to Improve Educational Outcomes. Held at the 7th Annual
Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference, Maceio, Brazil. Lecture Notes in Computer
Science. ISBN 978-3-540-22948-3.
Livak, T., Heffernan, N. T., Moyer, D. (2004). Using cognitive models for computer
generated forces and human tutoring. 13th Annual Conference on (BRIMS) Behavior
Representation in Modeling and Simulation. Simulation Interoperability Standards
Organization. Arlington, VA. Summer 2004.
Razzaq, L. & Heffernan, N. T (2004). Tutorial dialog in an equation solving intelligent
tutoring system. Workshop on “Dialog-based Intelligent Tutoring Systems: State of
the art and new research directions” at the 7th Annual Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Conference, Maceio, Brazil. pp. 33-42.
Koedinger, K. R., Aleven, V., & Heffernan, N. T. (2003). Toward a rapid
development environment for cognitive tutors. The 12th Annual Conference on
Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation. Simulation Interoperability
Standards Organization. (Work later led to CP7)
Heffernan, N. T., (2002). Web-based evaluation showing both motivational and
cognitive benefits of the Ms. Lindquist tutor. SIGdial endorsed Workshop on
Empirical Methods for Tutorial Dialogue Systems which was part of the International
Conference on Intelligent Tutoring System 2002. pp. 1-8. Also appeared in a NSFDFG sponsored workshop on Collaboration between German and American
researchers in instructional technology. Tampa, Florida, May 5-7, 2002. (Work later
led to CP8)
Heffernan, N. T, Koedinger, K. (2001). The design and formative analysis of a
dialog-based tutor. Workshop on Tutorial Dialogue Systems held as part of the 2001
Artificial Intelligence in Education. pp. 23-34. (Work later led to CP8)
Heffernan, N. T., & Koedinger, K. R. (2000). Building a 3rd generation ITS for
symbolization: Adding a tutorial model with multiple tutorial strategies. Workshop
entitled "Learning Algebra with the computer, a transdisciplinary workshop". Held at
Intelligent Tutoring Systems 2000 Conference. (pp. 12-22). Lecture Notes in
Computer Science 1839, Berlin: Springer. (Work later led to CP8)
Heffernan, N. T. (2000). Adding a cognitive model of human tutor to an intelligent
tutoring systems. Intelligent Tutoring System Conference- Young Researchers
Track. (Work later led to D1)
Heffernan, N. T. (1998). Intelligent tutoring systems have forgotten the tutor: Adding
a cognitive model of human tutors. Abstract at the 1998 Computer Human Interaction
Conference's Doctoral Consortium. (Work later led to D1)
My Young Researchers Track Papers
YRP5
Almeida, S.,
12
YRP4
YRP3
Vartak, M &
Heffernan, N.
(2008)
Supporting
the
Generation of
Isomorphic
Tutoring
Content
Intelligent
Tutoring
System
Conference
2008 - Young
Researchers
Track
Guo, Yu,
Beck, J. &
Heffernan, N.
(2008) Trying
to Reduce
Bottom-out
hinting: Will
telling
student how
many hints
they have left
help?
Intelligent
Tutoring
System
Conference
2008 - Young
Researchers
Track
Feng, M.,
Heffernan,
N., Beck, J.
& Koedinger,
K. (2008)
Can we
predict which
groups of
questions
students will
learn from?
13
YRP2
YRP1
Intelligent
Tutoring
System
Conference
2008 - Young
Researchers
Track
Pardos, Z.,
Heffernan,
N., Ruiz, C.,
Beck, J.
(2008)
Effective
Skill
Assessment
Using
Expectation
Maximization
in a Multi
Network
Temporal
Bayesian
Network
Intelligent
Tutoring
System
Conference
2008 - Young
Researchers
Track
Heffernan, N.
T. (2000).
Adding a
cognitive
model of
human tutor
to an
intelligent
tutoring
systems.
Intelligent
Tutoring
System
ConferenceYoung
Researchers
14
Track. (Work
later led to
D1)
Papers in Preparation
PIP 2
WPI-CS-TR-08-07 is assigned to NTH on Mon Aug 25, 2008
Title: "An Analysis of Middle-School Math Errors Across Schools"
Authors: Weitz, Neil T. Heffernan, Rosenthal, and Mingyu Feng
Rob Weitz, Neil Heffernan, David Rosenthal & Mingyu Feng An Analysis of Middle-School Math Errors Across Schools.
PIP 1 Pardos, Z. A., Heffernan, N. T., Ruiz, C. Effective skill assessment using expectation maximization in a multi network temporal
Bayesian network.
Tech Reports
WPI-CS-TR-08-08 – waiting for link to website
WPI-CS-TR-08-06
The International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education Special Issue on
Authoring Tools. (Submitted)
WPI-CS-TR-08-03 (pdf)
Cost-Effective Content Creation with Variabilization (March 2008) Manasi P. Vartak, Shane F. Almeida & Neil T. Heffernan
WPI-CS-TR-08-02 (pdf)
Lessons Learned from Scaling Up a Web-Based Intelligent Tutoring System (March 2008) Jozsef Patvarczki, Shane F. Almeida, Joseph E.
Beck & Neil T. Heffernan
WPI-CS-TR-07-04 (pdf)
Measuring Student Engagement in an Intelligent Tutoring System (May 2007) Nicholas M. Lloyd
WPI-CS-TR-06-12 (pdf)
Scaling up the Server-based ASSISTment ITS: Speed and Reliability (Jun 2006) Kai Rasmussen, Jozsef Patvarczki & Neil T. Heffernan.
WPI-CS-TR-06-08 (pdf)
Common Tutor Object Platform: an e-Learning Software Development Strategy (May 2006) Goss Nuzzo-Jones, Michael Macasek, Jason
Walonoski, Kai Rasmussen & Neil T. Heffernan.
WPI-CS-TR-06-07 (pdf)
Towards Enabling Collaboration in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (May 2006) Michael A. Macasek & Neil T. Heffernan.
WPI-CS-TR-06-06 (pdf)
Knowledge Engineering for Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Using machine learning assistance to help humans tag questions to skills based
upon the words in the questions (May 2006) Kevin Kardian & Neil T. Heffernan.
WPI-CS-TR-06-05 (pdf)
Prevention of Off-Task Gaming Behavior in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (May 2006) Jason Walonoski & Neil T. Heffernan.
WPI-CS-TR-03-31 (pdf)
An Evaluation of the Run-Time Performance of the Model-Tracing Algorithm of Two Different Production Systems: JESS and TDK
(August 2003). Sanket Choksey and Neil Heffernan.
15
Dissertation
D1Heffernan, N. T (2001) Intelligent tutoring systems have forgotten the tutor: Adding a
cognitive model of human tutors. Dissertation. Computer Science Department, School of
Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University. Technical Report CMU-CS-01-127.
(Pieces published as J1, CP8, CP5, CP4, and CP3)
Teaching
Teaching Experience

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Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
2002 - present
Teaching Assistant
Human Computer Interaction, Carnegie Mello University
2001
Math and Science Teacher
Ephraim Curtis Middle School, Sudbury Public Schools, 1998-99
Teaching Assistant
Data Structures (1996), Artificial Intelligence (1997), Human Computer Interaction
(2001), Carnegie Mellon University
Math and Science Teacher
Holy Sprit Catholic School, Baltimore, MD
1994-95
Science Teacher
Booker T. Washington Middle School, Baltimore Public Schools, Baltimore, MD
Teach For America Placement, 1993-1994
Amherst College
Helped run Student for Educational Equality. Ran a one-on-one tutoring program pairing
up Amherst College students with inner-city children in Holyoke. MA
1989-1993
Courses Taught at WPI
Undergraduate Courses



2002 Fall B-Term: CS4341: Artificial Intelligence.
2005 Spring: D-term: CS4341: Artificial Intelligence.
2006 Fall: A-term: CS4341: Artificial Intelligence.
16
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2007 Spring D-Term: CS2102: Object Oriented Design (the first Java class students take
at WPI.)
2008 Spring D-Term: CS2102: Object Oriented Design (the first Java class students take
at WPI.)
Graduate Courses
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2002 Fall: CS534: Artificial Intelligence.
2003 Spring: CS525: Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Cognitive Modeling.
2004 Spring: CS538: Expert Systems.
2004 Spring: CS525: Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Cognitive Modeling.
2004 Fall: CS534 : Artificial Intelligence.
2006 Spring: CS525: Intelligent Tutoring System and Cognitive Modeling.
2006 Fall: CS525: Advanced Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Web-based Technologies and
Knowledge Tracing.
2007 Fall: CS525: Pedagogical Agents.
2008 Fall: CS525 Intelligent Tutoring Systems
2009 Fall: CS525: Empirical methods for CS student. (Assisted Joe Beck in teaching this
class).
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Advisor of Ph.D. Dissertations

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Leena Razzaq, in progress, 2004-present. Dissertation Proposal Accepted by Department.
Mingyu Feng, in progress, 2004-present. Dissertation Proposal Accepted by Department.
Jozsef Parvarczki, in progress, 2005-present. Planning a dissertation proposal Spring
2008.
Michael Sao Pedro, in progress, 2007-present. Currently past master degree.
Zachary Pardos, in progress, 2006-07. Currently pursuing Master Degree
Yue Gong, in progress, 2008-present. Currently researching a topic.
Dovan Rai, in progress, 2008-present. Currently researching a topic.
Advisor of Master Theses

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


Vilmos Csizmadia: Constructing an Authoring Tool for Intelligent Tutoring Systems with
Hierarchical Domain Models, 2003
Leena Razzaq, Tutorial Dialog in an Equation Solving Intelligent Tutoring System, 2003.
Ethan Croteau, Evaluating Predictions of Transfer and Analyzing Student Motivation,
2004
Jon Freyberger, Using Association Rules to Guide a Search for Best Fitting Transfer
Models of Student Learning, 2004
Matt Jarvis, Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Rule Generation in Intelligent
Tutoring Systems, 2004
17
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Tom Livak, Collaborative Warrior Tutoring, 2004
Sanket Choksey, Developing an Affordable Authoring Tool For Intelligent Tutoring
Systems, 2004
Michael Macasek, Towards Teachers Quickly Creating Tutoring Systems, 2005
Terrence Turner, The Assistment Builder: A tool for rapid tutor development, 2005
Jason Walonowski, Visual Feedback for Gaming Prevention in Intelligent Tutoring
Systems, 2005
Ruta Upalekar, Tools to help build models that predict student learning, 2005
Goss Nuzzo-Jones, The Common Tutor Object Platform, 2005
Kai Rasmussen, Developing a Cognitive Rule-Based Tutor for the ASSISTment System,
2007
Nick Lloyd, Measuring Student Engagement in an Intelligent Tutoring System, 2007
Yu Gao, TBA, 2009
Elijah Forbes Summer, TBA, 2009
Member of Ph.D. Dissertation Committee



Leena Razzaq (2007)
Mingyu Feng (2007)
Aparna Varde, Graphical Data Mining for Computational Estimation in Materials Science
Applications, 2006
Undergraduate Projects (MQPs, IQPs, Sufficiency) Advised
Advisor of Major Qualifying Projects

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Derek Radkte, ? 2008
Pardos, Zach A., Using Bayesian Networks to Predict Test Scores, 2006
Kardian, Kevin R., Knowledge Engineering for Intelligent Tutoring, 2006
Schafer, Roger James & Walsh, Jonathan B., Curriculum Tools in the ASSISTment
Project, 2006
Fusaro, Michael Vincent, Peltier, Brandon Geoffrey & Runcie, Jason Michael, Latent
Semantic Analysis Use in a Museau Exhibit, 2004
Nuzzo-Jones, Goss F., Machine Learning in Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 2004
Moyer, Dale Christopher, Warrior Tutoring:Intelligent Tutoring Sys for US Army, 2004
Advisor of Interactive Qualifying Projects
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Aniszczyk, Christopher Richard, Analysis of an ITS: The Assistments Project, 2004
Haines, Charles Allen, Analysis of 8th Grade MCAS ITS: Assistment Project, 2005
Pardos, Zach A. & Quinn, Patrick J, Improving Online Tutoring Content, 2006
Lourenco, Abraao N., Methods of Teaching Mathematics in Middle School, 2006
Ushakov, Igor, Intellignet Tutoring System Project, 2006
Radtke, Derek B. & Spetla, Hattie, Scaffolding in Computer Aided Learning, 2006
Paduroiu, Andrei & Potter, Emily June, Effective Teaching Methods, 2006
Petrova, Olga Petrovna, Role of Multimedia in Tutoring Systems, 2006
18
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Sader, Paul M., Enhancing Web-Based Tutoring with Scaffolding, 2007
Christopher Freeman, Roderick Talyor, Cosmin Tutor, & Michael Zhang , The
ASSISTment Project, 2007
Ramon Harrington & Aaron Holroyd, Hints versus Scaffolding, 2007
Loren Gjata, David Curran & David Lamoureux, Intelligent Tutoring Content for 10th
Grade Math, 2007
Denis Vadimovich, Mihai Tiberiu Luca & Antoniya Toneva Statelova; Which Works
Better: Worked Examples or Hint Messages? 2008
Jeslin J Wu & Boris Svirchuk; the Assistment Project 2008
Ashish Maharjan, Prawal Shrestha & Xing Wei; Comparison Between Scaffolding and
Worked Example in ASSISTment Tutoring System 2008
Service
International

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Steering Committee: The Second International Conference on Educational Data Mining
2009
Program Committee: The Second International Conference on Educational Data Mining
2009
Program Committee: Artificial Intelligent in Education Conference 2009.
Poster Co-Chair for Artificial Intelligent in Education Conference 2009.
Program Committee: Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference 2008.
Demonstrations: Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference 2008.
Program Committee: First International Conference on Educational Data Mining 2008
http://www.educationaldatamining.org/EDM2008CFP.htm
Senior Program Committee: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in
Education 2007.
Program Committee: American Association for Artificial Intelligence 2007 (AAAI'07).
Co-Chair of “Educational Data Mining Workshop” to be held at the International
Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education 2007.
Reviewed for IEEE Intelligent Systems Journal. 2007.
Reviewer for User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction: The Journal of
Personalization Research 2007.
Reviewer for Cognitive Science Conference 2007.
Program Committee: International Intelligent Tutoring System Conference 2006.
Program Committee: FLAIRS-2006 Special Track on Intelligent Tutoring Systems 2006.
Program Committee: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education
2005
Workshops Co-Chair International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education
2005.
Reviewer for International Intelligent Tutoring System Conference 2004.
19
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Chair of workshop on Dialog-Based Intelligent Tutoring Systems: State of the art and new
research directions held at the Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference 2004.
Reviewer for International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education 2002.
Reviewed for International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning.
On the program committee for numerous workshops held in conjunction with AIED and
ITS conferences.
National Service




Reviewed on Multiple NSF Panels
I was invited to serve on the NSF/CRA CyberLearning Workshop focused on
Technology-Enabled Assessment to help shape a research agenda for NSF's EHR
Directorate.
National Science Foundation Reviewer. ROLE. 2005.
National Science Foundation Reviewer. In CISE, the Computer Science directorate, in the
Human Computer Interaction program. 2003
Worcester Polytechnic Service


I and my graduate student helped bring the GRID Portal here to WPI. WPI is now the
only grid portal that connects the major scientific supercomputing grid in Europe with the
GRID in the United States, giving WPI increased recognition.
Graduate Research Committee (4 years), Colloquium Committee (2 years, one year as
chair)
Invited Talks
2008-09

Harvard Computer Science Department
2007-08


IT5 International Mind, Brain and Education Society 2007 conference.
http://www.imbes.org/conference/conf07.html
IT4 Presented at EDUCASE http://www.educause.edu/e07
2006-07

IT3 I was invited to serve on a Boston University panel on making recommendations
about how the No Child Left Behind act should be changed as it is up for re-authorization
this year in Congress.
2005-06
20





Tufts University.
UMASS Amherst.
Due to my work on authoring tools for intelligent tutoring systems, I was selected as one
of 15 fully-funded invited speakers for the “Authoring Tools for Advanced Learning
Systems with Standards” workshop held by The Institute for Intelligent Systems and the
Advanced Distributed Learning Workforce Co-Lab at the University of Memphis.
The University of Georgia paid for me to give a invited talk at their Education school
October 2005.
American Education Research Association (AERA) annual meeting in Montreal. (with
Feng) Informing Teachers Live about Student Learning: Reporting in the ASSISTment
System.
2004-05

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
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Boston University.
Intel Foundation.
Mass Insight Education, a business-funded "not-for-profit organization focused on
improving student achievement in Massachusetts' public schools".
See also my dissemination efforts with the CIRCLE Summer School.
I served on the Concord Consortium's advisor board meeting for a IERI grant Aug 29,
2005.
IT2 Invited talk: October 2004, NASA Houston Space Center : " Training For
Tomorrow."
IT1 Invited talk: March 2005, NASA Langley: " Advances in Learning Technologies."
2003-04


Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Charles River Analytics.
Citation Index for Neil Heffernan’s Tenure
Package (Compiled June 2007- Last updated Sept 1, 2007)
In this citation index I have attempted to collect the references to my work that I happen to know
of. I filtered out papers where I was one of the authors. This list has over 150 citations in total. I
have included URLs to the papers so you could see how they cited my work, but I am sure the
URLs are liable to “break” over time so expect some broken links.
More Unusual Citation
Zucker’s book
Woolf’s Book
Martha Evans Book
21
[J5]
Feng, M., Heffernan, N.T. (2007). Towards live informing and automatic analyzing of
student learning: Reporting in the Assistment system. Journal of Interactive
Learning Research (JILR) 18(2) pp. 207-230. Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
1. Scheuer, O. & Zinn, C. (2007) How did the e-learning session go? : The
Student Inspector. In Rose Luckin and Ken Koedinger (eds.) Proceedings of
the 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, Los
Angeles, IOS Press. pp 487-494.
[CP1] Heffernan, N. T. & Koedinger, K.R. (1997). The composition effect in symbolizing:
The role of symbol production vs. text comprehension. In Proceedings of the
Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum. pp. 307-312.
1. Corbett, A. (2002). Cognitive Tutor Algebra I: Adaptive Student Modeling in
Widespread Classroom Use. In a book edited by the National Research
Council entitled Technology and assessment: Thinking ahead: Proceedings of
a workshop. Board on Testing and Assessment, Center for Education, Division
of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: National
Academy Press.
http://books.nap.edu/booksearch.php?record_id=10297&term=heffernan&cha
pter=50-62
2. Graesser, A.C., Person, N., Harter, D., & TRG (June, 2000). Teaching tactics
in AutoTutor. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
(2001), 12, 257-279. http://aied.inf.ed.ac.uk/abstracts/Vol_12/graesser.html
3. The portions of above paper also seem to have first appeared in a workshop
before appearing in the journal list above. Graesser, A.C., Person, N., Harter,
D., & TRG (June, 2000). Teaching tactics in AutoTutor. Paper presented at the
workshop on tutorial dialogue at the Intelligent Tutoring Systems 2000
Conference, Montreal, Canada.
http://www.cs.pitt.edu/~litman/courses/cs3710/graesser.pdf
4. Koedinger, (1998) Intelligent Cognitive Tutors as Modeling Tool and
Instructional Model. A Position Paper for the National Council of Teachers of
Mathematics (NCTM) Standards 2000 Technology Conference. June 5-6,
1998.
http://mathforum.org/technology/papers/papers/koeding/koeding2.htm
5. Koedinger, K.R. (2001). Cognitive Tutors as Modeling Tool and Instructional
Model. In Forbus, K.D. & Feltovich, P.J. (Eds.) Smart Machines in Education:
The Coming Revolution in Educational Technology, (pp. 145-168). Menlo
Park, CA: AAAI/MIT Press.
http://www.psychology.nottingham.ac.uk/staff/com/c8clat/resources/Koedinge
r2002.pdf
6. Mark, M. A., & Koedinger, K. R. (1999). Strategic support of algebraic
expression writing. In Kay, J. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Seventh International
22
Conference on User Modeling, (pp. 149-158). SpringerWein, New York.
http://bistrica.usask.ca/um/UM99/Proc/mark.pdf
7. Nathan, M. & Koedinger, K. (2000) An Investigation of Teachers' Beliefs of
Students' Algebra Development. Cognition and Instruction, Vol. 18, No. 2. pp.
209-237.
Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=07370008%282000%2918%3A2%3C209%3AAIOTBO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P
[CP2] Heffernan, N. T. & Koedinger, K. R. (1998). A developmental model for algebra
symbolization: The results of a difficulty factors assessment. In M. Gernsbacher & S.
Derry (Eds.) Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science
Society. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.pp. 484-489.
1. Baker, R. S., Corbett, A. T., Koedinger, K. R. & Schneider, M. P. (2003). A
formative evaluation of a tutor for scatterplot generation: Evidence on
difficulty factors. In U. Hoppe, F. Verdejo, & J. Kay (Eds.), Artificial
Intelligence in Education: Shaping the Future of Learning through Intelligent
Technologies, Proceedings of AI-ED 2003 (pp. 107-114). Amsterdam, IOS
Press. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rsbaker/BCKSAIED2003Final.pdf
2. Baker, R.S., Corbett, A.T., Koedinger, K.R., Wagner, A.Z. (2004) Off-Task
Behavior in the Cognitive Tutor Classroom: When Students "Game The
System". Proceedings of ACM CHI 2004: Computer-Human Interaction, 383390. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rsbaker/p383-baker-rev.pdf
3. Corbett, A. (2002). Cognitive Tutor Algebra I: Adaptive Student Modeling in
Widespread Classroom Use. In a book edited by the National Research
Council entitled Technology and assessment: Thinking ahead: Proceedings of
a workshop. Board on Testing and Assessment, Center for Education, Division
of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: National
Academy Press.
http://books.nap.edu/booksearch.php?record_id=10297&term=heffernan&cha
pter=50-62
4. Gama, Claudia. PAL Tool: uma ferramenta cognitiva para organização e
representação de problemas algébricos. Anais do XIV Simpósio Brasileiro de
Informática na Educação SBIE, Novembro. NCE/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil,
2003. http://www.nce.ufrj.br/sbie2003/publicacoes/paper22.pdf
5. Graesser, A.C., Lu, S., Jackson, G.T., Mitchell, H., Ventura, M., Olney, A., &
Louwerse, M.M. (2004). AutoTutor: A tutor with dialogue in natural
language. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36,
180-193. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=15990616
6. Khan, J., Hardas, M., Ma, Y., Analyzing Question Difficulty Using Course
Ontology Based Semantic Knowledge Maps for Test-ware Standardization,
2005, Proceedings of WSEAS, Corfu, Greece.
http://www.cs.kent.edu/~mhardas/papers/final(WSEAS-DL-2005-Greece).pdf
7. Koedinger, (1998) Intelligent Cognitive Tutors as Modeling Tool and
Instructional Model. A Position Paper for the National Council of Teachers of
Mathematics (NCTM) Standards 2000 Technology Conference. June 5-6,
23
1998.
http://mathforum.org/technology/papers/papers/koeding/koeding2.htm
8. Koedinger, K.R. (2001). Cognitive Tutors as Modeling Tool and Instructional
Model. In Forbus, K.D. & Feltovich, P.J. (Eds.) Smart Machines in Education:
The Coming Revolution in Educational Technology, (pp. 145-168). Menlo
Park, CA: AAAI/MIT Press.
http://www.psychology.nottingham.ac.uk/staff/com/c8clat/resources/Koedinge
r2002.pdf
9. Koedinger, K. R. (2002). Toward evidence for instructional design principles:
Examples from Cognitive Tutor Math 6. Invited paper in Proceedings of PMENA XXXIII (the North American Chapter of the International Group for the
Psychology of Mathematics Education).
http://nth.wpi.edu/PapersByOthers/Koedinger_PME_paper_dissem2.pdf
10. Koedinger, K. R. & Mathan, S. (2004). Distinguishing qualitatively different
kinds of learning using log files and learning curves. In the Working Notes of
the ITS2004 Workshop on Analyzing Student-Tutor Interaction Logs to
Improve Educational Outcomes.
http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/jb8n/its2004/koedinger.pdf
11. Leszczenskil, J. & Beck, J. E. (2007) What’s in a Word?: Extending Learning
Factors Analysis to Model Reading Transfer. In the Educational Datamining
Workshop held at the 13th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education.
Los Angeles. pp 31-39.
[CP3] Heffernan, N. T., & Koedinger, K. R. (2000) Intelligent tutoring systems are missing
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[CP9] Croteau, E., Heffernan, N. T. & Koedinger, K. R. (2004). Why are Algebra word
problems difficult? Using tutorial log files and the power law of learning to select the
best fitting cognitive model. In J.C. Lester, R.M. Vicari, & F. Parguacu (Eds.)
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems.
Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 240-250.
1. Cen, H., Koedinger, K. R., & Junker, B. (2005). Automating Cognitive Model
Improvement by A* Search and Logistic Regression. In Proceedings of
AAAI'05 workshop on Educational Data Mining.
http://www.learnlab.org/uploads/mypslc/publications/ws205cenh.pdf
32
2. Cen, H., Koedinger, K. R., & Junker, B. (2006). Learning Factors Analysis: A
general method for cognitive model evaluation and improvement. In M. Ikeda,
K. D. Ashley, T.-W. Chan (Eds.) Proceedings of the 8th International
Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 164-175. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
http://www.learnlab.org/uploads/mypslc/publications/learning_factor_analysis
_5.2.pdf
3. Evens, M. & Michael, J. (2006) One-on-One Tutoring by Humans and
Computers. Erlbaum: New Jersey pp. 388. http://www.amazon.com/One-OneTutoring-Humans-Computers/dp/0805843612
4. Khan, J., Hardas, M., Ma, Y., A Study of Problem Difficulty Evaluation for
Semantic Network Ontology Based Intelligent Courseware Sharing. WI, pp.
426-429, the 2005 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web
Intelligence (WI'05), 2005.
http://www.medianet.kent.edu/publications/WI05DL-problemcmplexityKHM.pdf
5. Khan, J., Hardas, M., Ma, Y., Analyzing Question Difficulty Using Course
Ontology Based Semantic Knowledge Maps for Test-ware Standardization,
2005, Proceedings of WSEAS, Corfu, Greece.
http://www.cs.kent.edu/~mhardas/papers/final(WSEAS-DL-2005-Greece).pdf
6. Koedinger, K. R. & Mathan, S. (2004). Distinguishing qualitatively different
kinds of learning using log files and learning curves. In the Working Notes of
the ITS2004 Workshop on Analyzing Student-Tutor Interaction Logs to
Improve Educational Outcomes.
http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/jb8n/its2004/koedinger.pdf
7. Leszczenskil, J. & Beck, J. E. (2007) What’s in a Word?: Extending Learning
Factors Analysis to Model Reading Transfer. In the Educational Datamining
Workshop held at the 13th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education.
Los Angeles. pp 31-39.
8. Manske, M., Conati, C. (2005) Modeling Learning in Educational Games.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in
Education, 411-418. http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~conati/mypapers/aied05FinalMM2.pdf
[CP11] Razzaq, L., Feng, M., Nuzzo-Jones, G., Heffernan, N.T., Koedinger, K. R., Junker,
B., Ritter, S., Knight, A., Aniszczyk, C., Choksey, S., Livak, T., Mercado, E., Turner,
T.E., Upalekar. R, Walonoski, J.A., Macasek. M.A. & Rasmussen, K.P. (2005). The
Assistment project: Blending assessment and assisting. In C.K. Looi, G. McCalla, B.
Bredeweg, & J. Breuker (Eds.) Proceedings of the 12th Artificial Intelligence in
Education, Amsterdam: ISO Press. pp. 555-562.
1. Aleven, V., McLaren, B.M., Sewall, J., Koedinger, K.R. (2006). The Cognitive
Tutor Authoring Tools (CTAT): Preliminary Evaluation of Efficiency Gains.
In the proceedings of 8th Annual Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference,
Jhongli, Taiwan. http://www.pitt.edu/~bmclaren/CTAT-ITS2006.pdf
2. David Yaron, Gaea Leinhardt, Karen Evans, Jordi Cuadros, Michael Karabinos,
William McCue and David Dennis, "Creation of an online stoichiometry
33
course that melds scenario based leaning with virtual labs and problem-solving
tutors", Paper Presented on CONFCHEM. Online Conference, Spring 2006.
http://iry.chem.cmu.edu/about/paper/confchem06/cc06.pdf
[CP12] Walonoski, J. & Heffernan, N.T. (2006). Detection and analysis of off-task gaming
behavior in intelligent tutoring systems. In Ikeda, Ashley & Chan (Eds.).
Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems.
Springer-Verlag: Berlin. pp. 382-391. 2006.
1. Rodrigo, M.M.T., Baker, R.S.J.d., Lagud, M.C.V., Lim, S.A.L., Macapanpan,
A.F., Pascua, S.A.M.S., Santillano, J.Q., Sevilla, L.R.S., Sugay, J.O., Tep, S.,
Viehland, N.J.B. (in press) Affect and Usage Choices in Simulation Problem
Solving Environments. To appear in Proceedings of Artificial Intelligence in
Education 2007.
http://www.psychology.nottingham.ac.uk/staff/lpzrsb/RodrigoBakeretal2006Fi
nal.pdf
2. This paper was cited in a official web-based guide to research put out by the
American Advance of Artificial Intelligence. I have archived a copy of the
web page here and highlighted the relevant section.
[CP15] Feng, M., Heffernan, N. T., & Koedinger, K.R. (2006). Addressing the testing
challenge with a Web-based e-assessment system that tutors as it assesses.
Proceedings of the Fifteenth International World Wide Web Conference (WWW-06).
New York, NY: ACM Press. ISBN:1-59593-332-9. pp. 307-316.
1. Anozie, N., Junker, B. (2006). Predicting end-of-year accountability
assessment scores from monthly student records in an online tutoring system.
AAAI'06 workshop on Educational Data Mining, Boston, 2006.
http://www.assistment.org/project/papers/aaai06/anozie-aaai06.pdf
2. Ayers E. & Junker B. (2006). Do skills combine additively to predict task
difficulty in eighth grade mathematics? AAAI'06 workshop on Educational
Data Mining, Boston, 2006.
http://www.assistment.org/project/papers/aaai06/WS0606AyersE.pdf
[CP16] Feng, M., Heffernan, N. & Koedinger, K. (2006a). Predicting state test scores better
with intelligent tutoring systems: developing metrics to measure assistance required.
In Ikeda, Ashley & Chan (Eds.). Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference
on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Springer-Verlag: Berlin. pp. 31-40.
1. Anozie, N., Junker, B. (2006). Predicting end-of-year accountability
assessment scores from monthly student records in an online tutoring system.
AAAI'06 workshop on Educational Data Mining, Boston, 2006.
http://www.assistment.org/project/papers/aaai06/anozie-aaai06.pdf
2. Ayers E. & Junker B. (2006). Do skills combine additively to predict task
difficulty in eighth grade mathematics? AAAI'06 workshop on Educational
34
Data Mining, Boston, 2006.
http://www.assistment.org/project/papers/aaai06/WS0606AyersE.pdf
[PP1] Razzaq, L. & Heffernan, N. T (2004) Tutorial dialog in an equation solving
intelligent tutoring system . In J.C. Lester, R.M. Vicari, & F. Parguacu (Eds.)
Proceedings of 7th Annual International Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference,
Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 851-853.
1. Kafkas, S., Bayram, Z., Yaratan, H. Implementation Strategies for “Equation
Guru,” A User Friendly Intelligent Algebra Tutor. 8th International
Conference on Enterprice Information Systems (ICEIS'06), 23-27 May 2006,
Paphos, Cyprus. http://cmpe.emu.edu.tr/bayram/Papers/EG_ICEIS_4.pdf
[PP2] Koedinger, K. R., Aleven, V., & Heffernan, N. T. (2003). Toward a rapid
development environment for cognitive tutors. In F. Verdejo and U. Hoppe
(Eds) 11th International Conference Artificial Intelligence in Education. Sydney,
Australia. IOS Press. pp. 455-457.
1. Aleven, V., McLaren, B.M., Sewall, J., Koedinger, K.R. (2006). The Cognitive
Tutor Authoring Tools (CTAT): Preliminary Evaluation of Efficiency Gains.
In the proceedings of 8th Annual Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference,
Jhongli, Taiwan. http://www.pitt.edu/~bmclaren/CTAT-ITS2006.pdf
2. Ayala, A.P., Azuela, J.H.S. Educacion Basada en Web: un Estado del Arte
http://www.somece.org.mx/simposio2004/memorias/grupos/archivos/069.doc
3. Brown, J. (2004). Integrating Tools for the Creation of Speech-Enabled Tutors
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~jonbrown/publications/Brown_TechReport.pdf
4. Chepegin V., Aroyo, L., De Bra, P., Houben, G.J. (2003). CHIME: serviceoriented framework for adaptive web-based systems. In Proceedings of Dutch
National Conference InfWet, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, November 20, 2003,
29-35. http://wwwis.win.tue.nl/infwet03/proceedings/3/
5. Di Eugenio, B., Lu, X., Kershaw, T.C., Corrigan-Halpern, A., Ohlsson, S.
(2005). Positive and Negative Verbal Feedback for Intelligent Tutoring
Systems. In the Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial
Intelligence and Education (AIED-05), pp. 798-800. Amsterdam, the
Netherlands, July 2005. http://www.cs.uic.edu/~bdieugen/PSpapers/AIED05p.pdf
6. Herrmann, K., Hoppe, U., Kuhn, M. (2005). Help in Modeling with Visual
Languages. In the Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on
Artificial Intelligence and Education (AIED-05), pp. 830-832. Amsterdam, the
Netherlands, July 2005.
7. Hockenberry, M. (2005). Simple tutors for hard problems: understanding the
role of pseudo-tutors. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems,
Portland, Oregon. pp. 1459-1462
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1056941
35
8. Hunn, C., Mavrikis, M. (2004). Improving Knowledge Representation,
Tutoring, and Authoring in a Component-based ILE. Springer Lecture Notes in
Computer Science: pp. 827-829.
9. John, B.E., Prevas, K., Salvucci, D.D., Koedinger, K.R. (2004). Predictive
Human Performance Modeling Made Easy. Proceedings of the SIGCHI
conference on Human factors in computing systems, Vienna, Austria, pp. 455462. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~bej/cogtool/p466-john.pdf
10. John, B.E., Salvucci, D.D. (2005). Multipurpose prototypes for assessing user
interfaces in pervasive computing systems. In Pervasive Computing, IEEE
4(4). pp. 27-34 http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~mariah/hci/CogTool.pdf
11. John, B.E., Salvucci, D.D., Centgraf, P., Prevas, K. (2004). Predictive Human
Performance Modeling Made Easy. Proceedings of the Sixth International
Conference on Cognitive Modeling, Mahwah, New Jersey, pp.130-135.
http://portal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=985750&type=pdf&coll=GUIDE&dl
=GUIDE&CFID=22383924&CFTOKEN=84183877
12. Luo, L., John, B.E. (2005). Predicting task execution time on handheld devices
using the keystroke-level model. Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems, Portland, Oregon. pp. 1605-1608
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1056808.1056977
13. Matsuda, N., Cohen, W.W., Sewall, J., and Koedinger K.R. (2006). Applying
Machine Learning to Cognitive Modeling for Cognitive Tutors, Technical
report CMU-ML-06-105, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon
University. http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/anon/usr/ftp/ml/CMUML-06-105.pdf
14. Matsuda, N., Cohen, W. W., Sewall, J., Lacerda, G., & Koedinger, K. R. (2007;
in press). Predicting students performance with SimStudent that learns
cognitive skills from observation. In Proceedings of the international
conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education.
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~mazda/Doc/AIED2007/MatsudaN07b-toAppear.pdf
15. Matsuda, N., Cohen, W. W., & Koedinger, K. R. (2005). Applying
Programming by Demonstration in an Intelligent Authoring Tool for Cognitive
Tutors. In AAAI Workshop on Human Comprehensible Machine Learning
(Technical Report WS-05-04) (pp. 1-8). Menlo Park, CA: AAAI association.
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~mazda/Doc/AAAI05/Matsuda05b.pdf
16. Matsuda, N., Cohen, W. W., & Koedinger, K. R. (2005). Building Cognitive
Tutors with Programming by Demonstration. In S. Kramer & B. Pfahringer
(Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Inductive Logic
Programming (Technical report, TUM-I0510) (pp. 41-46): Institut fur
Informatik, Technische Universitat Munchen.
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~mazda/Doc/ILP2005/Matsuda05c.pdf
17. Matsuda, N., Cohen, W.W., Sewall, J., and Koedinger K.R. (2006). What
characterizes a better demonstration for cognitive modeling by demonstration?
Technical report CMU-ML-06-106, School of Computer Science, Carnegie
Mellon University. http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/anon/ml/CMUML-06-106.pdf
36
18. Mavrikis, M., Hunn, C. (2005). Interoperability Issues in Authoring Interactive
Activities. In the Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on
Artificial Intelligence and Education (AIED-05), pp. 869-871. Amsterdam, the
Netherlands, July 2005.
[PP3] Turner, T.E., Macasek, M.A., Nuzzo-Jones, G., Heffernan, N..T & Koedinger, K.
(2005). The Assistment builder: A rapid development tool for ITS. In Looi, McCalla,
Bredeweg, & Breuker (Eds.) Proceedings of the 12th Artificial Intelligence in
Education, Amsterdam: ISO Press. pp. 929-931. A longer version appears in
Hefferan et al. 2006. (Based on W10)
1. Core, M. G., J. D. Moore, and C. Zinn, 2000. Supporting Constructive
Learning with a Feedback Planner. In Building Dialogue Systems for Tutorial
Applications, Papers of the 2000 AAAI Fall Symposium, edited by C. P. Rose
and R. Freedman, 1-9. Technical Report FS-00-01. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI
Press. http://people.ict.usc.edu/~traum/cs599f05/core00supporting.pdf
2. Le, V. “Learning and Tutoring Agent Shell: A New Approach to Building
Intelligent Tutoring System for Expert Problem Solving Knowledge.” Thesis
Defense http://lac.gmu.edu/publications/data/2006/Vu-Proposal-Defense.pdf
[WP3] Heffernan, N. T., & Koedinger, K. R. (2000). Building a 3rd generation ITS for
symbolization: Adding a tutorial model with multiple tutorial strategies. Workshop
entitled "Learning Algebra with the computer, a transdisciplinary workshop". Held
at Intelligent Tutoring Systems 2000 Conference. (pp. 12-22). Lecture Notes in
Computer Science 1839, Berlin: Springer.
1. Core, M. G., J. D. Moore, and C. Zinn, 2000. Supporting Constructive
Learning with a Feedback Planner. In Building Dialogue Systems for Tutorial
Applications, Papers of the 2000 AAAI Fall Symposium, edited by C. P. Rose
and R. Freedman, 1-9. Technical Report FS-00-01. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI
Press. http://people.ict.usc.edu/~traum/cs599f05/core00supporting.pdf
2. Dietrich, D., Buckley, M. Verification of Proof Steps for Tutoring
Mathematical Proofs. In Rose Luckin and Ken Koedinger, editors,
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in
Education, Los Angeles, USA, 2007. http://www.coli.unisaarland.de/~buckley/content/DietrichBuckleyAIED07.pdf
3. Evens, M. & Michael, J. (2006) One-on-One Tutoring by Humans and
Computers. Erlbaum: New Jersey pp. 83 & 388.
http://www.amazon.com/One-One-Tutoring-HumansComputers/dp/0805843612
4. Fiedler, A. and D. Tsovaltzi, Automating hinting in an intelligent tutorial
system, in: Proceedings of the IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge Representation
and Automated Reasoning for E-Learning Systems, Acapulco, 2003, pp. 23-35.
http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~tsovaltzi/collective.pdf
37
5. Freedman, Reva. 2001. An Approach to Increasing Programming Efficiency in
Plan-Based Dialogue Systems. Proceedings of the Tenth International
Conference on AI in Education (AI-ED 2001), San Antonio
http://www.cs.niu.edu/~freedman/papers/aied2001.pdf
6. Tsovaltzi, D., Fiedler, A., Horacek, H. (2004). A Multi-Dimensional
Taxonomy for Automating Hinting. Intelligent Tutoring Systems: 7th Annual
Conference, ITS 2004, pp. 772-781
7. Tsovaltzi, D., Horacek, H., Fiedler, A. (2004). In Valerie Barr and Zdravko
Markov (eds.), Proceedings of the Seventeenth Florida Artificial Intelligence
Research Society Conference (FLAIRS 2004), pp. 929-934, Menlo Park, CA,
AAAI Press, 2004
[WP4] Heffernan, N. T, Koedinger, K. (2001). The design and formative analysis of a
dialog-based tutor. Workshop on Tutorial Dialogue Systems held as part of the 2001
Artificial Intelligence in Education. pp. 23-34.
1. Evens, M. & Michael, J. (2006) One-on-One Tutoring by Humans and
Computers. Erlbaum: New Jersey pp. 388. http://www.amazon.com/One-OneTutoring-Humans-Computers/dp/0805843612
[WP5] Heffernan, N. T., (2002). Web-based evaluation showing both motivational and
cognitive benefits of the Ms. Lindquist tutor. SIGdial endorsed Workshop on
Empirical Methods for Tutorial Dialogue Systems which was part of the
International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring System 2002. pp. 1-8. Also
appeared in a NSF-DFG sponsored workshop on Collaboration between German
and American researchers in instructional technology. Tampa, Florida, May 5-7,
2002
1. Kaklauskas, A., Ditkevicius, R., Gargasaite, L. (2006). Intelligent Tutoring
System for all Real Estate Management. International Journal of Strategic
Property Management (2006) 10, pp. 113-130.
http://www.vgtu.lt/upload/property_zurn/ijspm_2006_vol_10_no_2_p_113130.pdf
[WP6] Koedinger, K. R., Aleven, V., & Heffernan, N. T. (2003). Toward a rapid
development environment for cognitive tutors. The 12th Annual Conference on
Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation. Simulation Interoperability
Standards Organization. (Work later led to CP7)
1. Heinath, M., Dzaack, J., Wiesner, A. & Ubas, L. (2007) Applications for
cognitive user modeling. In C. Conati, K. McCoy & G. Paliouras (Eds.) User
Modeling 2007. Springer. Pp., 127-136.
2. Mavrikis, M., Hunn, C. (2005). Interoperability Issues in Authoring Interactive
Activities. In the Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on
Artificial Intelligence and Education (AIED-05), pp. 869-871. Amsterdam, the
38
Netherlands, July
2005. http://www.booksonline.iospress.com/Content/View.aspx?piid=55
[WP9] Freyberger, J., Heffernan, N., & Ruiz, C. (2004). Using association rules to guide a
search for best fitting transfer models of student learning.ing. In Beck, Baker,
Corbett, Kay, Litman, Mitrovic & Rigger (Eds.) Workshop on Analyzing StudentTutor Interaction Logs to Improve Educational Outcomes. Held at the 7th Annual
Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference, Maceio, Brazil. Lecture Notes in
Computer Science. ISBN 978-3-540-22948-3.
1. Jaroszewicz, S. (2006). Polynomial association rules with applications to
logistic regression. Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGKDD International
Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. pp. 586-591 http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1150472
2. Leszczenskil, J. & Beck, J. E. (2007) What’s in a Word?: Extending Learning
Factors Analysis to Model Reading Transfer. In the Educational Datamining
Workshop held at the 13th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education.
Los Angeles. pp 31-39.
3. Morales, C.M., Soto, S.V., Martinez, C.H. (2005). Estado actual de la
aplicacion de la mineria de datos a los sistemas de ensenanza basada en web.
Actas del III Taller Nacional de Mineria de Datos y Aprendizaje,
TAMIDA2005. pp. 49-56 http://www.lsi.us.es/redmidas/CEDI/papers/189.pdf
4. Winters, T. (2006) Educational Data Mining: Collection and Analysis of Score
Matrices for Outcomes-Based Assessment. Dissertation. Doctor of Philosophy,
Computer Science, University of California Riverside. June 2006
[WP11] Nuzzo-Jones, G., Walonoski, J.A., Heffernan, N.T. & Livak, T. (2005). The
eXtensible tutor architecture: A new foundation for ITS. Workshop on Adaptive
Systems for Web-Based Education: Tools and Reusability held at the 12th Annual
Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education. Amsterdam. pp. 1-7.
1. Aleven, V., McLaren, B.M., Sewall, J., Koedinger, K.R. (2006). The Cognitive
Tutor Authoring Tools (CTAT): Preliminary Evaluation of Efficiency Gains.
In the proceedings of 8th Annual Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference,
Jhongli, Taiwan. http://www.pitt.edu/~bmclaren/CTAT-ITS2006.pdf
[WP13] Feng, M., Heffernan, N. T., & Koedinger, K. R. (2005). Looking for sources of
error in predicting student's knowledge. In Beck. J. (Eds). Educational Data Mining:
Papers from the 2005 AAAI Workshop. Menlo Park, California: AAAI Press. pp. 5461. Technical Report WS-05-02.
1. Romero, C., Ventura, S. (2007). Educational data mining: A survey from 1995
to 2005. Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal 33(1) pp.
135-146. Tarrytown, NY
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V03-
39
4JW10WR2&_user=10&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=searc
h&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_user
id=10&md5=f46e1fe62b7d3422a81f1999604158cf
2. Winters, T. (2006) Educational Data Mining: Collection and Analysis of Score
Matrices for Outcomes-Based Assessment. Dissertation. Doctor of Philosophy,
Computer Science, University of California Riverside. June 2006
[WP14]Pardos, Z. A., Heffernan, N. T., Anderson, B., & Heffernan C. (2006). Using finegrained skill models to fit student performance with Bayesian networks. Workshop
in Educational Data Mining held at the Eighth International Conference on
Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Taiwan. 2006.
1. Anozie, N., Junker, B. (2006). Predicting end-of-year accountability
assessment scores from monthly student records in an online tutoring system.
AAAI'06 workshop on Educational Data Mining, Boston, 2006.
http://www.assistment.org/project/papers/aaai06/anozie-aaai06.pdf
2. Ayers E. & Junker B. (2006). Do skills combine additively to predict task
difficulty in eighth grade mathematics? AAAI'06 workshop on Educational
Data Mining, Boston, 2006.
http://www.assistment.org/project/papers/aaai06/WS0606AyersE.pdf
[D1]
Heffernan, N. T (2001) Intelligent tutoring systems have forgotten the tutor: Adding a
cognitive model of human tutors. Dissertation. Computer Science Department,
School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University. Technical Report CMUCS-01-127.
1. Baker, R.S. (2005) Designing Intelligent Tutors That Adapt to When
Students Game the System. Doctoral Dissertation. CMU Technical Report
CMU-HCII-05-104. http://reportsarchive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/anon/usr0/ftp/hcii/CMU-HCII-05104.pdf
2. Beal, C. R., & Lee, H. (2005). Creating a pedagogical model that uses student
self reports of motivation and mood to adapt ITS instruction. Workshop on
Motivation and Affect in Educational Software, July 18-22, 2005, Amsterdam.
12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education.
http://wayangoutpost.net/paper/Beal&LeeCRC.pdf
3. Bruno, A., Gonzalez, C., Moreno, L., Noda, M., Aguilar, R., Munoz, V.
Teaching Mathematics to Children with Down’s Syndrome.
http://www.it.usyd.edu.au/~aied/vol8/vol8_Bruno.pdf
4. Chiu-Chen Hsieh, Tzong-Han Tsai, David Wible, Wen-Lian Hsu: Exploiting
Knowledge Representation in an Intelligent Tutoring System for English
Lexical Errors. ICCE 2002: 115-116
http://csdl2.computer.org/comp/proceedings/icce/2002/1509/00/15090115.pdf
40
5. Evens, M. & Michael, J. (2000) One-on-One Tutoring by Humans and
Computers. Erlbaum: New Jersey pp. 388. http://www.amazon.com/One-OneTutoring-Humans-Computers/dp/0805843612
6. Gama, Claudia. PAL Tool: uma ferramenta cognitiva para organização e
representação de problemas algébricos. Anais do XIV Simpósio Brasileiro de
Informática na Educação SBIE, Novembro. NCE/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil,
2003. PAL Tool: uma ferramenta cognitiva para organização e representação
de problemas algébricos
7. Grubisic, A., Stankov, S., Zitko, B. (2002). Evaluating the Educational
Influence of an E-Learning System.
http://www.pmfst.hr/~ani/radovi/2005CEEPUS.pdf
8. Ibraheem, A.M., Shaalan, K., Riad, M.B., Darwish, M.G. (2003). A Model and
Supporting Mechanism for Item Evaluation in Distance-Learning Based
Environment. Egyptian Informatics Journal 4(2), 169-188
http://www.claes.sci.eg/publication/document_view.asp?doc_id=160&File_Na
me=item_evalutaion_fci.pdf
9. Kim, Jung Hee, Reva Freedman, Michael Glass, and Martha W. Evens.
Annotation of Tutorial Dialogue Goals for Natural Language Generation.
Discourse Processes vol. 42 no. 1 (2006), pp. 37--74.
http://www.csam.iit.edu/~circsim/documents/kfgedp06.pdf
10. Kim, J.H., Glass, M. (2004). Evaluating Dialogue Schemata with the Wizard
of Oz Computer-Assisted Algebra Tutor. Intelligent Tutoring Systems: 7th
Annual Conference, ITS 2004, pp. 358-367
11. Kodaganallur, V., Weitz, R., Rosenthal, D. (2006). Tools for Building
Intelligent Tutoring Systems. In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii
International Conference on System Sciences (2), p. 46.2
http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/HICSS.2006.490
12. Padilla Franco Jávitt Higmar Nahitt, Lara Rodríguez Amado, Márquez
Gutiérrez Pedro Rafael. (2001). Sistema Inteligente para la Ensenanze de las
Matematicas. Electro 2001. pp. 99-104
http://www.depi.itchihuahua.edu.mx/electro/archivo/electro2001/mem2001/art
iculos/cmp6.pdf
13. Patel, N., Glass, M., Kim, J.H. (2003). Data Collection Application for the
North Carolina A&T State University Algebra Tutoring Dialogue (Wooz Tutor)
Project. Fourteenth Midwest Cognitive Science and AI Conference (MAICS03), Cincinnati http://www.comp.ncat.edu/itsLab/docs/maics03-v2.2.pdf
14. Pon-Barry, H., Clark, B., Schultz, K., Bratt, E.O., Peters, S. (2004).
Advantages of Spoken Language Interaction in Dialogue-Based Intelligent
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