Review for American History Final Exam
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. What was a territory called when an imperial power allowed local rulers to stay in control and protected them
against invasion?
a. a colony
c. an unincorporated territory
b. a protectorate
d. a state
____
2. When a trade treaty that exempted Hawaiian sugar from tariffs came up for renewal, the Senate insisted that
the Hawaiians grant the United States rights to
a. establish missions.
c. increase tourism.
b. govern the islands.
d. a naval base.
____
3. In the 1880s, American opinion began to shift and more people wanted to make the United States
a. a world power.
c. a protectorate.
b. more isolated.
d. part of Pan-America.
____
4. When Americans began looking overseas for new markets in the 1800s, they naturally tended to look
a. eastward.
c. westward.
b. to Spain.
d. to England.
____
5. The Commercial Bureau of the American Republics was an organization that worked to promote cooperation
among the nations of the Western Hemisphere and is today called the
a. Organization of American States.
c. Western United Nations.
b. Pan-American Union.
d. American Republics Organization.
____
6. Shortly after midnight on May 1, 1898, Commodore George Dewey led his squadron into Manila Bay in
a. Cuba.
c. the Philippines.
b. Hawaii.
d. Spain.
____
7. When the explosion of the Maine happened, many Americans blamed it on
a. Cuba.
c. the Philippines.
b. the Foraker Act.
d. Spain.
____
8. Under the Treaty of Paris, Cuba became an independent country, the United States agreed to pay Spain $20
million for the Philippines, and the United States acquired Puerto Rico and
a. Guam.
c. the Bahamas.
b. Hawaii.
d. Mexico.
____
9. After much resistance, on April 11, 1898, President McKinley finally asked Congress to authorize the use of
force to end the conflict in
a. Panama.
c. Colombia.
b. Cuba.
d. British Hong Kong.
____ 10. Until 1886, about one-third of the Cuban population was
a. from the United States.
c. from England.
b. enslaved.
d. part of the Spanish military.
____ 11. A group in China besieged foreign embassies in Beijing and killed more than 200 foreigners in what came to
be known as the
a. Boxer Rebellion.
c. China War.
b. Beijing Rebellion.
d. Secret Society Rebellion.
____ 12. For his efforts in ending the war between Japan and Russia, Teddy Roosevelt won
a. favor with the Japanese.
c. the Nobel Peace Prize.
b. the presidential election.
d. new trade agreements.
____ 13. In 1899 the United States was a major power in Asia; however, the nation’s primary interest was not conquest
but
a. Anglo-Saxonism.
c. an Open Door policy.
b. commerce.
d. imperialism.
____ 14. The United States had long considered two possible canal sites, one through Panama and one through
a. Colombia.
c. the Dominican Republic.
b. El Salvador.
d. Nicaragua.
____ 15. Who arranged for a small army to stage an uprising in Panama?
a. Philippe Bunau-Varilla
c. John Hay
b. President Roosevelt
d. the Boxers
____ 16. What incident did Roosevelt criticize as an example of groups pursuing their private interests at the expense
of the nation?
a. formation of the Northern Securities
b. coal strike of 1902
c. irrigation in the West
d. strengthening of the Interstate Commerce Commission
____ 17. In early 1902, Roosevelt ordered his attorney general to file a lawsuit under the Sherman Antitrust Act against
a. the New York Stock Exchange.
c. the Burlington Railroad.
b. the Union Pacific Railroad.
d. Northern Securities.
____ 18. Teddy Roosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most clearly in the area of
a. environmental conservation.
c. child labor laws.
b. antitrust legislation.
d. arbitration.
____ 19. The federal government began the large-scale transformation of the West’s landscape and economy with the
passage of the
a. Expedition Act.
c. Newlands Reclamation Act.
b. Hepburn Act.
d. Square Deal.
____ 20. What gave federal antitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuit courts?
a. Expedition Act
b. Department of Commerce and Labor
c. Hepburn Act
d. Pure Food and Drug Act
____ 21. What law reduced the average tariff on imported goods to about 30 percent of the value of the goods, or about
half the tariff rate of the 1890s?
a. Clayton Antitrust Act
c. Keating-Owen Act
b. Underwood Tariff
d. Adamson Act
____ 22. The meeting in 1905 that included W.E.B. Du Bois and other African American leaders to demand full
political rights and responsibilities for African Americans eventually resulted in the founding of the
a. Progressive Party.
b. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
c. Colored Farmers’ National Alliance.
d. Federal Trade Commission.
____ 23. To restore public confidence in the banking system, Wilson supported the establishment of a
a. loan system.
c. Federal Reserve system.
b. gold-based currency system.
d. Federal Trade Commission.
____ 24. In the election of 1912, Teddy Roosevelt became the presidential candidate for the newly formed
a. Progressive Party.
c. Libertarian Party.
b. Independent Party.
d. Populist Party.
____ 25. One provision of the Clayton Antitrust Act banned
a. racial discrimination.
c. child labor.
b. income tax.
d. price discrimination.
____ 26. One reason for the tension between the European powers was their intense pride in their homelands called
a. nationalism.
c. imperialism.
b. socialism.
d. progressivism.
____ 27. What country made an offer to the Mexican government proposing that Mexico ally itself with them if the
United States entered the European war?
a. Bulgaria
c. Germany
b. France
d. Russia
____ 28. A major problem in Germany’s plan to invade France was that its forces first had to advance through neutral
a. Amsterdam.
c. Switzerland.
b. Belgium.
d. Luxembourg.
____ 29. President Wilson used the failure of the Mexicans to apologize for arresting American sailors as an
opportunity to overthrow the Mexican leader,
a. Pancho Villa.
c. Francisco Madero.
b. Porfirio Díaz.
d. Victoriano Huerta.
____ 30. Since Germany did not want to strengthen the Allies by drawing the United States into war, it agreed with
certain conditions to sink no more merchant ships in a promise called the
a. Zimmermann telegram.
c. Sussex Pledge.
b. Peace Pledge.
d. U-boat Pledge.
____ 31. Perhaps the most successful government agency during this time was the Food Administration run by
a. Bernard Baruch.
c. Herbert Hoover.
b. George Creel.
d. William Howard Taft.
____ 32. To conserve energy, the Fuel Administration, run by Harry Garfield, shortened workweeks for factories that
did not make war materials and introduced
a. time zones.
c. flexible hours.
b. daylight savings time.
d. conscription.
____ 33. The fear of spies and emphasis on patriotism quickly led to the mistreatment and persecution of
a. Irish Americans.
c. Mexican Americans.
b. African Americans.
d. German Americans.
____ 34. Realizing a draft was necessary, Congress, with Wilson’s support, created a new system of conscription called
a. selective service.
c. lotteries.
b. local draft boards.
d. selective volunteers.
____ 35. Early in 1917, what division of the military authorized the enlistment of women to meet its clerical needs?
a. Army
c. Air Force
b. Marines
d. Navy
____ 36. Who overthrew the Russian government in November of 1917 and established a Communist government
there?
a. Czar Nicholas II
c. Vittorio Orlando
b. Georges Clemenceau
d. Vladimir Lenin
____ 37. On November 11, 1918, the fighting stopped and the war ended because Germany had finally signed an
armistice, or
a. cease-fire.
c. reparation.
b. peace treaty.
d. acknowledgment of guilt.
____ 38. World War I resulted in the dissolution of four empires: the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Russian Empire,
the German Empire, and the
a. Chinese Empire.
c. Yugoslavian Empire.
b. Slavic Empire.
d. Ottoman Empire.
____ 39. President Wilson called for the creation of a “general association of nations” known as the
a. United Nations.
c. Allies.
b. League of Nations.
d. Central Powers.
____ 40. Where did the Americans shatter German defenses and open a hole in their line with the most massive attack
in American history?
a. Meuse-Argonne
c. Paris
b. St. Mihiel
d. Cantigny
____ 41. One of the largest strikes in American history began when steel workers went on strike for recognition of their
union, higher pay, and
a. medical benefits.
c. shorter hours.
b. cost of living raises.
d. safer working conditions.
____ 42. As strikes erupted across the United States in 1919, the fear that Communists, or “reds” as they were called,
might seize power led to a nationwide panic known as the
a. Red Scare.
c. Red Socialism.
b. Red Nativism.
d. Communist Scare.
____ 43. Americans often linked radicalism with
a. nativism.
b. progressivism.
c. reform programs.
d. immigrants.
____ 44. Who walked off the job in Boston in what was perhaps the most famous strike of 1919?
a. shipyard workers
c. hospital workers
b. the police force
d. steel workers
____ 45. In addition to the soldiers returning from Europe who needed to find employment, many African Americans
who had moved North were competing for jobs and housing, which resulted in
a. new zoning laws.
c. new industries.
b. race riots.
d. cooperation among races.
____ 46. Many Americans feared that the country was losing its traditional values and responded by joining a religious
movement known as
a. Fundamentalism.
b. Quakerism.
c. Protestantism.
d. Catholicism.
____ 47. What was the name of the science that lent authority to racist theories and reinvigorated the nativist argument
for strict immigration control?
a. nativism
c. evolution
b. creationism
d. eugenics
____ 48. The National Origins Act of 1924 and the demand for cheap farm labor in California and the Southwest
contributed to the large wave of immigration from
a. China.
c. Mexico.
b. South America.
d. Canada.
____ 49. What did many of the groups who wanted to restrict immigration and preserve what they considered
traditional values fear was taking over the nation?
a. Communists
c. a “new morality”
b. anarchists
d. a new religion
____ 50. Where did the debate over science and religion and their place in education take place during the summer of
1925?
a. at Billy Sunday’s revivals
b. in the Scopes trial
c. in Florence Sabin’s research
d. in Lyman Stewart’s book, The Fundamentals
____ 51. Many novelists of the 1920s created characters who were flawed individuals but still had heroic qualities of
mind and spirit. These characters were called
a. “heroic antiheroes.”
c. “Hollow Men.”
b. Bohemians.
d. “Galloping Ghosts.”
____ 52. Although sports became increasingly popular in the 1920s, nothing quite matched the allure of
a. poetry.
c. motion pictures.
b. theater.
d. radio.
____ 53. What sports star was nicknamed the “Sultan of Swat” and became a national hero?
a. Jack Dempsey
c. Red Grange
b. Babe Ruth
d. Bill Tilden
____ 54. American artists and writers experimented with how to express the challenges faced by individuals in the
modern world as they searched for
a. modernism.
c. popular culture.
b. styles.
d. meaning.
____ 55. What artist applied the influence of photography and the geometric forms of Cubism to his paintings of urban
and rural American landscapes?
a. John Marin
c. Eugene O’Neill
b. Paul Cézanne
d. Charles Scheeler
____ 56. What music with its bold solos and improvisational freedom is recognized around the world as the distinctive
American contribution to music?
a. ragtime
c. country
b. jazz
d. classical
____ 57. One of the NAACP’s greatest political triumphs occurred in 1930 with the defeat of Judge John J. Parker’s
nomination to the
a. U.S. Supreme Court.
c. Senate.
b. House of Representatives.
d. Circuit Court.
____ 58. The Universal Negro Improvement Association was founded by a dynamic black leader from Jamaica,
a. Langston Hughes.
c. Duke Ellington.
b. Paul Robeson.
d. Marcus Garvey.
____ 59. Although many of President Harding’s appointments were disastrous, he did appoint several distinguished
cabinet members including the secretary of commerce,
a. Andrew Mellon.
c. Harry Daugherty.
b. Herbert Hoover.
d. John W. Davis.
____ 60. President Coolidge’s philosophy of government was that government should interfere with business and
industry as little as possible and that prosperity rested on the shoulders of
a. business leadership.
c. a strong military.
b. educational institutions.
d. church leaders.
____ 61. President Harding fit in comfortably with the powerful Ohio Republican
a. House of Representatives.
c. political machine.
b. reform issues.
d. progressive ideas.
____ 62. President Coolidge’s simple and frugal manner contrasted not only with Harding but also with the spirit of the
time—the booming, materialistic era of the
a. Progressive Party.
c. Ohio Gang.
b. Roaring Twenties.
d. Fourteen Points.
____ 63. President Harding’s secretary of the interior, Albert B. Fall, secretly allowed private interests to lease lands
containing U.S. Navy oil reserves, causing a scandal that came to be known as the
a. Teapot Dome scandal.
c. Fall scandal.
b. Forbes scandal.
d. Daugherty scandal.
____ 64. What system of manufacturing adopted by Henry Ford divided operations into simple tasks that unskilled
workers could do and cut unnecessary motion to a minimum?
a. assembly line
c. Flivver
b. mass production
d. apprentice system
____ 65. To create consumers for their new products, manufacturers turned to
a. television.
b. mass production.
c. advertising.
d. newspaper and magazine articles.
____ 66. Henry Ford almost single-handedly changed the auto from a toy of the wealthy to an affordable necessity for
the
a. delivery industry.
c. farmers.
b. middle class.
d. city dwellers.
____ 67. In 1926 the aviation industry received federal aid for building airports with the passage of the
a. Air Commerce Act.
c. Airmail Act.
b. Lindbergh Air Act.
d. Kelly Act.
____ 68. The consumer goods industry created many new products for
a. factories.
b. the airline industry.
c. businesses.
d. the home.
____ 69. The Four-Power Treaty between the United States, Japan, France, and Britain recognized each country’s
island possessions in the
a. Northern Hemisphere.
c. Atlantic.
b. Caribbean Sea.
d. Pacific.
____ 70. The chief architect of economic policy in the United States during the 1920s was
a. Andrew Mellon.
c. Herbert Hoover.
b. President Harding.
d. Charles Evan Hughes.
____ 71. What crippled the German economy?
a. isolationists
b. moratoriums
c. reparation payments
d. supply-side economists
____ 72. Herbert Hoover sought to provide economic stability in various industries by trying to balance government
regulation with his own philosophy of
a. welfare capitalism.
c. supply-side economics.
b. cooperative individualism.
d. open shops.
____ 73. In order to protect loans made by stockbrokers to investors who bought stocks on margin, brokers could issue
a
a. collateral.
c. margin call.
b. speculation call.
d. foreclosure.
____ 74. What severely dampened commerce on both sides of the Atlantic and intensified the Depression in the United
States?
a. the bull market
c. Black Tuesday
b. the Federal Reserve
d. the Hawley-Smoot Tariff
____ 75. In 1929 the top 5 percent of all American households earned 30 percent of the nation’s income, which is
a. an uneven distribution of wealth.
c. a bull market.
b. supply-side economics.
d. a recession.
____ 76. October 29, 1929, the day when stock prices took the steepest dive of that time, is known as
a. Black Thursday.
c. Bloody Monday.
b. Black Tuesday.
d. Panic Tuesday.
____ 77. For some banks, the losses they suffered in the crash were more than they could absorb and they were forced
to
a. increase interest rates.
c. attract more depositors.
b. approve more loans.
d. close.
____ 78. Beginning in 1932, America’s pastures and wheat fields from the Dakotas to Texas became a vast
a. “Bread Basket.”
c. mud basin.
b. “Dust Bowl.”
d. prairie.
____ 79. Many families on the Great Plains packed their belongings into old cars or trucks and headed west, hoping for
a better life in
a. the cities.
c. California.
b. the mountains.
d. New Mexico.
____ 80. Most people during the Depression were able to enjoy two popular forms of entertainment: the movies and
a. sailing.
b. television.
c. travel.
d. radio.
____ 81. Daytime radio dramas were sponsored by makers of laundry soap and nicknamed
a. soap operas.
c. guiding lights.
b. laundry stories.
d. detergent dramas.
____ 82. The Dust Bowl occurred because plowed land was left uncultivated and there was a terrible
a. insect infestation.
c. winter.
b. drought.
d. increase of wild grasses.
____ 83. By 1932 Hoover concluded that the only way to provide funding for borrowers was for the government to do
the lending, so he requested that Congress set up the
a. Reconstruction Finance Corporation.
b. Federal Reserve Board.
c. Emergency Relief and Construction Act.
d. National Credit Corporation.
____ 84. Hoover did not want the government to create many new jobs because that would mean increased government
a. involvement in business.
c. regulation.
b. taxes.
d. spending.
____ 85. Between 1930 and 1934, creditors foreclosed on nearly one million farms, and farmers retaliated in all of the
following ways EXCEPT by
a. destroying their crops to reduce the supply and raise prices.
b. blocking milk trucks and emptying milk cans into ditches.
c. preventing the delivery of vegetables to distributors.
d. marching to Washington, D.C., in protest.
____ 86. The public’s perception of President Hoover was shaped by the image of the routed Bonus Marchers and the
a. lingering Depression.
c. public works.
b. hunger marches.
d. National Credit Corporation.
____ 87. Hoover believed that only state and city governments should dole out
a. loans.
c. work programs.
b. relief.
d. soup kitchens.
____ 88. While recovering from polio, who did Roosevelt depend on to keep his name prominent in the New York
Democratic Party?
a. his cousin Theodore
c. Albert E. Smith
b. his wife Eleanor
d. Woodrow Wilson
____ 89. Franklin Roosevelt was born in 1882 to a wealthy family from
a. Philadelphia.
c. New York.
b. Denver.
d. Boston.
____ 90. Bank runs increased before Roosevelt’s inauguration because some people thought he would abandon the
gold standard and reduce the value of
a. the dollar.
c. farm crops.
b. silver.
d. mortgages.
____ 91. While in the New York State Senate, Roosevelt won a reputation as a
a. party boss.
c. Republican.
b. progressive reformer.
d. conservative.
____ 92. What position, appointed by Woodrow Wilson, did Roosevelt hold through World War I?
a. attorney general
c. ambassador to Mexico
b. secretary of agriculture
d. assistant secretary of the navy
____ 93. To regulate the stock market and prevent fraud, Congress created an independent agency called the
a. Securities Act.
b. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
c. Securities and Exchange Commission.
d. Emergency Banking Relief Act.
____ 94. Perhaps no group of Americans had been as badly hurt by the Depression as had the nation’s
a. farmers.
c. factory workers.
b. miners.
d. wealthy.
____ 95. The Glass-Steagall Act separated commercial banking from
a. the Securities and Exchange Commission.
b. the Treasury Department.
c. investment banking.
d. bank holidays.
____ 96. What was the period called between March 9 and June 16, 1933, when Congress passed 15 major acts to meet
the economic crisis?
a. the First New Deal
c. the New Freedom
b. the New Nationalism
d. the Hundred Days
____ 97. The Public Works Administration was created as a federal relief agency to put back to work the unemployed
in the
a. arts and entertainment industry.
c. fishing industry.
b. mining industry.
d. construction industry.
____ 98. A process whereby dissatisfied union members could take their complaints to a neutral party who would listen
to both sides and decide the issue is called
a. sit-down strikes.
c. union activism.
b. labor relations.
d. binding arbitration.
____ 99. In August 1934, business leaders and anti-New Deal politicians from both parties joined together to create the
a. “Share Our Wealth” clubs.
c. National Union for Social Justice.
b. American Liberty League.
d. Townshend Plan.
____ 100. In what became known as the “sick chicken case,” the Court ruled that the Constitution did not allow
Congress to delegate its powers to
a. the executive branch.
c. the court system.
b. state governments.
d. individual politicians.
____ 101. What did the series of programs and reforms that Roosevelt launched in 1935 come to be called?
a. the Second New Deal
b. the Committee for Industrial Organization
c. the American Liberty League
d. the Townshend Plan
____ 102. Perhaps the most serious threat to President Roosevelt from the left came from Democratic senator
a. Huey Long.
c. Charles Coughlin.
b. Francis Townshend.
d. Harry Hopkins.
____ 103. Who helped bring about the change in the African American and women’s vote?
a. Frances Perkins
c. Alfred Landon
b. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt
d. Huey Long
____ 104. According to Keynesian economics, Roosevelt had done exactly the wrong thing in 1937 when he
a. cut back programs.
b. approved more government spending.
c. increased the scope of programs.
d. encouraged new businesses.
____ 105. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1935 provided more protection for workers, the abolition of child labor, and
a. the right to join a union.
c. a labor relations mediator.
b. a 40-hour workweek.
d. a fair-hiring provision.
____ 106. What created the impression that Roosevelt was trying to interfere with the Constitution’s separation of
powers and undermine the Court’s independence?
a. cutting federal programs
c. the court-packing plan
b. the recession of 1937
d. the broker state plan
____ 107. Two important Supreme Court decisions resulted in the ability of the federal government to mediate between
competing groups and increased federal power over
a. the military.
c. the states.
b. international relations.
d. the economy.
Completion
Complete each statement.
108. Spanish resistance in Cuba ended with the surrender of ____________________.
109. The New York Journal, owned by William Randolph ____________________, and the New York World,
owned by Joseph Pulitzer, competed with each other to increase their circulation.
110. Spain declared war on the United States on April 24, 1898, in response to Congress declaring Cuba
____________________ and demanding that Spain withdraw from the island.
111. Emilio Aguinaldo called the American decision to annex his homeland, the ____________________, a
"violent and aggressive seizure."
112. In 1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act, making Puerto Rico an unincorporated ____________________.
113. On August 26, 1920, after three-fourths of the states had voted to ratify it, the Nineteenth Amendment
guaranteeing ____________________ the right to vote went into effect.
114. One reason progressives believed people could improve society was because they had a strong faith in
____________________ and technology.
115. Progressives joined union leaders to pressure states for workers' ____________________ laws that would
establish insurance funds for injured workers.
116. To counter Senate corruption, progressives called for the ____________________ election of senators by all
state voters rather than election by the state legislatures.
117. Efficiency progressives argued that managing a modern city required experts, not ____________________
politicians.
118. Shortly after the war began, the British deployed their navy to ____________________ Germany and keep it
from obtaining supplies.
119. President Wilson declared the United States to be neutral concerning the war in Europe, but in general
American public opinion favored the ____________________ rather than the Central Powers.
120. Russia, ____________________, and Great Britain formed the backbone of the Allies.
121. The issue of Germany attacking civilian ships reached a crisis on May 7, 1915, when a submerged German
submarine fired on the British passenger liner ____________________.
122.
To the Germans’ surprise, while their troops were headed into France, ____________________ troops
invaded Germany in the east.
123. The critics of the League of Nations feared that it might supersede the power of ____________________ to
declare war and thus force the United States to fight in numerous foreign conflicts.
124. Vladimir ____________________, the leader of the Bolshevik Party, overthrew the Russian government and
established a new Communist government.
125. World War I saw the first use of ____________________ in combat, first to observe enemy actions and later
to drop small bombs.
126. President Wilson's plan for peace was known as the ____________________ Points and was based on "the
principle of justice to all peoples and nationalities."
127. In April 1915, the Germans first used ____________________ gas in the Second Battle of Ypres.
128. The American Civil Liberties Union advertised for a teacher who would be willing to be arrested for teaching
____________________.
129. The Emergency Quota Act theoretically restricted the number of immigrants from all countries, but in
practice it discriminated heavily against people from southern and ____________________ Europe.
130. The Eighteenth Amendment specifically granted the federal government, as well as the state governments, the
power to enforce prohibition, marking a dramatic increase in federal ____________________ powers.
131. Though hardly typical of American women, the ____________________, a young, unconventional woman,
personified women's changing behavior in the 1920s.
132. The National ____________________ Act of 1924 made immigrant restriction a permanent policy.
133. The efforts of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People focused primarily on
lobbying public officials and working through the ____________________ system.
134. The journey of African Americans from the rural South to industrial cities in the North was known as the
Great ____________________.
135. Paul ____________________, a celebrated singer and actor, received wide acclaim in the title role of a 1924
New York production of Emperor Jones, a play by Eugene O'Neill.
136. Louis Armstrong introduced an improvisational, early form of ____________________, a style of music
influenced by Dixieland and ragtime.
137. Marcus Garvey, founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, planned to create a settlement in
the African country of ____________________ for his followers.
138. By the mid-1920s, other corporations, notably General Motors and Chrysler, competed successfully with
___________________, the first carmaker to produce cars by using the assembly line.
139. Every year from 1924 to 1928, Senator Charles McNary of Oregon and Representative Gilbert Haugen of
Iowa proposed the McNary-Haugen Bill, which called for the federal government to purchase surplus
____________________ and sell them abroad while protecting the American market with a high tariff.
140. Ford's assembly-line product was the ____________________, affectionately called the "Tin Lizzie" or
"Flivver."
141. President Wilson's postmaster general had introduced the world's first regular airmail service in 1918 by
hiring pilots to fly mail between Washington, D.C., and ____________________.
142. American ____________________ did not share in the prosperity of the 1920s, earning less than one-third of
the average income for workers in the rest of the economy.
143. As the bull market of the late 1920s continued to soar, many investors began buying stocks on
____________________, making only a small cash down payment and borrowing the rest.
144. When Calvin Coolidge decided not to run for president in 1928, he cleared the way for Herbert
____________________, a successful engineer and former head of the Food Administration during World
War I, to head the Republican ticket.
145. Buyers hoping to make a fortune overnight in the stock market engaged in ____________________, taking
risks that the market would continue to climb, thus enabling them to sell the stock and make money quickly.
146. At the time of the stock market crash, the ____________________ did not insure bank deposits, so customers
lost their savings if a bank collapsed.
147. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff was meant to protect American manufacturers from ____________________
competition, but it damaged American sales abroad.
148. In July 1932, Congress overrode Hoover's veto and passed the Emergency ____________________ and
Construction Act, which called for $1.5 billion for public works and $300 million in loans to the states for
direct relief.
149. Hoover's authorization of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation marked the first time the federal
government had established a federal agency to stimulate the ____________________ during peacetime.
150. When Hoover ordered the buildings in Washington, D.C., cleared of veterans, the police made the first try,
but then the ____________________ was called in.
151. Hoover believed the government had to make sure that ____________________ could make loans to
corporations so they could expand production and rehire workers.
152. When the Federal ____________________ Board refused to put more money into circulation, Hoover set up
the National Credit Corporation in October 1931 to create a pool of money for troubled banks.
153. The Agricultural Adjustment Act that Roosevelt asked Congress to pass was based on the idea that prices for
farm goods were low because farmers grew too ____________________ food.
154. Perhaps the most important result of the New Deal was a noticeable change in the ____________________ of
the American people.
155. In order to hear different viewpoints on issues, President Roosevelt deliberately chose advisers who
____________________ with each other.
156. President Roosevelt and his advisers did not want to simply give money to the unemployed, so they
established a series of government agencies that would organize ____________________ programs for the
unemployed.
157. Since some of his advisers believed that ____________________ was the main obstacle to economic
recovery, Roosevelt asked Congress to establish the Home Owners' Loan Corporation and the Farm Credit
Administration to help people with their credit and loans.
158. Roosevelt cut spending just as the first Social Security payroll taxes removed $2 billion from the economy,
and almost immediately the economy plummeted into the ____________________ of 1937.
159. Roosevelt's programs had succeeded in creating something of a ____________________ net for average
Americans—safeguards and relief programs that protected them against economic disaster.
160. In terms of its main goal of ending the Depression, Roosevelt's ____________________ Deal was only a
limited success, but it gave many Americans a stronger sense of security and stability.
161. Both the fight over the ____________________-packing scheme and the recession of 1937 had weakened the
president politically.
162. By 1938 Roosevelt had become increasingly preoccupied with the growing international threat posed by
Germany and ____________________.
Matching
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. José Martí
d. Platt Amendment
b. jingoism
e. yellow journalism
c. Rough Riders
____ 163. governed relations between the United States and Cuba, effectively making Cuba into an American
protectorate
____ 164. sensationalist reporting to attract readers
____ 165. a volunteer cavalry regiment from the American West
____ 166. writer, poet, and exiled leader committed to the cause of Cuban independence
____ 167. an attitude of aggressive nationalism
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. suffrage
d. child labor
b. prohibition
e. initiative
c. muckrakers
____ 168. laws banning the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol
____ 169. progressives campaigned against this emotional issue
____ 170. allowed a group of citizens in a state to introduce legislation and required the legislature to vote on it
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. Gifford Pinchot
d. arbitration
b. Square Deal
e. Bureau of Corporations
c. Upton Sinclair
____ 171. wrote The Jungle, a book with appalling descriptions of conditions in the meatpacking industry
____ 172. had the authority to investigate corporations and issue reports on their activities
____ 173. appointed to head the United States Forest Service
____ 174. a settlement imposed by an outside party
____ 175. Roosevelt’s reform programs
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. Central Powers
d. propaganda
b. U-boats
e. Triple Entente
c. Pancho Villa
____ 176. information designed to influence opinion
____ 177. led a group of Mexican guerrillas that burned Columbus, New Mexico
____ 178. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria
____ 179. German submarines
____ 180. Britain, France, and Russia
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. General John J. Pershing
d. Bolsheviks
b. Marshall Ferdinand Foch
e. reparations
c. “no man’s land”
____ 181. supreme commander of the Allied forces
____ 182. a group of Communists
____ 183. commander of the American troops
____ 184. payments for war damages
____ 185. the space between opposing trenches
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. Communist International
d. cost of living
b. general strike
e. General Intelligence Division
c. deported
____ 186. involves all workers living in a certain location, not just workers in a particular industry
____ 187. formed by the Soviet Union to coordinate the activities of Communist parties in other countries
____ 188. cost of food, clothing, shelter, and other essentials that people need to survive
____ 189. special division within the Justice Department that eventually became the Federal Bureau of Investigation
____ 190. expelled from the country
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. Margaret Sanger
d. Aimee Semple McPherson
b. anarchists
e. Margaret Mead
c. Emergency Quota Act
____ 191. evangelical preacher who conducted revivals and faith healings in Los Angeles
____ 192. established a temporary quota system, limiting immigration
____ 193. founded the American Birth Control League
____ 194. opposed all forms of government
____ 195. one of the first woman anthropologists who published Coming of Age in Samoa
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. F. Scott Fitzgerald
d. Greenwich Village
b. Edward Hopper
e. Carl Sandburg
c. Mary Pickford
____ 196. a film star
____ 197. Chicago poet who used common speech to glorify the Midwest
____ 198. part of Manhattan where many artists, writers, and intellectuals flocked
____ 199. famous writer who created colorful, glamorous characters who chased futile dreams in The Great Gatsby
____ 200. Realist painter who conveyed disenchantment and isolation
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. immunity
d. return to normalcy
b. Ohio Gang
e. Robert M. La Follette
c. Harlan Fiske Stone
____ 201. Wisconsin Senator who ran against the Democratic and Republican nominees for president in 1924
____ 202. friends of President Harding
____ 203. President Harding’s campaign slogan
____ 204. freedom from prosecution
____ 205. dean of the Columbia Law School chosen as attorney general by President Coolidge
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. National Broadcasting Company
d. Sociological Department
b. mass production
e. Fordney-McCumber Act
c. Kelly Act
____ 206. set requirements that workers employed by Henry Ford had to meet
____ 207. authorized postal officials to contract with private airplane operators to carry mail
____ 208. established a permanent network of radio stations to distribute daily programs
____ 209. raised tariffs in an effort to protect American industry from foreign competition
____ 210. large-scale product manufacturing usually by machinery
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. isolationism
d. moratorium
b. Nine-Power Treaty
e. Washington Conference
c. Kellogg-Briand Pact
____ 211. when the United States invited representatives from eight countries to discuss disarmament
____ 212. outlawed war
____ 213. a national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs
____ 214. guaranteed China’s independence
____ 215. a pause
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. bank run
d. bull market
b. stock market
e. overproduction
c. installment plan
____ 216. buying and selling ownership shares of companies
____ 217. a key cause of the Depression
____ 218. takes place when many depositors decide to withdraw their money at one time
____ 219. making a down payment and paying the rest of the price in monthly installments
____ 220. when stock prices continue to rise
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. hobos
d. shantytowns
b. Gone with the Wind
e. soup kitchens
c. bailiffs
____ 221. places where newly homeless people put up shacks on unused or public lands
____ 222. unemployed Americans who wandered around the country, walking, hitchhiking, or “riding the rails”
____ 223. a famous film of the Depression era
____ 224. court officers
____ 225. private charities set up to give poor people a meal
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. National Credit Corporation
d. public works
b. budget deficit
e. Bonus Army
c. American Communist Party
____ 226. held rallies and “hunger marches” during the Depression
____ 227. World War I veterans who marched to Washington, D.C.
____ 228. created when the government spends more money than it collects in taxes
____ 229. created a pool of money to rescue troubled banks
____ 230. government-financed building projects
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. Alfred E. Smith
d. polio
b. bank holidays
e. gold standard
c. New Deal
____ 231. closing banks before bank runs could put them out of business
____ 232. Roosevelt succeeded this New York governor when the governor ran for president
____ 233. a monetary standard in which one ounce of gold equaled a set number of dollars
____ 234. a paralyzing disease
____ 235. Roosevelt’s policies during the Great Depression
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. Civilian Conservation Corps
b. fireside chats
c. National Industrial Recovery Act
d. Federal Emergency Relief Administration
e. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
____ 236. provides government insurance for bank deposits up to a certain amount
____ 237. channeled money to state and local agencies to fund their relief projects
____ 238. suspended the antitrust laws
____ 239. direct talks via radio that FDR held with the American people
____ 240. most highly praised New Deal work relief program
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. National Labor Relations Act
d. Works Progress Administration
b. deficit spending
e. Schechter v. United States
c. Social Security Act
____ 241. a new federal agency created “for work relief and to increase employment by providing useful projects”
____ 242. government practice of spending borrowed money to pay for programs without regard to a balanced budget
____ 243. law providing some security for the elderly
____ 244. guaranteed workers the right to organize unions without interference from employers and to bargain
collectively
____ 245. Supreme Court case that struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a. Harry Hopkins
d. broker state
b. Frances Perkins
e. John Maynard Keynes
c. Harold Ickes
____ 246. head of the Public Works Administration who pushed for more government spending
____ 247. mediating role of the government to work out conflicts among competing interest groups
____ 248. head of the Works Progress Administration
____ 249. British economist who argued that the government should spend heavily during a recession
____ 250. first woman to hold a cabinet post as Secretary of Labor