1
Journal Abstracts
PROSHIKHYAN
A J OURNAL OF T RAINING AND D EVELOPMENT
2004 to 2011
BSTD’s Research and Experimentation Centre on Training (BRECT)
House # 22, Road # 12, Block-F
Niketon Housing Society, Gulshan-1 , Dhaka 1212,
E-mail : brec_2010@yahoo.com
Journal Abstract
June 2012
2
PROSHIKHYAN
A Journal of Training and Development
2004 to 2011
List of Contents
Journal Volume, Number and Year
PAGE
Vol. 12 , No. 1, Jan-June 2004
14-17
Towards Development of Rural Women: Role of Women Agricultural Training Centre,

Dr.Ekramul Ahsan

Golam Faruque
Combating Human Trafficking through Training and Orientation: Bangladesh Context

Dr. M.A. Jalil,
Decentralized Training for Comprehensive Development Of Rural Areas in Bangladesh

M.Gulam Sattar
Use of Training Methods and Training Aids in Bangladesh

Syed Naquib Muslim
The Role of Training for Efficient Public Administration

Sonia Haq
Preparation of Training course Completion Report

Salina Sharif
Journal Abstract
June 2012
3
Vol. 12, No 2, July-December 2004
PAGE-18-20
Training As A Marketable Product in Bangladesh

Dr. Aslam Alam
Training for dealing with conflict: A part and parcel of Managing People in an Organization

Anjan Kumar Dev Roy
Food Aid and New Training Needs: The WFP Bangladesh Context

Md. Abdul Quddus
VIPP And Its Application in Rural Development Group Events

M. Khairul Kabir
Good Governance: A Key Consideration in Public Management

M.S. Islam
E-Commerce and wealth Management Service


M.Abu Bakar Siddique
Mohammad Shahedul Quadder,
Vol. 13, No. 1, Jan-June 2005.
PAGE: 21-23
Emerging Challenges in the Training Field

Akther Hamid
How to Identify Training Needs For an Organization

M. Abu Bakkar Siddque

Mohammad Shahedul Quader
Prospect of Micro enterprise Development in Bangladesh: The Role of PKSF

Syeda Khaleda
Gender Equity Needs A Multi-sectoral Approach

M. Shamsul Islam
Journal Abstract
June 2012
4
Vol. 14, No. 1, Jan-June2006.
PAGE:24-27
Small Laziness : Anathema to Good Management

Dr. Saadat Husain
Capacity Development: Initiatives of BRAC Training Division

Dr. Md. Golam Samdani Fakir
Effectiveness of JICA Training: A Post Training Utilization Survey,

Fiona Mirza

Dr. Muhammad Solaiman
Capacity-building: Watsan Model

Dr. Helal Mohiuddin

Md. Ayub Ali
Role of Head of Training Institutions in the Development of Training Sector

M.Khairul Kabir

Md. Mir Kashem
Women Participation in Social Forestry in Bangladesh

S.M. Zobaidul Kabir
Vol. 14, No. 2, July-December 2006.
PAGE: 28-31
Results Based Training: A Competency Based Trainee Centered Approach

Shah Mohammad Murshid
Food Security and Capacity Building of Stakeholders in Bangladesh

Md. Abdul Quddus
Local Self Government: A Key Consideration for Good Government and Development

Shamsul Islam
Journal Abstract
June 2012
5
Training Needs Assessment (TNA): Importance, Benefits and Methods

Mahbuba Ehsan

S.M. Murshid ,
Foundation Training Program in Commercial Banks of Bangladesh: An Overview

Md. Kayemudding, Minhaz Uddin Ahmed and Repon Khan
Gender Mainstreaming: An Evolutionary Perspective of Conceptual Aspect and Participation
of Women in Local Level Politics in Bangladesh

Dr. Sayeda Rowshan Qadir
Vol.15, No. 1, January-June 2007
PAGE: 32-36
Financing Small and Medium Enterprise in Bangladesh: Issues and Strategies

Habubullah Bahar

Md Julhhas Uddin
Contemporary Leaders: Analysis of some Attributes

Md. Tahiji Azim

Mohammand Moinul Haque
Social capital: A Critical Assessment

S.M.Zobaidul Kabir
Revisiting the STEBI — B: Evaluating Pre-service Science Teachers’ Beliefs in Quality
Teacher Education (QTE) in Lagos — State, Nigeria

Durojaiye Braitnoh

S. M. HafizurRahmaii’ Nelson Jge
Professional Development of Secondary Teachers through Distance Learning mode : A
Bangladesh Perspective.

Prof. (Dr.) M. Anwarul Huque

Md. Arizul Islam Khan
Journal Abstract
June 2012
6
The Art of Negotiation

Syed Abu Royhan
VOL. 15, NO. 2, JULY-DECEMBER,2007
PAGE: 37-39
Content analysis of the New Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) Curriculum for the Secondary
School Teachers in Bangladesh

S.M. Hafizur Rahman,

Md Nure Alam Siddique

Hosne Ara Begum
Three Underrated Factors in Decision Making

Dr. Saadat Husain ,
Project Governance: A Framework for Successful Project

Syed Abidur Rahman

Mostafa Saidur Rahim Khan
Ethical Fortification and Training in Banking Sector

Syed Shaikhul Iman
Journal Abstract
June 2012
7
Vol. 16 , NO.1, JANURAY-JUNE,2008
PAGE:40-43
Poverty Alleviation and Micro-credit in Chittagong Hill Tracts: Challenges and Prospects

A.T.M.Hemayet-Ur-Rahman
Inflation Conundrum in Bangladesh

Dr. Saadat Husain
Professional learning Community: A Possibility for the Secondary Science Teachers for
Improving their Practices

S.M. Hafizur Rahman
Performance Appraisal: A Critical Analysis

Md. Sharif Hasan
Job Analysis: A Tool of Human Resource Management.

Dr. S.J. Anwar Zahid
Inclusive Environment of the Disabled Children with Special educational Needs in the
Mainstream Forman Education System of Bangladesh.

Hosne Ara Begum
Vol. 16, N0. 2, July – December 2008
PAGE: 44-48
Poverty and Unemployment in SAARC Countries and Measures Thereof for Its
Alleviation.

Dr. Md. Shafiqul Islam
Effective Training: Relevance of Motivation, Performance and Learning

Md. Abdul Quddus
Journal Abstract
June 2012
8
Local Level Planning: Lessons Learned from Comprehensive Village Development
Program

Ranjan Kumar Guha
Economic Impact of Migrants Remittances: An Overview of Cross Country Empirical
Investigations

Mohammad Moniruzzaman
Reflections of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) Concept in National
Curriculum of Bangladesh: An Explorative Study at Lower Secondary Science Level

Kazi Khadem-Ul-Islam Shadidulla*

S.M.Hafizur Rahman

Prof. Jalal Ufdfin
Leadership: An Analysis of Conceptual Evolution.

Md. Sharif Hussian
Vol. 17, N0. 1, January – June 2009
PAGE: 49-54
Embedding Ethical Values through Training

Dr. Saadat Husain

Nilufar Ahmed Karim
Conflict Management Styles of Managers: What Matters?

Khair Jahan Sogra
Impact of Training Courses of KTCCA Ltd., on Employment Household Income and
Poverty

Hasan Sarwar

Dr. Tapash Kumar Biswas
Food and Cash Transfers in Improving Food Security of the Poor.

Md. Abdul Quddus
Journal Abstract
June 2012
9
Role of Training in Preparation of Electoral Roll with Photographs in Bangladesh

Sushil K. Sarkar
Human Rights: Selected Issued in Bangladesh

M, Shamsul Islam
Vol. 17, N0. 2, July – December, 2009
PAGE: 55-59
Creating Enabling Environment for Trained Human Resources Export from Bangladesh

Moslehuddin Khaled*
Classroom Performance of the Private Universities in Bangladesh: A Comparative
Study

Md. Emtiaz Rony
Performances and Learning’s from Sirajganj Local GovernanceDevelopment Fund
Project: A Case study of Two Union Parishads

M. Khairul Kabir

Md. Mashiur Rahman
Utilization of Training for Poverty Reduction : A Case Study

Hasan Sarwar
Employment Relations in Britain: Shift from Collectivism to Individualism.

Md. Sharif Hasan
Problems of Adjustment in City by Rural Migrants

M.U. Ahmed
Journal Abstract
June 2012
10
Vol. 18, N0. 1, January – June, 2010
PAGE: 60-63
PTU of Foundation Training Course with Special Reference to BCS
Fisheries and Livestock Cadre Officials

Md. Shafiqul Haque

Md. Abdul Mannan

Afia Rahman Mukta
Agriculture,
Training for the Elected Executives of Upazila Parishad

Professor Dr. Nazmul Ahsan Kalimullah
Post Training Utilization: A Case of Special Foundation Course for BCS Health Cadre
Officials conducted by BARD

Dr. Taposh Kumar Biswas

Milan Kanti Bhattacharje

Anwarul Azim

Benazir Ahmed

Kazi Sonia Rahman
Training Front-line Health Workers for Malaria Control and Prevention: Experiences of
BRAC

Shamim Hossain

Omar Faruque Siddik
Development Communication at BARD

Jillur Rahaman Paul
Entrepreneurship Development Training in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Micro
Industries Development Assistance and Services (MIDAS)
Journal Abstract
June 2012
11

Dr. M. Tahlil Azim
Vol. 18, N0. 2, July – December, 2010
PAGE: 64-70
Changing Poverty and Rural Development Scenario at Macro Level in Bangladesh

Dr. Tapash Kumar Biswas
A Comparative Analysis of the Training Program BRAC and Proshika

Dr. Mir Mohammed Nurul Absar

Mohammed Jabed Hossain

Dr. Mohammad Saleh Jahur
Agricultural Marketing: In Search of a Sustainable Model

Dr. Muhammad Solaiman
Food Security and Nutrition Situation In South Asian Countries

M.M.Raihan
Gender Discrimination in Employment in South Asian Countries

Dr. Md. Shafiqul Islam
School Feeding for quality Education in Bangladesh

Md. Abdul Quddus
Trained Human Resources Export from Bangladesh: Issue of Creating Enabling
Environment

Moslehuddin Khaled
Journal Abstract
June 2012
12
Vol. 19, No. 1, Jan-June 2011
PAGE: 71-74
Numbers Speak, They Don’t

Dr. Saadat Husain
Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan’s Diving Mind and Penetrating Eyes Towards Society and
Development

Milan Kanti Bhattacharjee*
Orientation Course On Upazila Parishad Management for Vice-Chairpersons: A Brief
Review

Dr. Makshudul Hamid

Tariq Ahmed

Md. Abdul Khaleque

Dr. Sk. Fazul Bari
Prospects of ICTs in the Field of Education in Bangladesh

Kazi Sonia Rahman

Jillur Rahaman Paul
Human Resource Development: Perspective Digital Bangladesh

M. Shamsul Islam*
A Synopsis of Management Trends and Training Needs for the Future Managers.

Moslehuddin Khaled
Journal Abstract
June 2012
13
Vol. 19, No. 2, July-December 2011
PAGE: 75-79
Training Need Assessment (TNA): A Study on the Banking Sector of Bangladesh

Mohammad Tazul Islam

Md. Shamimul Islam
Impact of Corporate Governance on the Extent of Disclosure by Listed Commercial
Banks in Bangladesh

A.K.M Waresul Karim’

Monirul Alam Hossain

Mohammad Nurunnabi

Md. Mahabbat Hossain
Political Economy of Relationship between Industrialization and Environmental
Degradation in Developing Countries

Afnaan Ahmed’
Appropriate Human Capital Development: A study of Bangladesh Insurance sector

KM. Mortuza Ali
Organizational Commitment in Bangladesh: A Survey based on Gender, Marital Status
and Organization Type

Mohammad Moinul Haque’

Sadia Akhter
Globalization and Innovation Management: The Changing and Role of Strategic
Management

Robaka Shamsher’

Mohainmad Nayeem Abdullah
Journal Abstract
June 2012
14
PROSHIKHYAN,
A
JOURNAL
OF
TRAINING
DEVELOPMENT VOL. 12 , NO. 1, JAN-JUNE 2004,
AND
Towards Development of Rural Women: Role of Women Agricultural Training Centre
Dr.Ekramul Ahsan & Golam Faruque
The Women Agricultural Training Centre (WATC) was established with assistance from
JICA to provide technical knowledge and skill to the rural women in farming practices and
to enhance their capability in community development activities. The Study findings are
based on a sample survey of 64 ex-trainees, focused group discussions, key informants
interview and use of relevant information from secondary sources. The Training at WATC
has substantial influence on the life of most of the ex-trainees, helped develop their selfconfidence, make positive changes in their attitude to be industrious, disciplined, punctual
in work, and made them more independent in doing their works. The rural society is in a
transitional stage of transformation from conservative and orthodox traditional social and
cultural phenomena and moving towards progressive and democratic process for changes
backed by government policies of promoting education for girls, providing other
opportunities for women to participate in development pursuits together with industrial
support by government and non-governmental organizations to train the unskilled, underprivileged rural women to upgrade their knowledge and skill for income earning activities.
The WATC, a collaborative programme of JICA and the Government is an example of joint
efforts for the development of women. The achievements made so far through the WATC is
a good beginning towards more significant impact on social and economic life of the rural
women in Bangladesh.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
15
Combating Human Trafficking through Training and Orientation: Bangladesh
Context,
Dr. M.A. Jalil,
Human Trafficking is one of the most heinous and serious crimes of humanity. Of course,
while combating trafficking in this age of globalization, we should not create problem in
orderly migration. To preserve human rights both government and NGOs various
countries of the world including Bangladesh are engaged in combating human trafficking.
Appropriate lows are being enacted to achieve the objectives. In spite of their joint efforts
and awareness-building materials developed by Government and NGOs, they could not
reach effective control of combating trafficking. There are various factors responsible for
human trafficking. Poverty and economic vulnerability, social and cultural attitudes, lack of
good governance, national disaster and armed conflict, globalization etc. are most
important among others. Different kind of various I.e. stakeholders are working for
combating trafficking through the use of various tools. Motivation and training methods for
the creation of mass awareness building, and citing the experience of a project
implementation activities constitute the most important theme of this article. It is evident
that among various methods of communication for social awareness creation and the
development of commitment at different levels and person contact (among stakeholders)
training situation is by far the most effective method.
Decentralized Training for Comprehensive Development Of Rural Areas in
Bangladesh,
M.Gulam Sattar,
An Overwhelming Majority of the population of Bangladesh live in the rural areas. Their
lives are dominated by poverty, illiteracy, and deprivations of various types. Human
capacity building and capacity development of people’s organisatons can largely enable
the people to take active role in their own development. To this end, the need of a
decentralized countrywide rural training that can bring about a desirable change in the
knowledge, skills and attitude of millions of rural people has been deliberated in this
paper. The concept of such training is not new as the country had a rich experience a
operational sing such a countrywide training. Evidence clearly show that a countrywide
rural training can now be introduced in Bangladesh in a cost rural people. The paper
emphasizes certain measures and suggests for their adoption of successful
Journal Abstract
June 2012
16
implementation of the proposed training system. These include a policy of decentralized
rural administration, delegation of adequate authority to rural institutions, particularly local
government bodies and cooperatives, to make plan and implement it , and provision of
resources for running a continuous program of training through the Thana level training
centre in ass parts of the country.
Use of Training Methods and Training Aids in Bangladesh,
Syed Naquib Muslim
Effectiveness of training and creation of paper learning environment depend largely on
the appropriate use of training methods and training methods and training aids. In
Bangladesh, training activities are expanding by degrees both in the public and private
sector. But the majority of trainers in our country are not using a few effective methods
because of conceptual deficiency as well as non-availability of facilities. Various
methods are in practice for conducting training sessions; these include lecture methods,
syndicate method, case method, role play, simulation, study tour, internship, book
review/presentation, panel discussion, workshop, seminar, symposium. At least 30 to 50
per cent of the training courses are covered by lecture method. Case methods is hardly
practiced in the government-led training institutes. These also exists confusion about
the functional differences between seminars and workshops. Based on the personal
observations, this articles seeks to provide an overview of the trend in the use of
training methods and aids in the country and also to crystalline the prevailing ambiguity
about the meaning and purposes of seminar, workshop and symposium.
The Role of Training for Efficient Public Administration
Haq, Sonia
People at large are asking for transparency and accountability and change of attitude of
public servants. Without proper training this demand cannot be fulfilled. The Public
sector needs to be properly organized and developed in order to perform efficiently and
effectively. Through proper training the sense of responsibility and dynamism can be
inculcated in the civil servants. To implement the development goals and objectives of
the government and to face the multifaceted challenges of the 21 st century a vigorous
civil service is required. This article aims at highlighting the requirement of training and
the anomalies in the training system. The present Public Administration Training Policy
is discussed here for a better understanding of the existing training scenario. . The
infectiveness of the training system emphasizes the importance and crying need of
Journal Abstract
June 2012
17
need-based training in our country. Foreign training augments exposure, perks up
confidence and paves the way to new and valuable contacts which may facilitate the
country in future. Therefore, the article also gives a brief on the steps taken by the
government and other agencies to remove the anomalies giving emphasis on needbased training and foreign training.
Preparation of Training course Completion Report
Salina Sharif:
A course completion report contains the description of various features of a training
course. It has its own dynamics and importance. Every training institute should prepare
a course completion report after carrying out a training course. In the course completion
report necessary information regarding the organization of the course, various elements
of the training course, result of the pre and post tests, evaluation of the course by the
participants, their observations and recommendations etc. are recorded. This helps in
getting feedback for organization of the same or similar courses in future. This paper
tries to highlight the main characteristics that a courses completion report should
contain. .
Journal Abstract
June 2012
18
PROSHIKHYAN,
A
JOURNAL
OF
TANNING
DEVELOPMENT, VOL. 12, NO 2, JULY-DECEMBER 2004.
AND
Training As A Marketable Product in Bangladesh
Dr. Aslam Alam
The article is based on the assumption that trainers have special skills, efficient
marketing of which may change the existing marginalized scenario altogether. In this
context, if has defined the key terminologies like trainer’s skills, market and marketing. It
has further examined the existing market potential as well as its problems and
prospects. In doing so, the articles has narrated a number of theoretical approaches,
made both supply and demand side analysis, explored the opportunities and
challenges. In order to utilize the explored opportunities of marketing the trainer’s skills
by overcoming the challenges, the article has suggested a number of indicative
strategies to be perused by the trainers. These include unity of the trainer community,
development of own professional standard, appropriate public relations and market
studies to further explore scope and opportunities for devising ways to penetrate the
market.
Training for dealing with conflict: A part and parcel of Managing People in an
Organization
Anjan Kumar Dev Roy,
Very often human aspect of the organization is overlooked, in spite of lots of findings
depicting fifty percent contributions in achieving the goals go to it. To let its import ace
be understood by the top management, designing training modules is very significant for
the building managers. Conflict can not be totally eradicated, but it can be managed by
proper intervention(s). This article providers in-depth description of different aspects of
conflict like: its expression, perspectives and symptom. It also narrates then strategies
for conflict management with some empirical examples. The article also bears the
importance of having the knowledge of conflict management to achieve the
Journal Abstract
June 2012
19
organizational aims and goals. It also emphasises on designing proper need-based
training courses to help resolve conflicts in organizations.
Food Aid and New Training Needs: The WFP Bangladesh Context
Md. Abdul Quddus
Hunger and malnutrition turn so desirable human life to a deplorable one in case of one
out of every seven persons in this world. With a vision to overcame the problem, the UN
World Food Programme (WFP) was established in 1963 with specific mandate.
Accordingly, WFP assists Bangladesh., like its all other member, to plan and
operationalize a medium-term food aid programme 2001-05 includes five interventions
including Vulnerable Group Development (VGD), Integrated Food Security (IFS) and
School Feeding (SF) programmes, unlike the previous Country Programmes (CP), the
currant one was developed by using a Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping (VAM)
technology for improved targeting of areas and the beneficiaries. Need-based nutrition
interventions were also incorporated in the puogramme. The programme, therefore,
generated new training needs in food assisted development sector, which are being met
through GOB, WFP, and VGO collaboration. As a result, the programme has been able
to create successful examples of sustainable development by overcoming the traditional
criticisms against food aid.
VIPP and Its Application in Rural Development Group Events
M. Khairul Kabir,
Visualization in Participatory Program (VIPP) is relatively a new innovative method
widely used now-a-days for making the group events interactive and effective. It is the
combination of a number of participatory techniques that originated from two schools of
thought that emerged from Latin America and Germany. The method is appreciated for
its people-centered approach and humanistic philosophy that recognize, trust and
respect the rights and wisdom of each individual participant. The method is appropriate
for participants of varied levels and background. It follows a number of application
norms and rules for making the sessions interactive and learning oriented. In
Bangladesh, the method has been found effective in various rural development group
events like social inobilization, team building, management of business sessions,
Journal Abstract
June 2012
20
facilitation of training/workshop sessions, review of project activities and resolution of
conflicts. Trainers/facilitators in the country are likely to find it more useful as they
increase its use in their work.
Good Governance: A Key Consideration in Public Management.
M.S. Islam
The constitutions of Bangladesh recognizes the inculcation of democratic values,
human rights, human security and participatory development. A broad consensus on the
need to improve governance exists along with the recognition that poor governance is a
strong impediment to current poverty reduction efforts. The article describes in brief
definition of good governance, its driving forces, good governance wheel and steps to
be taken to ensure good governance. The thematic focus of good governance is to
enhance efficiency, reduce public expenditure and to ensure rule of law. It is a potential
tool for proper administrative and financial reforms, but real challenges lie to polices and
practices that really benefit the whole nation. Those who will shoulder the responsibility
of administering good governance are likely of have sacrificing motive and daunting
courage.
E-Commerce and wealth Management Service
M.. Abu Bakar Siddique
Mohammad Shahedul Quadder,
The aim of this paper is to identify wealth management services and the impact that ecommerce has had upon their range and delivery. It reveals that e-commerce
undoubtedly provides technological opportunities to expand service and introduce new
and sometimes innovative tools and functions to enhance client relationships. However,
it supplies critical information for success. It also considers the impact of e-commerce
of CRM where attempts at segmentation have met with mixed results and client needs
are still to be effectively served as a whole.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
21
POSHIKHYAN, A JOURNAL OF TANNING AND DEVELOPMENT,
VOL. 13, NO. 1, JAN-JUNE 2005.
Emerging Challenges in The Training Field
Akther Hamid,
Human resource is the best resource of a country. Training plays a pivotal role in
developing human resources. But training program is now facing the challenge of
competitions and other environmental threats, are to be addressed properly in time.
This article examples the possible challenges and the measures to be taken in order to
organizational technology, sustainability, powers, authority and training approaches.
These issues are briefly discussed to feed into overall improvement of training
programs. Modern technology, such as computers, power point, OHP and other
audiovisual aids are essential to feed into the training programs to made training
attractive to trainees, and for effective output. Legitimate power with decentralized
authority will encourage training managers to take decisions or to respond to
environmental needs in time. In-service-training, in the form of on-the-job, will meet the
current demand ensuring the involvement of local and immediate supervisors with
minimum cost and time. Equipping the training cycles and modern training methods will
be an aid to develop training institutes further.
How to Identify Training Needs for an Organization
M. Abu Bakkar Siddque
Mohammad Shahedul Quader
More attention is now being given to training in many organizations. This together with
national initiatives such as National Vocational Qualifications and the Management
Charter Initiative adds emphasis to the need for the effective identification of training
needs. Training can be expensive, and a faulty analysis of what training is required can
result in a significant waste of company resources. More positively an accurate training
analysis enables limited training budgets to be directed towards activities which will
Journal Abstract
June 2012
22
achieve optimum benefits. There are two broad questions for a training needs analysis
to address: 1) What is training needed? 2) How is this best delivered? Behind these
questions there are three related issues: recognizing the differences in training
requirements between knowledge, skill and attitudes; distinguishing between individual
and corporate training need, deciding which training is best done externally and which
should be done in house and within the in house activity deciding on the best use of
course or job-based training. This article deals primarily with the first two of these
issues, though it concludes with brief comments on the final point as a training need
analysis is of little practical use if it is not converted into an effective training
programme.
Prospect of Micro enterprise Development in Bangladesh: The Role of PKSF
Dr. Nazmul Ahsan Kalimullah
A.K.M. Reazul Hessian
The REB Training Directorate is the key institution for ensuring training service for Palli
Bidyut Sámi ties (PBSs)—the electric distribution agencies in the rural areas of
Bangladesh. For this, it assesses and revises training needs; develops and reviews
curriculum and materials ; and, outlines and conducts training courses. Moreover, the
Directorate selects the foreign and local training participants; and, administers tests and
evaluations of trainees. But, it still lacks, among others—a modern training academy, an up
to date curriculum plan, a regular professional journal and a computerized record keeping
system. Hopefully, fulfilling these and other shortcomings will certainly lead the Directorate
to achieve certification from prestigious institutions like International Standard Organization
(ISL).
Prospect of Micro enterprise Development in Bangladesh:
The Role of PKSF
Syeda Khaleda
Bangladesh maintains an economy that is predominantly agricultural with a very poor
industrial base. As a result, Bangladesh experience the problem of acute poverty. But there
is great potential of micro enterprise development in Bangladesh as has been seen from
Journal Abstract
June 2012
23
the two years lending experience of Microenterprise (ME) loan of PKSF. So in that
perspective Microenterprise is being considered to be a promising sector in Bangladesh.
Wholesale, retail business and agriculture based MEs are commonly seen in the country.
But due to some problems that affect the microenterprise sector, it is lagging behind. In this
article, the two years progress of MEs has been discussed, the problems have been
identified and recommendations for the development of ME in Bangladesh have been
made.
Gender Equity Needs A Multi-scrotal Approach
M. Shamsul Islam,
In the year 2000 various United Nations Organizations set up a list of goals targeted for
2015. Better known as the “Millennium Development Goals” (MDG), these focus on a
more human rights based multicultural approach towards development of gender, with a
view to promote gender equity. The said approach incorporates possible solutions to
fundamental problems pertaining to gender equity The article describes in brief an
overview of situation of women in Bangladesh, significance of gender, gender equity,
visible and invisible aspects of gender injustice, methods of gender equity, proposed
Integrated strategies / approaches and finally concludes that human rights based
Multicultural approach will help to achieve gender parity to a greater extent . But real
challenge lies in its transition so that the insights coming from gender equity initiatives
begin to be translated into policies and approaches that really benefits the women.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
24
PROSHIKHYAN,
A
JOURNAL
OF
TANNING
DEVELOPMENT, VOL. 14, NO. 1, JAN-JUNE 2006.
AND
Small Laziness: Anathema to Good Management
Dr. Saadat Husain,
Small laziness is apt to breed major problems for both manager and individuals. It can hurt
them critically, oftener that not, beyond redemption. Laziness emanates not from inability,
but from attitude and habits. The purpose of this article is to sensitize readers about the
hazards of indulging in small laziness. Once sensitized, some of them may endeavor to get
to the right habits having overcome the laziness oriented bad habits. This will give them big
relief from unforeseen loss of time, energy, resources and mental peace. Types of laziness
have been identified in the article along with the plausible ways to address them.
Capacity Development: Initiatives of BRAC Training Division
Dr. Md. Golam Samdani Fakir
Ensuring a continuous effective mechanism of capacity development of professionals
involved in training is a always a challenge for any organisation. BRAC Training Division
(BTD) is primarily responsible for strengthening the level of competencies of BRAC
personnel working in a large number of programmes. Keeping this focus, BTD has
undertaken a number of ways and means through which the trainers working in this
division are being developed. It has now 170 full time trainers and has been offering 75
training courses in different areas. It has also been addressing the capacity developing
needs of other development organizations and government. The present article is a
documentation of the processes that BTD has been following over a period of time.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
25
Effectiveness of JICA Training: A Post Training Utilization Survey
Fiona Mirza and Dr. Muhammad Solaiman,
The post training effectiveness study was conducted with the main objective of knowing the
contributions towards development of Bangladesh made by the government officers in their
respective fields, after receiving training in Japan. The officers surveyed were categorized
under three groups-BCS Administration Officials, Other BCS Cadres and Public Officials
and Research Officials. Information was collected by administering three separate sets of
questionnaires for three groups of officers. The study revealed that after receiving training
in Japan half of the BCS Administration Officials were involved in policy formulation for
national development, one-third was involved in the processes of drafting bills to the
parliament and 80 per cent shared knowledge with other groups of people through
workshop, seminar and presentation of their colleagues. The reasons for those who could
not involve in translating the learning effectively were posting in positions where job
descriptions were different or the respective departments did not initiate such activities.
Other cadre officials were mostly professionals from various departments with different or
the respective departments did not initiate such activities. Other cadre officials were mostly
professionals from various departments with different job descriptions, many of which are
technical in nature. However, 39 per cent of them were involved in formulation of plan at
national level like Five Year Plan Formulation or PRSP, 45 per cent were involved the
processes of planning programmes or projects in specific sectors like health, education,
road, transportation etc, 41 per cent produced manuals, guidelines and books to share the
knowledge and techniques gained from the JICA training, 78 per cent tried to utilise the
knowledge and techniques gained the training in the program or projects they were
involved with and 90 per cent shared the knowledge or techniques gained from the training
with others through workshop, seminar and presentation for the colleagues. A portion of the
participants could not utilize the training due to lack of scope, posting in positions with
different nature of assignment, lack of equipment etc. Eighty two per cent of the Research
Officers informed that they got involved in research issues whose content was related to
JICA training they participated and in 98 per cent cases the research issues reflected to
either planning or implementation of projects or program of the country during the last five
years.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
26
Capacity-building: Watsan Model
Dr. Helal Mohiuddin and Md. Ayub Ali
Capacity building is not only an approach rather it depicts a measurable continuum of
human skill development. Such skill development can be translated into betterment of
community stakes and meeting community needs throughout the world irrespective of poor
or rich countries. While in the global context, capacity building as an approach has been
gaining huge currency day by day, a water and sanitation (WatSan) sector of Bangladesh
has demonstrated a commendable accomplishment in capacity building of the community’s
poor at the grassroots level. This has become possible through a replicable model of
efficient and effective grooming (training) scheme. This paper analyses this training model
through an evaluative framework) from an intrinsic perspective that it might influence other
institutions and organizations to replicate the model in their future community development
efforts.
Role of Head of Training Institutions in the Development of Training Sector
M.Khairul Kabir and Md. Mir Kashem,
In the present context of Bangladesh, the professionals and practitioners of the training
institutions suffer from lack of efficient and dynamic leadership. But training, considered as
an important process of learning, can bring about desirable improvement in the knowledge,
skill and attitude of the personnel of the organizations. It is known that there exists a few
hundred training institutions in Bangladesh in the field of development, management and
public administration. Most of major training institutions till date belong to the public sector.
But excepting very few public sector training institutions well known their tradition,
innovation and effectiveness of training, most of them conduct their training rhetorically and
suffer from a number of major problems in different stages of management, which can be
minimized by appointing deficient and capable leaders who would play a dynamic role for
smooth running of the institutions and would always keep them up as continuing learning
canters. The article provides some background and state-of-the art of the training
institutions in Bangladesh, analyses the existing problems, describes the public
administration training policy, and finally identifies the major role of the head of the training
institutions in the development of training sector.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
27
Women Participation in Social Forestry in Bangladesh
S.M. Zobaidul Kabir
The aim of this articles is to investigate the level of women’s participation in natural
resource management particularly in social forestry in Bangladesh. The qualitative research
has been conducted basing of secondary data particularly journal articles and documents.
Analysing these data this essay reveals that women’s participation in natural resource
management in Bangladesh has been increased overtime. However, this participation is
still in instrumental in nature rather than active participation. Unequal rural power structure,
dependence of women on males for marketing their forest foods, ignoring women’s
involvement in project design as partner, lack of male’s awareness about women and social
forestry. To enhance women’s involvement, this essay recommends creating an
appropriate situation for women’s transformative and active participation focusing
government and donor agencies attention in designing realistic and situation-specific
projects.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
28
PROSHIKHYAN,
A
JOURNAL
OF
TANNING
DEVELOPMENT, VOL. 14, NO. 2, JULY-DECEMBER 2006.
AND
Results Based Training: A Competency Based Trainee Centered Approach
Shah Mohammad Murshid
Training is expected to enhance competence of participants for bringing about
behavioral changes at individual and ten level, leading towards contribution to
achievement of organizational, strategic and management objectives. But in traditional
training courses, it is not often emphasized what results the course would bring when
the participants will be back in their respective work places. The article proposes that
application of a contemporary management approach, called “Results Based
Management” (RBM) in training, can be one of the ways to address the issue. The
article presents the approach and describes that the results of training can be identified
well at three different levels: output, outcome and impact. The article also describes the
way of setting objectives of training in this line, indicators to be used for assessment of
results and it emphasizes on participatory training needs assessment for getting the
optimum benefits/results of training.
Food Security and Capacity Building of Stakeholders in Bangladesh
Md. Abdul Quddus
Food security, a multi-sect oral and multi-agency issue, is conceived as an interplay of
availability, access and utilization of food. Ensuring food security of a population in a
country or in a community is a real challenge because of the multi-dimensional and
multi-agency nature of the issue and its relationship with poverty. Bangladesh is the
home of over 60 million absolute number of hungry people out of its total population and
they constitute the third largest food insecure victims in the world after China and India.
In recent years the situation has improved to some extent, particularity in respect of
food availability side. The real per capita annual consumption rate also increased from
0.6 percent in 1990-91 to 2.7 percent in 2000. Achieving MDG goal, therefore, needs a
very strong government commitment and appropriate policy for institutional reforms and
Journal Abstract
June 2012
29
inter-institutional and inter-ministerial cooperation. Capacity building of the various
stakeholders, therefore, becomes very relevant for early mitigation of people’s
sufferings and casualties from food insecurity. The article emphasis’s on capacity
building in three broad action areas like food needs assessment and planning,
involvement of local level organizations, people and their empowerment: and
strengthening monitoring and evaluation process for acceleration the achievement of
MDG goal of food insecurity target.
Local Self Government : A Key Consideration for Good Government and
Development
Shamsul Islam
*
Everywhere around the world most challenges faced by the people are local. This is the
why the constitution of Bangladesh resolutely emphasizes the need for establishing
local Self-Government (LSG) for the management of local affairs and providing public
services. Such a precise description of LSG in constitution is rare in the world. The
elected LSG is created at each level if administrative unit e.g. Union , Upazila, and
District. It is worth mentioning that, local self-government by definition is democratic
self-governance and accountable to the people. Experience in other parts of the world
shows that closer the authorities and the resources are to the people, the greater the
benefits brought for the society. The article describes in brief meaning of local selfgovernment (LSG), differences between LG and LSG, importance of LSG, its evolution
and history, system of LSG principles, role and functions thereof, present position of
local self-government institutions in Bangladesh and the causes of poor functioning of
LGIs. The article at its end make some recommendations to strengthen the system. The
best way to address the challenges is through local initiatives and local leadership by
arousing and mobilizing people together with a strong commitment of the central govt.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
30
Training Needs Assessment (TNA): Importance, Benefits and Methods
Mahbuba Ehsan and S.M. Murshid
Training is a set of interrelated and integrated components forming a process focusing
on the central goal of developing human potential in every aspect of life-long learning.
To be effective the training course development has to be done in a systematic way,
trainers have to be properly trained, appropriate methodology is to be selected and
applied, and a trainee-oriented approach where trainees are considered as contributors
and resource persons to the training course has to be followed. All these necessitate
training needs assessment before the commencement of any training programme..
Depending on the natu8re of the programme, participants, duration available resource,
the method for TNA may be selected out of the various ones available for the purpose .
There is no alternative of TNA foe conducting an7y6 effective training, but it is the
experience, awareness and above all commonsense of a trainer how to do best needs
assessment before undertaking im0plementation of a training programme.
Foundation Training Program in Commercial Banks of Bangladesh: An Overview
Md. Kayemuddin,
Minhaz Uddin Ahmed
Repon Khan
Training is important to maintain competitive and profitable modern business
environment, increase performance efficiency of an employee, increase productivity,
and keep pace with rapidly changing technologies. When banks appoint new employees
in entry-level positions (e.g. probationary Officer) from various academic backgrounds
not related with bank administration, management, and operations, a basic training for
the new entrants becomes necessary to prepare them to work in such a regulated,
specialized, and risk-sensitive environment. This article investigates the issues related
to fundamental training program in banking sector regarding training contents, quality
Journal Abstract
June 2012
31
of trainers, training evaluation process and problems related to these issues. The
analysis is followed by some general recommendations as guideline to top management
and decision makers in the banking area.
Gender Mainstreaming: An Evolutionary Perspective of Conceptual Aspect and
Participation of Women in Local Level Politics in Bangladesh
Dr. Sayeda Rowshan Qadir,
Performance Appraisal is a tool of measuring performance in Bangladesh Civil
Service(BCS) after writing the Annual Confidential Report (ACR) the ‘Performance
Appraisal Interview’ may be conducted for providing the officer’s feedback of their
performance. Through the interview , the supervisors may give suggestions for
improving the subordinate’s performance for accomplishing governmental goals
efficiently. The ACR is not a worthy means to evaluate performance , as it is personoriented instead of being performance-oriented . To make the ACR meaningful for
ensuring accountability , determining salary enhancement, for identifying training needs
the demerits of the ACR must be removed. As an alternative model of improvement,
MBO may be introduced replacing the ACR. The ultimate focus of the study is to
provide suggestions for making the performance appraisal system in BCS meaningful,
cost-effective and a successful technique of evaluating performance and potential
development.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
32
PROSHIKHYAN, A JOURNAL OF TANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT, VOL. 15, NO. 1 , JANUARY-JUNE 2007,
Financing Small and Medium Enterprise in Bangladesh: Issues and
Strategies
Habubullah Bahar and Md Julhhas Uddin
In the last two decades, the world in general and the developing countries .n :ov
witnessed the success of micro credit/micro finance in alleviating po’ err\ n :‘:e reS’.i r: e
countries. Bangladesh is regarded as the birth place of micro credit. Fol!o’o in’ :r.e
ucct’ss of micro credit in most of the developing countries, the idea is now focused on
t/ir rLIt Of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), though it is not a new concept. The
011gm of it can be traced back to 1948 with the establishment of the Small and Medium
Enterprise .4gencv in Japan and subsequently through a series of legislations and
regulations. SMEs help reduce poverty through generating employment opportunities
and making a sound base for industrialization. It provides employment to over 90
percent of the population in developing Asia. SMEs play a key role in triggering and
sustaining economic growth and equitable development in developing countries. With a
view to achieving the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs) of halving the income
poverty level by 2015, the Bangladesh Government’s priority is to accelerate and
expand the scope for pro-poor economic growth. The promotion and development of
SMEs is the focal point for raising pro-poor economic growth which is generally labor
intensive, utilizes Bangladesh’s factor endowments to their competitive advantage.
Considering their importance to the economy and in the light of historical experiences,
the purpose of this paper has been set to highlight the issues and strategies regarding
SMEs in Bangladesh which has abundant and active work force.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
33
Contemporary Leaders: Analysis of some Attributes
Md. Tahiji Azim
Mohammand Moinul Haque
We have entered in an era of discontinuity when predicting the future becomes
increasingly difficult. A significant shift in the customer preference, the outstanding
development in communication technology, severe onslaught of globalization in the
form of stronger integration and interdependence of cross-border economic activities
and more importantly the resultant uncertainty have made the business landscape more
competitive and volatile than any other time in the past. It consequently brought in the
necessity of change in the characteristics and behavior of business leaders. This article
tries to discover the essential traits of a 21 century leader. It highlights vision,
trustworthiness and human skills as the most sought after traits of a leader. Today’s
leader are expected to be able to take advantage of knowledge workers- the most
critical success factor of modern today ‘s business organizations.
Social capital: A Critical Assessment
S.M.Zobaidul Kabir
The aim of this ‘article is to assess whether social capital is a new concept or a
repackage of old ones. Social capital-broadly social networks and norms and the value
of these components for achieving mutual benefits- has become an influential concept
in debating and understanding the modern world. Despite its importance as one of the
‘capitals’ in developmental aspect, the concept is not out of criticism. There has been
much debate on the issue whether this idea is a new or a repackage of old ideas.
Reviewing earlier literature and theories this article concludes that social capital is
mainly a repackage of old ideas with an appeal of a slightly new flavor. A time may
come when the idea of social capital will change but the core essence of the concept in
developmental aspect will be the same in future.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
34
Revisiting the STEBI — B: Evaluating Pre-service Science Teachers’ Beliefs in
Quality Teacher Education (QTE) in Lagos — State, Nigeria
Durojaiye Braitnoh
S. M. HafizurRahmaii’ Nelson Jge
The pre-service science teaching efficacy belief instrument (STEBI-B) was used in
research studies to measure student teachers’ science teaching efficacy beliefs and
outcome expectancy (Bleicher, 2004; Enochs & Riggs, 1990). 157 pre-service acience
teachers were employed to participate in this research, in order to evaluate their beliefs
about science teacher education in Lagos State, Nigeria. There are two sub-scales of
the STEBI-B (i.e. personal science teaching efficacy belief - PSTEB and science
teaching outcome expectancy belief — STOEB). The analysis of results revealed that
there is a low correlation in the relattonship between the pre-service science teachers’
teaching efficacy beliefs and their outcome expectancy beliefs. Interestingly, all the
respondents in the study (100%) believed that learners achiet’ement in science is
directly proportional to teachers’ effectiveness in science pedagogy. However, it was
expressed in the survey that many student teachers (63%), did not hare confidence in
effective teaching of science concepts. It was suggested that future modification of the
instrument could endeavour to examine issues relating to social negotiations of
scientific ideas and the process of inquiry epistemology in science pedagogy, and
emphasise on the student teachers’ professionalism, and reflective teaching.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
35
Professional Development of Secondary Teachers through Distance Learning
mode : A Bangladesh Perspective.
Prof. (Dr.) M. Anwarul Huque
Md. Arizul Islam Khan
The distance education system of Bangladesh continued about 26 years. It was one of
our education policy for clearance of backlog untrained teachers and provision of
teacher education program for certain special groups and specific need of secondary
sector. Recent trends towards developing open and distance learning system of
Bangladesh represent efforts to explore more effective modes for curriculum de’.
e.nprr:en: as nell as imparting teacher education programs effectively in the only one
pablic on ersit-v. Bu’t the Private Universities started their open and distance learning
programer, recent. So, their openand distance learning program is not up to the mark.
Still non. zne coald not improve their forms. The distance education programs should
represent steps for making teacher education more responsive to field needs. If part
time Institutional programs dis:ance learning) are equivalent to face-to-face full time
institutional programs in theor rcrai duration of instructions, programs and academic
staff support and other infrastrnc:nr as per BUGC norms, then the NTRC’A as well as
the Education Minist’ may consider rbeir recognition after obtaining detailed information
from an Expert Committee’s Report
The Art of Negotiation
Syed Abu Royhan
Negotiation does not mean ‘beating’ up the opponent; rather it is an effective and
comparatively less expensive way to resolve any problem or dispute. With the advent of
globalization, nations have come closer to each other and as such, the importance of
negotiation is mounting up gradually. The scope of negotiation, both nationally and
internationally has been increasing day by day. New sectors are also coming within the
purview of negotiation. However some art or technique is needed to make negotiation
successful. A good negotiator should show qualities, norms and strategies with la view
to reaching a successful agreement. Some of the essential features needed during a
negotiation have been incorporated in the article. It is expected that an inquisitive
negotiator might be benefited from this write up.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
36
PROSHIKHYAN, A JOURNAL OF TANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT, VOL. 15, NO. 2, JULY-DECEMBER,2007
Content analysis of the New Bachelor of Education (B.Ed)Curriculum, for the
Secondary School Teachers in Bangladesh
S.M. Hafizur Rahman,
Md Nure Alam Siddique
Hosne Ara Begum
This study reports a content analysis of the new teacher education curriculum for
secondary teachers in Bangladesh. The study follows a framework for curriculum
analysis by G. Lock based on M. Print. The stated aims in this curriculum reflect both
empirical and philosophical sources of data that provides guidance in formulating aims.
This curriculum takes the balanced approach with an emphasis on process approach.
The content is considered to be the subject matter of the teaching learning process
which incorporates the knowledge, skills and values of subjects. This curriculum has
consistency with the criterion of significance for content selection because learning
areas as school based and provide first-hand opportunities for trainee teachers to
experience from the perspective of a teacher. However , this curriculum has some
limitations in consistency with the learn ability context because all core learning areas
of the curriculum may not suit for all learners. Types of assessment methods to be used
throughout the program follow both the summative and formative approaches. It also
assesses both product and process of the curriculum, namely knowledge, skills and
attitude and follows the norm referenced assessment. Finally, this curriculum takes the
eclectic conceptions by combining humanistic and academic perception of curriculum.
The content, the reaching learning approaches and evaluation have focused on practice
and skill development that will make learners a truly professional qualification and
provide an assurance of graduate competence to the schools that employ trained
teachers.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
37
Three Underrated Factors in Decision Making
Dr. Saadat Husain
Each decision is a product of a unique interaction of myriad of factors, of which
contextual., environmental and personality factor play a critical role. These three factors
are integral part of a decision making process. Post-facto analysis of a decision taken
earlier often prompts us to search for an ideal type, text book solution of decision
making process. In the process, the real complexities which led to the actual decision is
lost.
Project Governance: A Framework for Successful Project
Syed Abidur Rahman
Mostafa Saidur Rahim Khan
The governance of issue has assumed much consideration in recent times. Among the
areas of governance, Project governance demands special attention because of its
direct linkage with the development of the country. The present study made an effort
how to incorporate the issue of governance in different phases of a project. Governance
issues are very critical for successful implementation of the project. The proposed
framework of Project governance specifies the guidelines for planning, implementing
coordinating and controlling the project. The sponsor, implementing agency and the
government can use the proposed guidelines in different phases of a project. Among
the governance issues, some are specific to specific project phases and some are
general to all the phases. Considering this fact a framework has been devised to use
the governance guidelines throughout the project.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
38
Ethical Fortification and Training in Banking Sector
Syed Shaikhul Iman
The ethical standard as prevailing in the banking sector of Bangladesh cannot be rated
as satisfactory. This has led to the necessity of prescribing an appropriate code of
conduct and ethical standards for the bankers in order to provide an enabling
environment practicing fair and transparent deals in the banking sector. In this article,
the importance of ethics in banking and its implication for banks in Bangladesh as well
as the role of training on ethical fortification have been focused. The analysis is followed
by some general recommendations for top management and decision makers in
banking sector
Journal Abstract
June 2012
39
PROSHIKHYAN: A JOURNAL OF TANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT, Vol. 16 , NO.1, JANURAY-JUNE,2008
Poverty Alleviation and Micro-credit in Chittagong Hill Tracts: Challenges and
Prospects
A.T.M. Hemayet-Ur-Rahman
Micro credit , originated two decades back at the village Zobra of Chittagong, has
achieved recognition as a poverty alleviation device at home and abroad. But very
unfortunately it took about 20 years to reach Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT). Geoecological, demographical, socio-cultural, and last but not the least, political factors has
attributed to this. Most of the CHT people belong to that group who deserves
dev3lopment interventions far ahead than any other group of the population of the
country. Among the targeted interventions micro credit has proved its efficacy. Its
providers also have started to enter CHT. But the pace of progress is not as expected.
It is the responsibility of the providers of micro credit and relevant others to provide the
poor people of CHT their needed services. If reached effectively, micro credit can bring
a significant change in the livelihood of CHT people, because of their inherent nature;
they are by nature hardy and honest which suit the characteristics of micro credit
borrowers. The whole of the paper depicts such realities and expectations.
Inflation Conundrum in Bangladesh
Dr. Saadat Husain
Though inflation is basically a monetary phenomenon its intensity and duration depend
largely on convoluted socio-political factors . Generally it is known that inflation occurs
when too much money chases too few goods. Supply of goods is a real phenomenon
which is affected by a host of factors. Any shock-internal or external-may constrict the
supply and spur the price movement upward. Central Bank may restrict money supply
to tame inflation but it cannot do so because of the complex interactions of various
factors operating in the field. Market power plays a crucial role in stoking inflation. The
structure of market power is reticular and it is very difficult to dismantle. Price increase
of either the exported to imported goods in the international market is also a determining
Journal Abstract
June 2012
40
factor in inflation. Whenever an export opportunity opens up for a home-growth
commodity, producers try to bring the domestic price at per with the international
market. Along with market power many supply plays a dominant role in price hike. In
Bangladesh there is tremendous increase in the money supply, a part of which is due
to increased remittances,. Inflation has a negative4 impact on the distribution of income.
Some categories of people reap hefty benefits out of it, others particularly the fixed
income earners,. Lower middle class and the poor suffer badly from the crunch of
inflation . The beneficiary group resists any attempt by the central bank to contain
inflation through arresting the run-away growth of money supply. Monetary authority
finds it a socio-po0litical problem rather than a pure economic problem to address the
price spiral in the country.
Professional learning Community: A Possibility for the Secondary Science
Teachers for Improving their Practices
S.M. Hafizur Rahman
Professional Learning Community: (PLC) is an innovation in educational context. It
helps teachers to improve their practices. There are several attributes that characterize
professional learning community. These include supportive and shared leadership
capacity; shared mission, vision and values; collective learning and its application;
shared personal practice; focus on improvement; and supportive conditions. In
Bangladesh, in true sense, science teachers need to involve themselves in learning
community to focus on collective responsibility, reflective in their practices, and to
develop a collaborative culture. At the same time, they need to acquire leadership
capacity and focus on learner centered teaching approaches. These lead them to
participate in either grade-level or subject-area meeting, communicating the colleagues
about their teaching and learning decisions and practices.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
41
Performance Appraisal: A Critical Analysis
Md. Sharif Hasan
Performance appraisal is widely used mechanism to measure and eventually improve
the efficiency of employees. It has a long history and a number of merits as well as
demerits. So far, many techniques have emerged in this arena. In this article , attempt
have been made to narrate in a critical manner the evolution and various methods of
performance appraisal. Attempts have also been made to suggest a comprehensive
performance appraisal mechanism by overcoming the limitations.
Job Analysis: A Tool of Human Resource Management.
Dr. S.J. Anwar Zahid
Job analysis is a process of gathering information about a job particularly on job duties,
major tasks, knowledge, skills/abilities, behaviours and other attributes required by
employees in holding respective positions. All relevant information related with jobs can
be collected from a variety of sources using a number of different methods/techniques
such as individual/group interviews, questionnaire survey, performance appraisal,
management survey and verification of organizational documents and reports. The
information gathered during job analysis provides a foundation for necessary human
resource planning activities in order to recruit suitable personnel for a job, train them in
performing job-specific tasks, developing performance standards and determining
appropriate compensation/remuneration package for each job. The important tools used
in defining and analyzing the job are-job description, job specification, performance
appraisal and job evaluation. A job description clarifies work functions and reporting
relationships, helps employees to understand their jobs, where the superior on the basis
of job descriptions does performance appraisal and job evaluation. Human resource
planning assists the employers through deployment of human resources especially
Journal Abstract
June 2012
42
assessing future recruitment and training needs, developing and implementing training
programmes and career development policies for the employees of the organization.
Inclusive Environment of the Disabled Children with Special educational Needs in
the Mainstream Forman Education System of Bangladesh.
Hosne Ara Begum
This paper examines one basic step of inclusion in connection to the mainstream
education institutions by seeking to what extent the formal institutions are able to ensure
inclusive environment for welcoming the learners with disability. The original study was
carried out based on desk research. The study investigates the accessibility of the
students with disability to the physical infrastructure and to the teaching-learning
activities. It was revealed that the architecture of the majority of the institutions worked
as barriers with regard to e.g., entrance, toilet space, availability of drinking water
doorways, corridors etc. Unfriendly attitudes towards education provision of students
with special needs were found to be strong among the people of the society in general
and even among the parents of the children. Usually they undermine the learning
potential of the children with impairment. In addition, inappropriate teaching-learning
materials and rigid assessment approach; unwelcoming behaviour of the peers and
teachers due to conventional beliefs were also great barrier towards their learning. All of
these events existed due to lack of a sound policy with regard to the education provision
of the disabled learners.
Creation of inclusive environment in formal schooling is very crucial for barring the
exclusion of many impaired learners from receiving education in the context of
Bangladesh. In order to ensure access to education of disabled learners, it is essential
to develop a sound and instructional policy. Awareness raising programme should be a
priority agenda for an effective inclusive approach.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
43
PROSHIKHYAN: A JOURNAL OF TANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT, Vol. 16, N0. 2, July – December 2008
Poverty and Unemployment in SAARC Countries and Measures Thereof for Its
Alleviation.
Dr. Md. Shafiqul Islam
The core objective of this paper is to acquire knowledge on the extent of poverty and
unemployment and the role of local authorities in addressing the problems in SAARC
countries . The level of real GDP per capita in SAARC region is very low compared to
other regions of the world. Regarding the incidence of poverty, Nepal has the highest
proportion (42%). The incidence of poverty is the lowest in Sri Lanka (25.0%). The
percentage of people living below the poverty line is higher in rural areas than in urban
areas of all countries in the SAARC region. The rates of unemployment ranges from 1.4
to 9% in different countries of the region. Most of the SAARC countries have taken
initiatives for tacking their poverty and unemployment situation through various
economic reforms as well as through strengthening the local authorities. Undertaking
detailed studies on experiences gained from local authorities; wide documentation and
dissemination of rural development experiences; exchange visits and collaborative
research; and exchange of ideas among experts and politicians among SAARC
countries are the important modalities for establishing effective cooperation among the
member countries for addressing the probl
Effective Training: Relevance of Motivation, Performance and Learning
Md. Abdul Quddus
The article begins with concern about the results or benefits of training in Bangladesh
as questioned by many and relates relevance of motivation, performance and learning
the addressing the concern. In this context, it reviews the learning theories that integrate
Journal Abstract
June 2012
44
cognitive and behavioral perspectives and describes how the processes and
components contribute to making training effective. It also emphasizes on importance of
trainers understanding of the learning theories, adult learning behavior, application of
skills and appropriate methods to make training effective, generate results and
overcome problems. At the end, the article has also dealt with the concern related to
individual differences in adult learning groups land concluded that involvement of
participants, creating opportunities for sharing of all participants’ experiences and critical
ideas are effective in overcoming these problems.
Local Level Planning: Lessons Learned from Comprehensive Village
Development Program
Ranjan Kumar Guha
Planned interventions for socio economic development is being practiced widely in
many countries of the world. But , effectiveness of conventional planning is subject to
debate as it allegedly failed to articulate the wisdom and perceived need of local people.
From the past experiences the policy planners and development practitioners are
putting emphasis on a new planning process. , which will begin from the grassroots by
the active involvement of beneficiaries at all the stages of project planning and
implementation. Bangladesh pioneered some successful experimental projects through
people’s participation and developed certain principles, strategies and process of local
level planning. Many of those initiatives were related to sectoral programme and
depended on central government for resource allocation instead of emphasizing on
comprehensive development.
Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD) pioneered lot of innovative
models for development by putting proper emphasis on local level planning . On the
basis of these experiences BARD tried to create create a model of comprehensive
planning process under “Comprehensive Village Development Programme (CVDP). In
fact the CVDP was initiated primarily to experiment of potentials of a single village
institution, which enlisted and worked for all villagers irrespective of profession, sex, age
and socio economic status. Instead of target group, the CVDP followed community
approach emphasizing on establishing linkage with various service agencies and local
government outside the villages. The main philosophy of this programme is to promote
the inherent capacity of local communities for their self-development by utilizing heir
Journal Abstract
June 2012
45
own resources. Over the years, the village societies developed a planning mechanism
and implementing procedures by ensuring members participation. Although integration
of grassroots level planning with meso and macro level planning is yet to be evolved but
the experiences may open a new avenue for experimenting local level planning in a
wider scale for developing a model for national level replication. The government
initiative for revitalizing the Upazila Parishad has created an opportunity to develop a
local level planning process by utilizing the past experiences and BARD can play a
potential role in this aspect.
Economic Impact of Migrants Remittances: An Overview of Cross Country
Empirical Investigations
Mohammad Moniruzzaman
In many countries labour market slack is a chronic problem and thus exporting in
return for remittances poses on attractive component of development strategy. In recent
years remittances have grown steadily and have come to be major sources international
finance. Theoretical and empirical investigations into economic impact of remittances
have produced highly mixed results. This article surveys and reviews the major
contemporary explanations of remittances and cross-country empirical evidences of the
impact of remittances on development. This article funds that remittances provide a
significant source of foreign currency, increase national income, finance imports and
contribute to the balance of payments. In addition to providing important sources of
foreign exchange, it also spurs economic growth. Another positive spin of their
importance is states’ dependence of remittances over aid This article concludes that as
private flow of foreign exchange remittances are spent partly on consumption and partly
on investment and may have complex positive and negative affects on development
and growth.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
46
Reflections of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) Concept in National
Curriculum of Bangladesh: An Explorative Study at Lower Secondary Science
Level
Kazi Khadem-Ul-Islam Shadidulla*
S.M.Hafizur Rahman
Prof. Jalal Ufdfin
Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is a current issue of discussion among
the educators. ESD concerns with the needs of the present demands without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own ability. The present
study investigated the reflection of ESD concepts in the lower secondary science
curriculum components. The study has found that most of the specific objectives,
contents and learning outcomes are aligned to the environmental perspective. The
cultural and social perspectives are reflected only in few cases. Any theme under
economic perspective is not reflected as at all in the curriculum The investigation also
reveals that selected curriculum mostly covers the knowledge domain of learning.
Therefore, the study suggests a balancing of curriculum in terms of ESD conception
order to develop students ability to face challenges for a better future.
Leadership: An Analysis of Conceptual Evolution.
Md. Sharif Hussian
Leadership as a concept is prevalent in the society since the dawn of the human
civilization. All sorts of organizations-varying from family to government-must have
leader(s) for ensuring their smooth functioning and even existence. The world has now
become a global village which is characterized by tough competition. Organizations
have to struggle relentlessly for survival and having an edge over their business rivals in
this competitive environment. Effective leadership plays a vital role to ensure survival
and development of organizations. All types of organizations irrespective of their size,
Journal Abstract
June 2012
47
location and nature of functions must have leaders. The long standing debate
concentrating around born and made leaders has not yet been resolved. The
demarcation between the domains of leaders and managers is not yet clear. Scholars
are still divided about which style is the best for an organization. In this article, attempts
have been made to define and explain leadership; critically discuss and analyse the
concepts of born and made leaders; analyse leader-manager dichotomy; and critically
analyze the most talked about transactional and transformational leadership styles.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
48
PROSHIKHYAN: A JOURNAL OF TANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT, Vol. 17, N0. 1, January – June 2009
Embedding Ethical Values through Training
Dr. Saadat Husain
Nilufar Ahmed Karim
This paper has presented as a food for thought on how to bring as desirable changes
towards ethical behavior. It focuses on concepts of ethics, its importance and how
ethical values can be developed through training. Ethical values are formed in an
individual at multiple stages and through multiple institutions, methods and experiences.
Training is one of such method. Through suitably designed training programs , ethical
values may be formed afresh or old values may be reinforced. Whichever it is done, it
is beneficial for the society as a whole.
Conflict Management Styles of Managers: What Matters?
Khair Jahan Sogra
This paper discusses some pertinent issues of organizational conflict, its all pervasive
influence on the organizational effectiveness, and choices available to managers in this
era of globalization. Of all types of organizational conflict i.e. inter- organizational, intraorganizational, and interpersonal, the author choose the interpersonal conflict and its
management, as increasingly organizations are becoming more complex in nature
because of increasing diversity in their demography and structure. As a result
occurrences of conflict at all levels of organizational structure are becoming more
inevitable. The study uses exclusively secondary sources, and discusses basic
Journal Abstract
June 2012
49
concepts of conflict, its impacts on organizational effectiveness, typology of
interpersonal conflicts, current available models or strategies for its management and
variables that influence the choice of conflict management styles of managers. The
study concludes that though there are many well tested strategies available to present
day managers, but those may not be exhaustive, as all the models have been
developed and tested using either western or East Asian context,. For future direction, a
model using South Asian context needs to be developed.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
50
Impact of Training Courses of KTCCA Ltd., on Employment Household Income
and Poverty
Hasan Sarwar
Dr. Tapash Kumar Biswas
To improve knowledge, skill and capabilities of primary cooperative society members of
Kotwali Thana Central Cooperative Association (KTCCA) Ltd. Comilla on different
trades of rural development, training programs were organized at KTCCA Ltd. under the
“Development of Physical Facilities of Strengthening BARD Activities” project of BARD
. Up to December 2007, 1,140 cooperators were trained on six trades titled: i.
Cooperative Management, ii. Account’s Keeping and Management of Cooperative
Societies, iii. Fish Culture, iv. Poultry and Livestock Rearing k v. Cattle Fattening , and
vi. Primary Health Care. Out of 38 courses the maximum (20) were organized on
cooperative management and minimum on poultry rearing (2) and primary health care
(2) . The duration of each course was 7 days. The percentage of male and female
participants were 77 and 23 respectively. About two-thirds of the participants of the six
trades were able to increase their employment level. Among the different training
courses, poultry and livestock rearing had the highest contribution to increase
employment followed by fish culture and cattle fattening. It was observed that on an
average 12 additional days per month employment, mainly self-employment was
generated by the respondents, about two-thirds were able to increase their household
monthly income. Higher proportion of respondents who received training on poultry and
livestock rearing, fish culture and cattle fattening were able to increase their income, On
an average the respondents were able to increase their monthly income of Tk. 1,609,
Highest amount of income was generated by the participants of fish culture training
course. The training courses had significant contribution to reduce poverty . According
to self assessment by the respondents about 13 per cent point poverty was reduced
due to utilization of training knowledge. The respondents who had financial support
along with training were able to make better contribution to reduce their poverty.
Therefore training should be supported by credit for generating meaningful income as
well as to reduce the incidence of poverty.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
51
Food and Cash Transfers in Improving Food Security of the Poor.
Md. Abdul Quddus
Food insecurity has been common phenomenon during the past few decades in many
developing countries, particularly in Asia and Sub-Saharan regions. Food aid has also
been practiced long Asia-Saharan countries, the home of most of the hungry and
under-nourished people in the world. Studies conducted in several countries in these
regions came up with findings that with food assistance in development context the poor
tend to consume more for their nutritional well being. During the recent years a debate
on efficacy of food and cash transfers in enhancing food security and livelihood of the
poor section of people is a very lively issue. A considerable number of empirical
evidences of food and cash transfers are currently there in Asia, Africa and the USA .
Outside the Asia and sub-Saharan countries, bulk of the food vs cash microeconomic
evidences are based on the US National Food Assistance Programs, especially food
stamps. These interventions are implemented through-highly developed administrative
setting delivery modalities and voluminous record keeping, wherefrom it is difficult to
derive any concrete lessons.
With the passage of time, experiences in designing and implementation of interventions
on transfer of food/cash or a combination of both are being accumulated in the
developing countries also. But a number4 of realities that make us cautious to draw any
definite conclusion from the recent cash implementation are that most of the
interventions have short term perspective; deriving reliable lessons from them are still
not that much clear and hence there remains limitations or constraints to go for scaling
up of the small scale interventions. The empirical evidence from Bangladesh study on
four transfer programs, though they differ from each other in a number or respects,
reveals that some interventions e.g. IGVGD and FSVGD with fortified atta ration, along
with the fortified atta ration have made some significant positive impacts on the
beneficiaries. Based on the impacts made and also taking into consideration of the
country context of wide scale micronutrient deficiencies in the target poor beneficiary
group, combination of fortified cereal food together with cash transfers may be
considered for up scaling, especially under the framework of a national social protection
program.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
52
Role of Training in Preparation of Electoral Roll with Photographs in Bangladesh
Sushil K. Sarkar
The Preparation of Electoral Roll with Photographs (PERP ) project was initiated to
create a credible voter list in Bangladesh that would greatly reduce the risk of fraudulent
voting Practices.. Political parties demanded the preparation of an accurate voter list
with photographs to facilitate in holding free and fair elections. On the 11 January 2007 .
a new Caretaker Government was sworn in with a mandate to hold credible elections.
“The Bangladesh Election Commission (BEC) was reconstituted shortly after and
unveiled a “Roadmap to Elections” including the completion of required electoral
reforms and the creation of a fresh voters list with photographs to prepare for elections
in 2008. UNDP was asked to coordinate funding from nine international development
partners to complete the photo voter list, the primary output of the PERP) project. Over
80 million voters were registered under the project within a pe4riod of less than one
year. Bangladesh Army provided training to 104,025 Data Entry Operators while
Electoral Training Institute (ETI),. The training team of the project worked closely with
ETI and Bangladesh armed forces to meet the training requirements for an updated
photo voter list and the sustainability of the project to keep it on motion for continuous
updating of the electoral role.
Human Rights: Selected Issued in Bangladesh
M, Shamsul Islam*
Human rights (HR) are fundamental freedoms, which are written into the national
constitution and laws. Hence HR becomes legal rights of the people . The article
describes in brief: The Meaning of human rights, Difference between fundamental rights
and human rights. Evolution and history of human rights. Nature of human rights.
Present status of human rights in Bangladesh and Recommendations as to how we
should move forward to promote and to protect human rights in out country . In
Bangladesh human rights are not fully established and HR situation is not fair. The bulk
of rural people live in the villages, where protection of human rights is almost absent.
Human rights organizations have expressed their concerns about HR violations in a
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June 2012
53
number of cases in our country. Especially violence against women is occurring widely,
which is very inhuman. Human rights have intensive and inseparable relation with
human existence, development, good governance and democracy. There is no way to
separate rights from governance. The fundamental premise of people centered
development must have respect for human rights. Human rights have emerged to be
one of the core fundamental rights, as it gives positive rights to citizens of a state as
individuals.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
54
PROSHIKHYAN: A JOURNAL OF TANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT, Vol. 17, N0. Vol. 17, N0. 2, July –
December, 2009
Creating Enabling Environment for Trained Human Resources Export from
Bangladesh
Moslehuddin Khaled
Developed countries are having skill shortage in different areas of the economy and
labor market. On the other hand countries like Bangladesh has a large population
seeking work home and abroad anywhere possible. If this population can be trained and
exported to these developed country economics, Bangladesh will be benefited in the
long run. Exporting trained human resources can be a good business in Bangladesh.
Based on the skilled migration criteria, different strategic business units can be formed
separately or in an integrated manner. Immigration consulting for those who are readily
qualified; English language training to all otherwise qualified and future prospects; HR
export facilitation to mediate human resources recruitment for the employers in different
states of Australia; Professional study centre to prepare different professionals for
respective certifications exams required in Australia. Trade Training Institutes (TTI) can
be established to provide specialized trade training for different trade category that will
meet strategic need of Australia Collaborative partnerships should be built with
government, with polytechnic and vocational institutes, with relevant Bangladesh
government offices, with donor agencies, with different sate governments of the
receiving countries., In a macro perspective of the business, receiving country benefits
from vibrant labor supply and sending country benefits from remittance in the short
term and circulation of capital and ideas in the long run.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
55
Classroom Performance of the Private Universities in Bangladesh: A Comparative
Study
Md. Emtiaz Rony*
The private universities are playing an important role in spreading the access to higher
education in Bangladesh. But there is grate controversy about the quality of teaching
that the private universities provide which is the main concern of this study. This article
presents assessment of teaching quality at under graduate and post graduate level of
the private universities in Bangladesh. Of Course, quality of education depends on
quality classroom teaching. Aiming at this assumption, a research work was
undertaken by the author to assess and analyze the classroom teaching-learning
activities in the private universities in Bangladesh. For this study 110 students 11
private universities were surveyed. An opinion scale containing 18 statements criteria
with 5 point Likert Scale was used for this purpose. To achieve the results of the study,
descriptive statistics were carried out and 3 universities (27.27%) are found as high
standard performance level. 5 Universities (45.45%) are found as moderate standard
performance level and remaining 3 Universities (27.27%) are found as low standard
performance level. This study also disclosed that these performance levels are strongly
associated with the level of tuition fees (F = 50,488,p<.001).
Performances and Learning’s from Sirajganj Local GovernanceDevelopment
Fund Project: A Case study of Two Union Parishads
M. Khairul Kbir*
Md. Mashiur Rahman*
The history of local government is about 150 years. Different governments in different
periods had taken various initiatives or projects to strengthen financial pattern of Union
Parishad (UP) , service delivery system, people’s participation in UP’s decision making
etc. in Bangladesh. But such kinds of initiatives have not worked as per people’s
expectation. Since 2000, Sirajgonj Local Governance Development Fund Project
(SLGDFP) was executed in Sirajgonj district with the goal to achieve participatory local
govern for socio-economic development and poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. For the
first time, SLGDFP introduced block grant for Ups and This project had continued up to
2005-07. From the learning’s of SLGDFP, government has decided to replicate the
Journal Abstract
June 2012
56
good experiences and practices through LGSP throughout the country within five years.
About 40% Ups have already been covered through LGSP within two years. The main
focus of this article is to review the background and implementation process of the
project and identify major activities, outcomes and learning’s from SLGDFP for the
smooth running of all Ups throughout the country.
Utilization of Training for Poverty Reduction : A Case Study
Hasan Sarwar
The general objective of the study was to assess the utilization of knowledge of the
trainees gained from the training courses on Preparation of Poverty Reduction Plan
through Water Management Cooperative Society(WMCS). Findings reveal that 71 per
cent respondents gained knowledge from the training course was highly satisfactory
while 27 percent was moderate and only 2.0 percent was satisfactory. These findings
reveal that the participants gained knowledge from the training courses is satisfactory.
Cent percent respondents opined that they acquired knowledge to measure the level of
poverty from the training courses. More than 56 percent respondents opined that they
measure poverty on the basis of ownership of land while 45 percent respondents
measure poverty on the basis of yearly income and 38 percent respondent’s measure
poverty on the basis of household income and expenditure. Sixty-six respondents
opined that their knowledge on agriculture had increased. The other areas of knowledge
that the respondents gained from the training courses were fish culture, tree plantation,
filling data card and preparation of poverty reduction plan. They were utilizing the
training knowledge for preparing the poverty reduction plan and implementing the
project activities. Thirty percent respondents opined that after the training they were
utilizing the water resources more effectively than before. The members of the society
were more capable to make understand the other members. They could communicate
with each other. Moreover the training knowledge had made them aware about
environment and they has undergone a positive attitudinal change . The visits to
successful cooperative societies were significantly effective as it helped them to learn
how to manage good cooperative society. The respondents suggested increasing the
duration of the training course. Each year refresher training course should be organized
to refresh their ideas about planning and poverty reduction strategies and to evaluate
the impact of the training courses as well as to provide new ideas and techniques for
reduce poverty.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
57
Employment Relations in Britain: Shift from Collectivism to Individualism.
Md. Sharif Hasan*
There has been shift from collectivism towards individualism in the employment relation
of the United Kingdom. Trade unions are losing both in terms of density and
membership. On the other hand individualistic approaches such as Individual
Performance Related Pay (IPRP) , Individual contract emergence of quality circle, UK
variation of HRM etc. are gaining more popularity day by day. Decline in British
manufacturing sector. Thatcher government’s assault on trade unions, non-union
incentives from the employers are among the reasons influencing the shift. On the other
hand after being sworn in power , the (neo) Labours tried to weaken the shift through a
number of initiatives like “Fairness at Work” and Employment Relations Act 1999 . In
this article, attempts have been made to explain the current trend of changes and their
underlying reasons.
Problems of Adjustment in City by Rural Migrants
M.U. Ahmed*
The study was carried out to determine the problems migrants face to adjust in the city
and also to maintain the social network with their natives, who are usually dependents
of migrants residing at their places of origin. The sample of the study consists of 90
purposively selected migrants who migrated to Dhaka city from rural areas of Comilla
district. Data were collected through personal interview. It was found that the problems
of housing appeared to be very high in the city since 50 percent of the migrant
households were residing either in one or two rooms. The study revealed that majority
of the respondents was dissatisfied with their present job due to the generation of low
income from the specific job. Another severe problem faced by the migrants in the city
was high price level of essential goods. Moreover, most of the migrants had dependents
in their native place who depend mostly on the remittances sent by the migrants.
Remittance was a major source of income of natives and migrants were keeping
linkages with them. About 36.67 percent of the migrants had visited to the native place
for 5-10 times in a year.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
58
PROSHIKHYAN: A JOURNAL OF TANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT, Vol. 18, N0. 1, January – June, 2010
PTU of Foundation Training Course with Special Reference to BCS Agriculture,
Fisheries and Livestock Cadre Officials
Md. Shafiqul Haque
Md. Abdul Mannan
Afia Rahman Mukta
PTU helps the clientele organizations optimize their resources spent on training in one
hand and explores the strengths and weaknesses of a particular training course
imparted by institutions concerned on the other. This research article has attempted to
look into the utilization of training inputs of Foundation Training Course (FTC) at
behavioral level of the trained probationers of BCS Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock
Cadres. The specific objectives of the study are to (i) assess the relevance of training
inputs to job, (ii) measure the extent of utilization of training inputs, and (iii) identify the
factors that influence utilization of training in job situation. Data for the study were
collected from trained probationers and their supervising officials through two sets of
pre-tested questionnaires. It reveals that all the nine objectives of FTC are quite
relevant to the probationers of the said cadres. On the other hand, six objectives
attained less satisfactory level of achievement. Of course, FTC, to some extent, helps
the probationers of BCS Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock Cadres perform a wide
range of tasks, yet application of the knowledge and skills obtained from the said course
is not that much satisfactory to them. Moreover, the Course, as viewed by the
supervisors, does not play significant role as regards change in behavior and attitudes
of the probationers of the three cadres. The training imparting institutions are not alone
responsible for application of learnt Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes (KSA) from any
training course rather it mostly depends on the organizational culture. Hence, based on
the findings, the study recommends two-fold measures for effective application of
knowledge, skills and attitudes gathered from FTC by the probationers.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
59
Training for the Elected Executives of Upazila Parishad
Professor Dr. Nazmul Ahsan Kalimullah
The article has dealt with the background of Upazila Parishad including the changes
and revisions in the provisions of the Act over time. The role and functions of the
elected executives of Upazila Parishad have been dealt as per the provisions of the
latest Act. It especially analyzed the issues covered in the six training modules
developed by the National Institute of Local Government (NILG) and recognized that the
modules and sub-modules have been properly arranged. Finally, it recommended that
the training functions of NILG could be eased by sharing with some with specialized
training institutes of the country.
Post Training Utilization: A Case of Special Foundation
Course for BCS Health Cadre Officials conducted by BARD
Dr. Taposh Kumar Biswas
Milan Kanti Bhattacharje
Anwarul Azim
Benazir Ahmed
Kazi Sonia Rahman
The study was conducted with the objective to assess the training effectiveness and
utilization of the knowledge acquired from the Special Foundation Training Course
(SFTC) in the job situation by the BCS(Health)Cadre officials. It was mainly based on
primary source of data which were collected through mailed questionnaire in 2009. The
overall relevance index implies that the training modules were about 70 percent relevant
for the participants with their job situation. It was found that at least one of the submodules of the training program was utilized by all the respondents of the study. The
level of utilization of training program ranged from 58 per cent for development
economics to 69 percent for public administration with an average of 65 per cent. The
important areas of utilization of training knowledge in their job situation were
Journal Abstract
June 2012
60
administrative and management purposes, implementing government policies, financial
management, higher studies, office record management and other office administration
related areas. The participants suggested giving more emphasis on computer training,
service rule, pension rule, income tax, leave rules, personnel management, hospital
management, health administration, health status, etc. They also suggested inclusion of
driving in the training course. The overall effectiveness index of the training program
was about 72 per cent. Among the three modules highest effectiveness was found for
public administration. The results of the estimated multiple regression model reveal that
relevance of the training contents with the job situation and degree of support and
services received by the respondents has positive and significant contribution to the
utilization of training contents in the job situation. In addition, some other variables
related to the utilization of training knowledge were; (i) lack of managerial support, (ii)
gap between office work and training contents, (iii) lack of logistic support, (iv) lack of
positive attitude of the trainees and (v) lack of physical infrastructure. The important
recommendations made by the study were (i) Foundation Training Course should be
organized immediately after joining of the service; (ii) duration of the course should be
four months, (iii) computer and driving should be included in the training curriculum; (iv)
refresher training should be organized for the participants; (v) quality of training should
be improved continuously; (vi) mindset of the participants as well as their supervisors
needs to be positively changed ; and (vii) conducting post training utilization study.
Training Front-line Health Workers for Malaria Control and Prevention:
Experiences of BRAC
Shamim Hossain
Omar Faruque Siddik
Malaria is a major public health problem in the 13 endemic districts in north and south
eastern part of Bangladesh. BRAC, an indigenous non-governmental organization
(NGO), has been implementing a comprehensive malaria control and prevention
program in the endemic districts through a consortium of small NGOs in partnership
with the Government since 2007. Development of front-line workers as the main service
providers for early diagnosis and prompt treatment through quality training is the key to
the implementation of this program. This task of capacity-building of community health
workers of partner NGOs through training was undertaken by BRAC as the lead NGO.
This paper aimed to explore the content and form of the training, the physical
environment of the training facilities, capacity of the trainer, the training process and its
Journal Abstract
June 2012
61
strengths and weaknesses. Participant observation was used for data collection.
Findings revealed substantial gaps in the training process related to the logistics and
management of the training, the content and form of the training, the knowledge and
practice of the trainers, the two-way engagement between the trainers and the trainees,
etc. The implications of this for development of a training module for the community
health workers of the malaria control and prevention program are discussed in this
paper.
Development Communication at BARD
Jillur Rahaman Paul
Communication and development are interrelated. Communication now-a-days is
considered as a vehicle for people’s self-expression, a tool for diagnosis and solution of
people’s problems . Development process is largely dependent on communication and it
only can be successful through effective communication practices. Bangladesh
Academy for Rural Development (BARD) has realized it long ago. BARD has been
trying to uplift the socio-economic condition of the rural poor through developing various
rural development models and guidelines. To do it, BARD has been giving emphasis on
different communication strategies since its inception. In early sixties, interpersonal
communication such as meeting, discussion, training etc. ,were dominating considering
the then socio-economic condition of the rural communities. It is still dominating
especially in the village society level. Since development communication has become
wider in nature and its scopes are expending, BARD also is trying to cope with this
changed perspective, adopting various steps. As a matter of fact the Academy has been
introducing many forms of development communication tools and techniques such as
website traveling workshop, various publications, e-mail, information pool, training
various workshops and seminars, etc. , in wide range in line with the rural development
as well as conveying messages and information in home and abroad. The article has
discussed how development communication works at BARD from its inception to
onward.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
62
Entrepreneurship Development Training in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Micro
Industries Development Assistance and Services (MIDAS)
Dr. M. Tahlil Azim
MIDAS is probably the most prominent organization in private sector involved
entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh. This paper presents a case study on
MIDAS as a training provider on entrepreneurship. The study covers various activities of
MIDAS related to the overall development of entrepreneurship in the country. It also
highlights various aspects of entrepreneurship training of MIDAS including contents,
approaches, resource persons, etc. The opinion survey of trainees participated in
training offered by MIDAS reflects their overall satisfaction with the program. However,
the effectiveness of the training program may be enhanced through follow-up and
support facilities and improving the contents and approach of training.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
63
PROSHIKHYAN: A JOURNAL OF TANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT, Vol. 18, N0. 2, July – December, 2010
Changing Poverty and Rural Development Scenario at Macro Level in Bangladesh
Dr. Tapash Kumar Biswas *
This article on changing poverty and rural Development scenario at macro level in
Bangladesh is based on various national level secondary data. These data were
collected mainly from the different statistical reports published by Bangladesh Bureau of
Statistics and planning documents published by the Ministry of Finance. Moreover,
considerable information was also collected from the documents of Non-government
Organizations, CIRDAP publications etc. It was found that though the incidence of
poverty declined in terms of percentage, absolute number of poor did not decline, rather
it increased at national and urban level. Per capita national income increased from US$
387 in 2001 to 599 in 2007-08. The gap between the per capita rural and urban incomes
decreased during the last decade. The inequality in the distribution of income increased
during the last decade. The percentage share of agriculture to the total GDP decreased
from about 26 per cent 1995-06 to about 22 pet cent in 2005-06 at constant price
indicating about four percentage points decrease during the last decade. This happened
mainly due to the higher rate of increase in growth of industry and service sectors
compared to the agricultural sector. Agriculture is still a main dominant sector of
employment. It accounts for about 62 per cent of the total employed labor force. The
most important challenge in employment sector is to push the persons from the
underemployment situation to the full employment among the six major crops,
increasing trend of both production and yield was found for rice and jute during the
period of 1995-96 to 2005-06. The decreasing trend for the same was found for
sugarcane. Different evaluation studies reflected the positive impact of micro-credit on
annual income or expenditure as well as poverty reduction. In terms of households,
nearly one-third of the households in rural Bangladesh are the beneficiaries of microcredit program. Of the total households covered by the micro-credit program, about 80
percent were below the poverty line. In case of health status, infant mortality and life
expectancy improved significantly. But nutritional status of children is not yet up to the
Journal Abstract
June 2012
64
mark. The net enrollment rate at primary school increased from 75 percent in 2000 to
about 80 percent in 2005 with the higher rate of female due to mainly female stipend
program. But the overall literacy level is not yet up to the expected level. Finally the
paper recommended to (i) develop an effective approach to reach the ultra poor with
micro-credit program (ii) transformation of surplus labor from agriculture to nonagriculture sector through employment creating (iii) develop an effective market
regulatory system to control price; (iv) introduce effective monitoring and evaluation
system for productive utilization of micro-credit;(v) strengthening family planning
activities for population control; (vi) ensure retention of students after enrollment and
their quality of education and (x) computerization of land record systems
A Comparative Analysis of the Training Programmes
BRAC and Proshika
Dr. Mir Mohammed Nurul Absar
Mohammed Jabed Hossain
Dr. Mohammad Saleh Jahur
Although in the 21st Century human resource development is a must for any country , it
is especially important for developing countries like Bangladesh. As human resource
development is not complete without training, this study analyzes areas of training,
methods of training, duration of training, and evaluation of training programs of two
renowned Bangladeshi NGOs – BRAC and Proshika. The study also examined the
perceptions of trainers and trainees regarding the impact of training programs offered by
BRAC and Proshika. The Study found that both trainers and trainees of BRAC and
Proshika have almost positive perceptions about the effectiveness of training programs.
.
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June 2012
65
Agricultural Marketing: In Search of a Sustainable Model
Dr. Muhammad Solaiman
Research studies have shown that a wide gap exists between the process of farm
producers and consumers. A chain of intermediaries and others in the transportation
and marketing processes appropriates a bigger share of producers margin. It is thus
obviously crucial for the country to formulate effective approaches and programmes for
marketing of agricultural products to ensure encouraging benefits to marginal and small
producers and consumers. With the development of communication infrastructure and
road transportation system all over the country agricultural products are transported
from growers to local and urban consumers. Rapid urbanization led to increase in
population in city areas creating demand for relatively fresh, clean and good quality
products. Minimization of tiers of intermediaries through direct marketing b the
producers cooperators up to the Urban Terminal market and operators of others
including illegal toll collectors at different levels can help achieving better marketing
margin for the producers and supplying the produce at a lower price to the city
consumers. This study thus suggested for undertaking an experiment for finding out a
suitable and sustainable approach of agricultural marketing. The objectives would be (i)
organizing the marginal and small farmers and empowering them to involve themselves
in marketing of their produce for getting fair price and to reduce the gap between the
producers and consumers price; (ii) developing a system of organized and planned
production of market demand driven crops including high value crops throughout the
year for ensuring regular supply in the local and international market; (iii) providing
scopes to marginal land small farmers to earn more income through agricultural
operations and help the processes of reduction of poverty; and (iv) developing a model
for farmer cooperative based agricultural marketing.
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June 2012
66
Food Security and Nutrition Situation In South Asian Countries
M.M.Raihan
The South Asia Region is composed of seven countries namely Afghanistan
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka,. The countries
have a common history to an extent. According to the UN Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) , “food security is achieved when all people, at all times have
physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary
need and food preferences for an active and healthy life”.
Throughout the World, 854 million people live in hunger and food insecurity (FAO,2006),
as they do not have enough to eat. Out of them, about 820 million live in the developing
countries, about two-thirds of them being in the South Asian countries. They consume
even less than 1800 Kcal per day, called ultra-poor and live in misery and malnutrition.
According to a UN estimate , Bangladesh with it’s over 60 million of the food insecure is
the third country after India and China.
Agriculture lays a pivotal role in the economies of south-Asian countries that could show
that there has been significant improvement in the per capita availability of food, in
terms of calories, over last two decades. But access to food is directly linked to the
income elasticity of demand, which in tern is related to state of poverty.
Though these countries in this region could create some silver lining in respect of
alleviation of hunger, but unfortunately they showed their inability to control widespread
malnutrition. It is therefore important that they undertake some macro and micro polity
interventions such as reduction in population growth increase in agricultural production,
undertaking poverty alleviation programs and public distribution of food grains
Some important lessons from the South Asian experience prompt that the route to food
self-sufficiency should be through improved agricultural productivity and the dimension
of nutrition should be added to food security issue. Scope for regional collaboration
should also be explored to the optimum level.
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June 2012
67
Gender Discrimination in Employment in South Asian Countries
Dr. Md. Shafiqul Islam
The core objective this paper is to delineate the important information regarding gender
discrimination in employment within some South Asian countries. Pakistan was found to
have the lowest participation of women in the labour force and employment among the
South Asian countries, while in Bangladesh and Nepal the Share of women labour-force
is higher compared to other countries in the region . The majority of women of all South
Asian countries undertakes manual. Non-mechanized, low or unpaid tasks and faced
gender discrimination in access to jobs and gender inequalities in pay and job security.
It is the informal sector where mot South Asian women are widely involved in work.
Almost two-thirds of women are employed in agriculture or agriculture-related activities.
Female share of representation as legislators, managers, technical and professional
advisors or consultants is extremely low. Globalization-led economic growth has not
yielded expected benefits to women particularly in job creation. Human Development
South Asia focuses on some important suggestion to minimize gender discrimination in
employment such building women capabilities; participation of women in decisionmaking access to justice and strengthening institutional machinery. Requisite laws and
legislative actions, quality education ands training an effective4 linkage of micro credit
with women’s economic and social empowerment are needed to reduce gender
discrimination in employment.
School Feeding for quality Education in Bangladesh
Md. Abdul Quddus
School feeding (SF) is conceived as the provision of food to schoolchildren . It can be
classified into two main groups based on the modalities followed: (a) in-school feeding,
where children are fed in school; and (b) take-home rations, where families are given
food if their children attend school., Over time in-school feeding was found more
effective in consideration of alleviation of short-term hunger, addressing micronutrient
deficiencies, improving attention span, improving learning, ease of management and
cheaper in cost.
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June 2012
68
Long experience of implementation of SF in a comprehensive way revealed its intricate
relationship with improvement of education, nutrition and health. As problems of
illiteracy, malnutrition and ill-health are widespread in Bangladesh. GoB/WFP found a
relevance of introducing the SFP in Bangladesh for which they introduced a pilot in
202 with vitamin-mineral fortified and soybean enriched high energy biscuits (HEBs)
made by local factories to cover 6000,000 children in vulnerable areas of the country,
which with other donor support over time spread to cover 1.2 mi8llion children of GoB
and NGO operated primary schools. Assessment of impact of the programme by IFPRI,
Tuft Univ in USA and BIDS in the country found its positive contribution in terms of
increasing school enrolment rate by 14.2%; reducing dropping out from school by 7.5%;
improving academic achievement by 15.7%. The intervention was also found to
reduce gender inequality in School attendance; HEBs became a source of energy
protein and iron, after rice for the children, for which children under SFP became five
times ,more likely not to suffer from anemia than children who are not assisted by SF
HEBs.
Being impressed to see the results of the WF{ sponsored-SFP, the GoB with the
assistance from the development partners, like EU has introduced two other SFPs; one
to cover 10 more vulnerable upazilas in 6 Divisions of the country with 2000,000
primary school children from 2010 and another to cover immediately 86 similar
upazilas. The expected national benefits of the interventions are likely to bring quality in
primary education in terms of improved learning and cognitive development of children
higher national life expectancy, crop diversification , higher labour productivity, wider
tax base and increased employment opportunities over time.
Trained Human Resources Export from Bangladesh: Issue of Creating Enabling
Environment
Moslehuddin Khaled
Developed countries are having skill shortage in different areas of the economy and
labor market. On the other hand countries like Bangladesh has a large population
seeking work home and abroad anywhere possible. If his population can be trained and
exported to these developed country economies. Bangladesh will be benefited in the
long run., Exporting trained human resources can be a good business in Bangladesh.
Based on the skilled migration criteria, different strategic business units can be formed
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June 2012
69
separately or in an integrated manner., Immigration consulting for those who are readily
qualified; English language training to all otherwise qualified and future prospects; HR
export facilitation to mediate human resources recruitment for the employers in different
state of Australia; Professional study centre to prepare different professionals for
respective certification exams required in Australia. Trade Training Institutes (TTI) can
be established to provide specialized trade training for different trade category that will
meet strategic need of Australia. Collaborative partnerships should
built with
government, with polytechnic and vocational institutes, with relevant Bangladesh
government offices, with donor agencies, with different state governments of the
receiving countries. In a macro perspective of the business, receiving country benefits
from vibrant labor supply sending country benefits from remittance in the short term and
circulation of capital and ideas in the long run.
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June 2012
70
PROSHIKHYAN: A JOURNAL OF TANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT, Vol. 19, No. 1, Jan-June 2011
Numbers Speak, They Don’t
Dr. Saadat Husain
Different agencies in public and private sectors release disparate statistics in the same
sphere much to the chagrin of concerned citizens. The appalling lack of coordination
and central command lies at the root of the exasperating cacophony. It should be
understood that statistics never promises infallible precision; it offers a stochastic
estimate or prediction based on a candidly announced confidence level. An estimate
within a range or band carries more appropriate information required for practical
purpose than the point estimate. Once the scientifically robust stochastic method is
pursued in interpreting statistical data released by different agencies, the disparate data
will suffice to formulate meaningful policies and plans for the country or its different
sectors. One need not be utterly frustrated to see discrepancy in the set of data
released by the agencies working in a particular field. \To make the data useful one has
to learn how to use them.
Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan’s Diving Mind and Penetrating Eyes Towards Society
and Development
Milan Kanti Bhattacharjee
The present article aims to understand Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan’s intellectual depth
and his capacity to observe man and society. The article also explores the human and
moral essence of his life, works and beliefs in the hope that this might help gain a
better comprehension while revisiting Dr. Khan’s development works and idea.
Dr, Khan is a renowned social scientist and rural development practitioner. He is wellknown for his outstanding contributions to rural and social uplift at Comilla. Bangladesh
and Orangi, Pakistan. By now Dr. Khan is physically away from us. But his works and
words remain on this earth for us. The trees he had planted at Comilla gave prolific
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June 2012
71
fruits when we needed them . In course of time, they were crossed and metamorphosis
produced fruits of different tastes-sweet and sour. But his wealth of philosophy,
anatomy of development, his crystal thoughts and unfeigned views of the society and
social changes remain intact. His everlasting and unquenchable thirst for knowledge
always distilled his observations. Never had he allowed parochialism to taint his views.
His unfathomable love for Sufism and Sufi life style gave him a permanent defense
against allurements of power, wealth and title. Human welfare was at the core of his
heart. His utterances echo his mental strength, his emancipation of mind from fear and
vanity. With his mental root in the spiritual tradition of the past, he remained a modern
man all along.
Orientation Course On Upazila Parishad Management for Vice-Chairpersons: A
Brief Review
Dr. Makshudul Hamid
Tariq Ahmed
Md. Abdul Khaleque
Dr. Sk. Fazul Bari*
The Rural Development Academy (RDA) , Bogra, organized one-week Orientation
Course on Upazila Parishad Management for the Upazila Parishads (UZPs) Vice
Chairpersons (UZPVCs) with the support of United Nations Development Preogramme
(UNDP) , Bangladesh. The Course was organised in 16 batches from September to
December 2010 with duration of one week for each batch. In all, 400 participants joined
the Course out of a total of 446 (nearly 90% ) from the administrative division of
Rajshahi, Rangpur, Khulna and Barishal. The broad objective of the course was to
orient the UZPVCs about the organization UZP towards establishing good governance
at the Upzila . The specific objectives included enable the participants to apprehend and
explain the functions of UPZ understand and describe 10 broad functions UZP ,
impose and realize tax and rate and consider and utilise various socio-economic
development subjects and issues. The methodology stressed on participatory approach
basing on handouts, open group discussion, hands-on (firsthand) experience, field visits
to replicable good practices with presentation of field reports and preparation of annual
development plan for UZPs. The present article aims to evaluate the total performance
of the orientation course considering the set objective of the course. The article also
explores the future development of this type of course.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
72
Prospects of ICTs in the Field of Education in Bangladesh
Kazi Sonia Rahman
Jillur Rahaman Paul
The education system of Bangladesh comprises of primary, secondary and higher
education. In the modern age of 21st century, Information Communicatio9n Technology
(ICT) can play a vital role to improve the education sector all over the world. It is said
that the present time is the blessing of ICT. All the sectors of a country such as,
education, health, agriculture, business travel, transport, industry etc. can’t be imagined
without technology , Bangladesh is on the track to utilize the application of ICTs, As a
matter of fact Bangladesh has established an ICT policy in 2009, to implement and
engage ICTs for some definite purpose. In education sector of Bangladesh, lICTs have
been using for many purposes. Apart from this there is prospect enough to utilize ICTs
in e-learning, tele or video conferencing accessing to global knowledge browsing
searching opportunity, quality management, multimedia based teaching, resource
centers establishing, etc. But Bangladesh is far behind compared to others in this field.
Some problems are also identified. These are lack of computers, and lab facility with
internet connectivity , inadequate infrastructure, lack of fund, skilled teaching staffs, etc.
are acting as hinderance to get the maximum benefits from ICTs in education sector. If
all these hinderance ould quickly be minimized, the education system of Bangladesh,
especially the secondary and higher stages, could get more momentum with quality
education . The present article deals with the prospects of ICTs is education sector with
the due attention.
Human Resource Development: Perspective Digital Bangladesh
M. Shamsul Islam*
Human Resource Development (HRD) is the driving force of economic development,
The significance step in the development of Human Resources (HR) occurred in the
late 1920s and 1930s. At the beginning of the decade seventy a worldwide debate
started to define “Economic Development” integrating human resource and material
development. Such a definition of economic development was given by Amartya Sen
vide his famous treatise “Development Freedom” . According to him Economic
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June 2012
73
development “Means to develop freedom of people to do some thing as to prove
worthiness” . It calls for individual freedom, emphasizes capacity building, economic
growth and equity.
By now, in building capacity for the human resources, Bangladesh has achieved
remarkable progress in a few fields. But overall human resource of our country is in
poor shape., The article describes in brief Concept to Human resource and human
resource development. Philosophy, Ingredients ,and Cycle of HRD , human resource
development index (HDI), Importance of HRD in building Digital Bangladesh. Present
status of different aspects of human resource development, recommendations to
strengthen human resource development sectors of our country. HRD is possible by
enhancing knowledge, skill and creative power of human beings. To develop aPropoor agenda for HRD, consistent with the government’s stated goal of Digital
Bangladesh, within the fabric of sectoral approach will be challenging task forlthe
government as well l as for the policy makers.
A Synopsis of Management Trends and Training Needs for the Future Managers.
Moslehuddin Khaled
Management is popularly associated as an academic field of business. But many
suggested that management discipline is supposed to be distinct from business and
applicable to organizations in general Management was there from the age of
civilizations when people started building and managing large projects and governed
the states. But as an academic field, systematic study or body of Knowledge (BOK) had
been available only from a century ago, as an aftermath of industrial era . The 20 th
century was remarkable for the rise of the professional manager. We found many
management gurus and their frameworks. MBA students all over the world have
investigated these and written countless assignments discussing their values. As we
progress through the 21st century, are these theories still relevant? What are the net
trends that management is undergoing? Different sources identified and assessed
management gurus (thinkers or thought leaders), ideas and trends. More or less, in all
these sources and analyses, they share many ideas in common;. In this paper, the
author tried to provide his own synopsis after covering a great deal of literature and
integrating it with his understanding and insight of the filed. The last line is what the
implication is for us in Bangladesh- we have to start serious dialogue between
academia, industry, and government and build the bridges.
Journal Abstract
June 2012
74
PROSHIKHYAN, A Journal of Training and
Development, Vol. 19, No. 2, July-December 2011
Training Need Assessment (TNA): A Study on the Banking Sector of Bangladesh
Mohammad Tazul Islam
Md. Shamimul Islam
This paper aims to investigate the extent to which participating banks have carried out
training needs analysis in accordance with their objectives. The paper also presents the
scientfIc way of assessing Training Needs (TN), highlight the practice of assessing TN
and find some effective guidelines in assessing TN. A proper assessment of training
needs in the banking sector of Bangladesh is crucial for successful implementation of
an organizational objective. A Human Resource Manager has to play a vital role for
need identification, need analysis and trainee skill assessment & the gap analysis.
Managerial support is important for scientific practices of training need assessment and
its implementation in the banking sector of Bangladesh. Therefore, performance
appraisal proper placement after training, and all human resource management
practices relating to KSA (Knowledge, Skill and Attitudes) and above all strong
commitment from the top-level officials are important for the implementation of gap
analysis.
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June 2012
75
Impact of Corporate Governance on the Extent of Disclosure by Listed
Commercial Banks in Bangladesh
AKM Waresul Karim’
Monirul Alam Hossain
Mohammad Nurunnabi
Md. Mahabbat Hossain
This paper reports the results of an empirical study of the role of selected corporate
governance variables on financial reporting transparency of listed banks in Bangladesh.
The three corporate governance variables examined were: the institution of an audit
committee; (ii) institutional shareholding; and (iii) auditor reputation. A comprehensive
disclosure index comprising 446 voluntary and mandatory items has been used to
measure the degree of financial reporting transparency in terms of disclosure
comprehensiveness. A multivariate analysis of annual reports of 27 banks (out of29
listed at the time of analysis) shows that banks that have instituted audit committees by
the end of 2003 and employed Big 4 auditors produce significantly more transparent
financial reports than those who did not. The results also show that leverage is
negatively associated with disclosure transparency. Finally, institutional shareholding,
size, profitability, and complexity do not have significant impact on disclosure
transparency. Results of this study provide a greater understanding of the role of
corporate governance tools in enhancing financial reporting transparency in the financial
services sector in developing countries.
Political Economy of Relationship between Industrialization and Environmental
Degradation in Developing Countries
Afnaan Ahmed’
The effects of environmental degradation in the developing countries are more
pervasive and devastating than those in the developed countries. In order to understand
the core issues of this problem, one has to examine the nature of industrialization and
development in the developed countries and the impact on the developed countries.
The nexus between industrialization and development is essentially a question of
political economy. Firstly, there are the international relations between highly
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June 2012
76
industrialized nations and the less industrialized nations and secondly the link between
political decision making process and mitigation of environmental risks on the lives of
the people of less industrialized (developing) countries. In the wave of globalization,
these relationships have assumed more importance because no country can keep itself
away from the effects (positive and/or negative) of globalization. To meet the challenges
of environmental degradation and for effective implementation ofpro-people mitigation
measures, it is pertinent to deal with the aspects of political economy of development.
This paper highlights the importance of such analysis for genuine sustainable
development.
Appropriate Human Capital Development: A study of Bangladesh Insurance
sector
KM. Mortuza Ali
At Present, there are sixty two insurance companies, who are operating in a small
economy of Bangladesh. Unhealthy and unethical competition amongst the companies
are prevailing in the market which lead to undercut in rates, high level of procurement
cost and credit business in non life insurance. In life insurance, high procurement cost,
extremely bad agency management system and lack of professionalism caused
stagnation in human capital development program. Instead of applying professional
salesmanship, different unethical mechanisms are applied to procure business. There
are also dearth of customer friendly products both in life and non-life insurance.
The professional bodies in the insurance sector have paid little or no attention for
developing the professional skill of its members and for the development of training
institutions. The quality of the service provided by various professional groups in
insurance sector need to be improved. Therefore, associations and societies of the
professionals should contribute towards the qualitative growth of their services. One of
the prime objectives of these bodies should be to promote human capital development
through organizing training programs, seminars, workshops, conferences etc.
In-depth looks into the present scenario of insurance market & demand calls for a new
breed of insurance executives who can sensitively analyzes the environment and
skillfully convert the same into effective schemes. We need new experts and new
knowledge to bring about not only socio-economic but also cultural changes in the
community we serve. The acceptance of this imperative need of continuously
developing a new breed of insurance executives is indeed a very important
responsibility that the insurance industry must fulfill. Training has to be regarded as one
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June 2012
77
of the strongest supportive systems. It need to have the support of the Board and top
management of all the insurance companies.
Organizational Commitment in Bangladesh: A Survey based on Gender, Marital
Status and Organization Type
Mohammad Moinul Haque’
Sadia Akhter=
Organizational Commitment (OC) is considered as a desirable right attitude of
employees all over the world and an issue of paramount importance in management
literature. The goal of this article is to find out how select demographic variables (e.g.
gender, marital status) and other variable (organization type) are related to OC of
employees in Bangladesh context. To this end, survey data have been collected from
326 respondents from 41 d[ferent organizations using a 15-item questionnaire. The
principal findings of the study are- females’, ‘public sector females’, and ‘married
females’ are more committed to the organization than the average employees are;
‘male’ employees are less committed than their female’ counterparts are; and finally
‘unmarried employees’ in public sector are more committed than that of private sector.
These findings have some important managerial implications. Managers may recruit
females liberally as their OC is significantly high. Also, managers in private firms can
improve the employees’ commitment level considering the factors that create higher
levels of commitment in public sector jobs of Bangladesh.
Globalization and Innovation Management: The Changing and Role of Strategic
Management
Robaka Shamsher’
Mohainmad Nayeem Abdullah
Strategic management is the process of making and implementing strategic decision.
This article contributes to the understanding of how different practices of globalization
and innovation management are related to the development of companies’ strategic
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June 2012
78
management perspective. Today it became very difficult to compete only on the basis of
resources or technological research. At the beginning of 2l century, companies should
be based on knowledge sharing and technological innovation with overall process of
innovation management. This article recognizes the significance of an innovative
corporate strategy for better understanding of the companies’ overall strategic process.
This article is dedicated to determine the new dimension of innovation management in
the corporate strategic environment for 21st century. At the end of the paper the
researchers tried to iden4fr the research gap from a holistic strategic management
perspective.
Journal Abstract
June 2012