LeisureSportsQuestionnairePARIS.doc
ISSP 2007 “Leisure Time and Sports”
New Draft Questionnaire
Based on the meeting of the drafting group in Paris, September 19-20,
2005
November 8, 2005
Drafting group:
Austria, convenor (Max Haller, Markus Hadler, Franz Höllinger, Regina Ressler); France
(Yannick Lemel/Philippe Coulangeon); Philippines (Linda Luz Guerrero, Mahar Mangahas),
Portugal (Manuel Villaverde Cabral, Alice Ramos, Isabel Menezes), South Africa (Jare Struwig),
Venezuela (Roberto Briceno).
CONTENTS
Introduction
I.
Leisure time: activities and satisfaction .................................................................. (22 items)
II. Sport activities and subjective functions of sport and games ................................. (13 items)
III. The meaning of time and leisure, and its relation to work and other
spheres of life ......................................................................................................... (13 items)
IV. Sociological aspects of sports and leisure ............................................................... (19 items)
V. Social determinants and consequences of leisure (additional demographics) ........ (11 items)
VI. Optional items ........................................................................................................... (8 items)
Total
(Total incl. optional items
86 items
94 items)
1
Introduction
In this introduction, a short overview is given on the theoretical basis of the questionnaire, on the
structure of the module and on the social determinants of leisure time and sport activities which
can be analysed with this survey. The module contains six sections: Questions on the frequency
of different leisure time and sport activities (I); on the subjective satisfaction derived from them
(II); on the meaning of leisure time activities and sport and their relation to other spheres of life
(III); on sociological aspects and determinants of sports and leisure (IV and V); and a few
optional items on daily time budget and aspects of the human body (VI).1
In modern time, the amount of leisure time has strongly been increasing. There are, however,
still large differences in the amount of leisure time between different societies and cultures (in
terms of levels of development, material wealth, and in the dominant ways of spending time (e.g.
“monochromic” vs. “polychromic” use of time). New communication technologies (radio,
television, internet) and the facilitation of travel over large distances today provide people with
new ways of spending leisure time. The reduction in the hours of work, the transition to flexible
work hours, the increased labour force participation of married women, the growing risks of
becoming unemployed for certain periods make it more necessary for many to develop a
conscious management their daily, weekly and yearly time schedules. As a supplement to the
ISSP-modules on work, on family, on social networks and others, this module will provide for
the first time world-wide, reliable information on practices and meanings of leisure time in
different societies.
Sport has evolved into one of the most important forms of leisure time activities; it became also
an important sector of economic activity, and it is relevant as a means to strengthen national
identity and pride. One aim of this module is also to grasp which kinds of activities are perceived
by the public as belonging to leisure time and to sport. Therefore, we apply a broad definition of
sport: We define it as any activity which involves more or less systematic training and effort,
carried out for its own sake (be it pure pleasure, toughening, socialising etc.); therefore, we
include not only physical activities in the strict sense, but also such things as board and card
games.
Chart 1 gives an overview on the topics covered by the questionnaire. The core of the module are
questions on the frequency of different types of leisure time activities and sport; these are
supplemented by questions on the satisfactions and feelings, and questions on personal meanings
as well as on sociological aspects of sport and leisure time activities. In correspondence with the
recommendations of the ISSP-plenary in Mexico City, the section on the “time budget” has been
dropped (two items from it have been included into the section VI “Optional items”), and a new
one on “sociological aspects and determinants of sport and leisure” has been included.
1
For a more extended exposition of the theoretical and empirical background of the module and its structure see
Max Haller, in collaboration with Franz Hoellinger and Regine Ressler, “Leisure time and sport. Proposal for a new
ISSP-module”, prepared for the 2003-plenary meeting of ISSP, Graz 2003, 33 pp. A summary of the historical
changes, intercultural differences and social-structural dimensions relevant for leisure time use has also been given
in the Draft Questionnaire Version of November 9, 2004.
2
Chart 1: The topics and areas covered by the module
Satisfactions, feelings
Activities, frequencies
Meanings, wishes and sociological aspects and determinants
Satisfaction from selected
types of leisure time
Activities (Q.2a-d
Frequency of different types
of leisure time activities
(Q.1a-l)
Meanings associated with
selected types of leisure
time activities (Q.3a-d)
Days of vacation/ holidays
Last year (Q.4a-b)
Meanings and aims associated with the use of
free time (Q.10a-e)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 sport activities practised
Reasons for practising
most frequently (Q.5, 6/1-2)
sports (Q.7a-g)
National pride associated
2 types of sport looked at
Personal and social
with watching sport
most frequently in TV
functions of sports
(Q.9)
(Q.8/1-2)
(Q.17 a-j)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Feelings of boredom/
Wishes for more time for
time pressure (Q.11)
work/ household/ family/
leisure (Q.12a-d)
Trust in people
(Q.15)
Involvement in associations
and groups (Q.16/1-5)
Political empowerment
(Q.13a-b)
Personal health(Q.18)
Happiness (Q.19)
Disability/ illness (Q.20)
Ownership of books (Q.26)
Hours spent for housework/
free time activities (Q.26a-b)
Ownerhip of house (Q.21)
Ownership of garden (Q.22)
Sport facilities (Q.23)
Motor vehicle ownership (Q.24)
Children in household (Q.25)
The data can be analysed from two points of view: The first concerns the determinants of leisure
time and sport activities; these include social characteristics of the individuals and their
immediate social contexts as well as characteristics of the macrosocial context. The second
concerns the consequences of the use of leisure time for individual health and well-being.
Chart 2 gives an overview on some of the possible relations and effects which can be
investigated in these regards.
3
Chart 2: Individual and macrosocial determinants and consequences of leisure time and
sport activities
DETERMINANTS
Individual level
Personal characteristics:
(Gender; age; disability
Social class characteristics
(education, employment and
occupation, income)
Family and household
situation
Macro level
Levels of living/standards
of development
ACTIVITIES AND
SATISFACTIONS
Aspects of the
daily time budget
Leisure time
activities, and their
meanings and
satisfactions
Sport activities,
meanings and
satisfactions
Cultural differences in
patterns of time use
Types and strength of
welfare states
4
CONSEQUENCES
Feelings of
of boredom
Trust in people/
empowerment
Personal health
and happiness
I. Leisure time: activities and satisfaction (19 items)
1. How often do you do the following activities for leisure?
Daily
Several
times per
week
Several
times a
month
Several
times a
year
Once a
year or
less
Never
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
a. Read books
b. Attend cultural performances such as
music, theatre, exhibitions, museums
c. Visit relatives (away from home)
d. Meet friends
e. Play card, board and other games
f. Practice a sport
g. Go for a walk
h. Do handicraft, needle work
i. Do home-Improving, gardening
j. Watch TV
k. Spend time on the internet/PC
l. Listening to music
Dimensions: cultural: a – b, social: c – e, physical: f – g,manual: h – i, intellectual-media: j - l
2. Tell me how much satisfaction you get from the following free time activities. Please, indicate
it on the following scale from 1 (no satisfaction) to 7 (very much satisfaction)
No
satisfaction
a.
b.
c.
d.
Read books
Meet friends
Practice a sport
Watch TV
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
Very much
satisfaction
Does
not
apply
7
7
7
7
o
o
o
o
6
6
6
6
(Source: GSS, Question 164, Codebook; some items taken from H. W. Opaschowski, Einführung in die
Freizeitwissenschaft, Opladen 1997, Leske+Budrich)
3. When you are engaged in your favourite leisure activity, would you agree very much, agree,
neither agree nor disagree, not agree, not agree at all?
Agree very
much
Agree
Neither
agree nor
disagree
Disagree
Do not
Agree at
all
o
o
o
o
O
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
a. It allows you to express the kind of
person you really are.
b. It makes you feel like you are becoming
a better person.
c. It makes you feel closer to other people.
d. It makes you feel happy.
5
4a. . In the last year, how many days of vacation, if any, did you take from your work all
together? ............days [Does not apply if no paid work]
4b. In the last year, how many days of holidays or recreation did you spend all together away
from home? ……….days
II. Sport activities and subjective functions of sport and games (13 items)
5. Do you practise any sport, games or physical activity (excluding physical education in the
school)?
Yes
Not currently, but have in the past
I have never practised sport
o
o
o
(please go to question 6)
(please go to question 8)
(please go to question 8)
6. Please, indicate up to two types of sport or games that you practise now or have practised in
the past most frequently. (Please, indicate the kinds of sport or games exactly)
1.
2.
………………………………………..………………………..
………………………………………..………………………..
[Coding afterwards by using ISSP-Classification of Sports]
7. Please, indicate how important the following reasons are or have been for you to practise sport
or games.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Not at all
important
Not very
important
Somewhat
important
Very
important
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
For physical health and well-being
To preserve a well-proportioned figure
To meet new people
To be with friends
To show others I can do it
To win recognition
To earn or win money or prizes
(Source: Edmonton recreation & leisure survey 2002, with adaptations)
Underlying dimensions:
- Physical fitness, appearance: a – b
- Achievement, competition: e – f
- Socializing: c - d
- Financial: g
8. Which types of sports or games do you like most to watch? (Please, indicate up to 2 types of
sport)
1. ………………………………………..………………………..
2. ………………………………………..………………………..
I do not watch sport on TV
o
6
9. Which of the following applies to you when a representative of your country wins at an
international sports or games competition?
I am very proud
I am somewhat proud
I am not very proud
I am not proud at all
o
o
o
o
Cant’t choose
o
(Source: ISSP-2003 National Identity)
III. The meaning of time and leisure, and its relation to work and other
spheres of life (13 items)
10. How do you use your free time? Please tell me, if you do the following things always,
sometimes, seldom, or never in leisure time.
Always
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Does
not
apply
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
a. In free time, I establish contacts useful for my
life
b. I use my free time to relax and to recover
c. In free time, I develop and cultivate special
abilities and talents
d. I think about my work even when I am away
from work
e. In free time I spend a lot of time with my
friends
11. How often do you experience the following feelings?
a.
b.
c.
d.
I feel bored.
I wish I had more time.
I don’t know what to do with my time.
I feel rushed.
Very
often
Often
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
(Source: Adapted from M. G. Ragheb and S. P. Merydith: “Development and validation of a multidimensional scale measuring
free time boredom”, Leisure Studies 20, 2001, 41-59) Dimensions: 1. Boredom: a,c ; 2. Time-stress: b, d
7
12. Would you like to spend more or less time …
…in a paid job?
…doing household work?
…with your family?
…in leisure activities?
Much
more time
A bit
more time
Same
time as
now
A bit less
time
Much less
time
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
(Source: ISSP 1997 “Work orientation”)
IV.
Sociological aspects of sports and leisure (19 items)
13. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements?
Agree
Neither
agree nor
disagree
Disagree
Strongly
disagree
Can’t
choose
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Strongly
much
a) People like me don’t have any say
about what the government does
b) I feel I have a pretty good
understanding of the important
political issues facing (Country)
(Source: ISSP 2004 “Citizenship”)
14. How interested would you say you personally are in politics?
Very interested
Fairly interested
Not very interested
Not at all interested
Can’t choose
o
o
o
o
o
(Source: ISSP 2004 “Citizenship”)
15. Generally speaking, would you say that people can be trusted or that you can’t be too careful
in dealing with people?
People can almost always be trusted
People can usually be trusted
You usually can’t be too careful in dealing with people
You almost always can’t be too careful in dealing with people
Can’t choose
(Source: ISSP 1998 “Religion”)
8
o
o
o
o
o
16. In the last 12 months were you involved in the activities of one of the following associations
or groups?
I have
participated
I am a member
but, did not
participate
I am not a member
and I did not
participate
1. A political party or association
o
o
o
2. A church or other religious organisation
o
o
o
3. An organization or group that engages
in voluntary work
o
o
o
4. A sport or leisure group
o
o
o
5. A cultural group or association
o
o
o
17. How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements?
1
Agree very
much
2
Agree
3
Neither
agree nor
disagree
4
Do not
agree
5
Do not
agree at all
a. Sport encourages people to be too
competitive
o
o
o
o
o
b. Being a professional sports player
is a good career
o
o
o
o
o
c. A person who loves sports knows
how to be a good loser.
o
o
o
o
o
d. When sport teams play in
international competitions, it
brings the nations together.
o
o
o
o
o
e. Loyalties to different sport teams
divide the country and cause
conflicts
o
o
o
o
o
f. Sport brings people of different
groups and races closer to each
other
o
o
o
o
o
g. Professional sports is more about
advertising than competition
o
o
o
o
o
h. Government should be investing
more money in sport
o
o
o
o
o
i. Playing for money makes one play
a game at one’s best
o
o
o
o
o
j. Placing a bet on the outcome of a
game is a good way to get more
enjoyment from it
o
o
o
o
9
o
V. Social determinants and consequences of leisure (additional demographics)
(11 items)
18. How accessible are to you public or private facilities to do your favourite leisure or sport
activity?
very accessible
somewhat accessible
not accessible
not accessible at all
o
o
o
o
19. How good or bad is your health in general?
Very good
Good
Fair
Bad
Very bad
o
o
o
o
o
(Source: European Social Survey, 2002)
20. Taking all things together, how happy would you say you are?
Extremely
happy
1
2
3
4
5
6
Extremely
unhappy
7
O
o
o
o
o
o
o
(Source: European Social Survey, World Value Survey)
21. Are you or somebody in your household restricted in daily activities by any longstanding
illness or disability?
Yes, myself
Yes, somebody else
Yes, both myself and somebody else
No
o
o
o
o
(Source: European Social Survey, 2002; adapted)
10
22. Do you or does your family …
yes
no
a. own the flat or house where you live?
o
o
b. have a garden
o
o
c. own a motor vehicle?
o
o
23. How many children under 5 years old live with you? ______ (number)
24. How many books do you have at home?
None
o
1-5
o
6-10
o
11-50
o
51 or more
o
25. On a normal week day how many hours do you spend
a. for housework
____ hours
b. for free time activities
____ hours
VI.
Optional items (8 items)
26. Now, I would like to ask you two questions about yesterday.2
a. Just to recall, yesterday was…
… a normal weekday or working-day
… a weekend day or a holiday
o
o
b. At about what time did you get up?
At ……. o’clock (hours/minutes)
c. And at what time did you go to sleep?
At ……. o’clock (hours/minutes)
I have included the questions VI-1.ac- – formerly a part of the questions on the time budget of a „normal day“ –
included in the first version of the questionnaire, after a suggestion by Yang-chih Fu, Taiwan. (M.H.)
2
11
27. Would you please tell me your
I don’t know
o
o
a. Height: ……..… cm
b. Weight: ……….. kg
28. How do you feel about your weight?
Would you like to…
Gain weight
Keep your weight
Loose weight
o
o
o
I don’t care about my weight
o
29. Which of the following pictures corresponds to your ideal shape of a man and a woman?
(Please cross out the circle below the picture of you choice of the ideal man and woman)
A. Man
o
o
o
B. Woman
o
o
12
o
o
o