A. Kingdom Protista (cont’d)
Phylum Rhizopoda:
-
marine, freshwater or terrestrial
-
unicellular and heterotrophic
-
characteristic = psuedopods (locomotion and feeding)
-
examples: Amoeba proteus, Difflugia and Entamoeba histolytica
Amoeba proteus
http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/images/wpe4.JPG
(locomotion & feeding)
(maintains water
balance)
(Intracellular
digestion)
http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/mjvl/biology/cells/amoeba.gif
http://www.uccs.edu/~rmelamed/MicroFall2002/Chapter%204/ameoba.jpg
Difflugia
Test (shell)
psuedopodia
-
“Amoeba with a shell”
-
produces shell (test) from sand grains
-
sand is swallowed during fission and are
passed to the daughter cells where they
are joined together to form the shell
http://www.stetson.edu/~kwork/difflugia%20with%20shell.jpg
Entamoeba histolytica
-
intestinal parasite
-
trophozites have endosome that
infects visceral tissues (intestines
and liver)
-
trophozites encyst as they pass
through the colon
-
cysts have 4 nuclei
-
spread through by fecal
contamination of drinking water,
raw vegetables and careless food
handlers
http://www.siamhealth.net/Disease/infectious/infection/Amebiasis_LifeCycle.gif
Phylum Foraminifera (pore-bearing)
-
“shelled amoebas”
-
test (calcium carbonate) – multichambered (separated by septa)
-
symmetry of test is different from that of Difflugia
-
psuedopods ( perforate through pores in the shell)
-
some live near the ocean floor and deposit their shell on the ocean floor when they die
-
some are also planktonic
-
important in oil – extinct forms have been found in oil-bearing rocks
http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb102/lab_1/202am-foram.html
Phylum Sarcomastigophora (fleshy whip bearer)
-
unicellular and heterotrophic
-
flagella present ( at least one)
-
example: Trypanosoma (caustitive agent of African sleeping sickness/Chaga’s disease)
http://www.ucm.es/info/parasito/Trypanosoma.jpg
http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/science/zoology/faculty/dick/z346/images/tryp2.jpg
http://www.mt.mahidol.ac.th/eLearning/Parasite/Assets/trypanosoma%20gambiensecycle.gif
Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates)
-
heterotrophic
-
hair-like cilia (locomotion & feeding)
-
cilia help to sweep food into the gullet
-
food is then taken to the food vacuoles
-
2 types of nuclei (macro and micro)
-
micronuclei responsible for cell division
-
macronucleus responsible for normal
cell functions
-
sexual reproduction by conjugation
-
asexual reproduction by longitudinal
fission
http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~biol240/labs/lab_06protists/media/paramecium.jpg
Phylum Myxomycota
-
plasmodial slime mold
-
heterotrphic
-
multinucleate
-
amoeboid movement
-
similar to fungi but no cell wall of chitin
-
forms sporangia like fungi for dispersal of spores
http://www.herbarium.usu.edu/fungi/FunFacts/SlimeMold.htm
B. Kingdom Fungi
- study of fungi = mycology
- heterotrophic (parasitic or saprophytic)
- live in symbiosis with some organisms
- all contain hyphae (filaments of cytoplasm and nuclei enclosed by a cell wall)
- collection of hyphae = mycelium
- nuclei separated into cells by septae (no septae = coenoctytic (multinucleate))
- cell wall of chitin
- extracellular digestion
- asexual (spores, budding or fragmentation) or sexual reproduction
- Classification:
http://www.tolweb.org/Fungi
(Vodopich and Moore, pg 273)
Phylum Chytridiomycota
-
chytrids
-
most ancient fungi
-
aquatic
-
motile spores (zoospores) with flagella
-
example: Chytridium
http://www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/porteretal/3-36.jpg
Phylum Zygomycota
-
bread molds
-
terrestrial
-
zygosporangia formed from sexual reproduction
-
hyphae are multinucleate
-
example Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold)
Rhizopus
-
root-like rhizoids (pigmented) at the
base of the sporangiophores
-
isogamous
http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/classes/bot125/resource/graphics/g/zyg_rhi_clon1.jpg
Life Cyle of Rhizopus
Hyphae of + and
– strains touch
Sporangiophore
(Vodopich and Moore, pg 275)
Phylum Ascomycota
-
sac fungi
-
yeasts, molds, morels and truffles
-
some are economically important (Penicillium)
-
name from reproductive structure spores are produced in = ascus
-
asexual or sexual reproduction
-
asexual reproduction via conidia (Aspergillus and Penicillium)
Apsergillus
Penicillium
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/TOMS_FUNGI/images/a-flavus.jpg
http://photos.imageevent.com/bobmetcalf/bio139labpractical1/websize/Penicillium%20sp%201.jpg
-
asexual reproduction by budding/fission (yeast)
http://www.biochem.wisc.edu/yeastclub/buddingyeast(color).jpg
-
sexual reproduction via ascospores (morels and cup fungi)
http://www.perspective.com/nature/fungi/ascomycota.html
http://rainforest-australia.com/pics/Cup_fu28.jpg
Ascocarp
develops
Dikaryotic
mycelium
2 different
strains mate
http://faculty.ircc.edu/faculty/tfischer/images/ascomycota.jpg
Phylum Basidiomycota
-
club fungi
-
mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi
-
rusts and smuts (parasites of plants)
-
cap, pileus and gills
-
spores produced in a basidium
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Basidiomycota/Hymenomycetes/Agaricales/Armillaria/NABS_III_calvescens/A.calvescens_TJV94-21_5.jpg
secondary
http://faculty.ircc.edu/faculty/tfischer/images/basidiomycota%20life%20cycle.jpg
Lichens
-
symbiotic relationship between an autotrophic algae and ascomycete
-
terrestrial
-
asexual reproduction
-
sensitive to air pollution
-
3 growth forms: crustose (thallus grows close to substrate), foliose (adhere to
substrate in sheets) and fructiose (grow away from substrate with erect stalks)
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/parmot1b.jpg&imgrefurl=http://waynesword.palomar.edu
/pljan98f.htm&h=410&w=563&sz=86&hl=en&start=6&tbnid=pvhk4U68f_fwUM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfoliose
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