Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge
Vol. 6(3), July 2007, pp. 444-458
Ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal — A review
PC Pande1*, Lalit Tiwari1 & HC Pande2
1Department
of Botany, Kumaon University, SSJ Campus, Almora 263 601, Uttaranchal
2Botanical Survey of India (NC), Dehradun, Uttaranchal
E-mail: ltherbal@rediffmail.com
Received 21 December 2004; revised 7 February 2007
The study reveals that the people of the Uttaranchal state use 364 plants species in ethnoveterinary practices. Bhotiyas,
Boxas, Tharus, Jaunsaris and Rhajis are the tribal groups inhabiting in Uttaranchal. Analysis of data indicates that
information on 163 plants is significant as it provides some new information of the ethnoveterinary uses. The study is
expected to provide basic data for further studies aimed at conservation of traditional medicine and economic welfare of
rural people at the study area.
Keywords: Ethnoveterinary practices, Medicinal plants, Uttaranchal, Review
IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K36/00, A61P1/00, A61P1/02, A61P1/04, A61P1/10, A61P1/16, A61P17/00, A61P19/00, A61P25/00,
A61P27/00, A61P39/02
Uttaranchal state lies between 2842 to 3128N;
7735 to 8105E and comprise of 13 districts of the
Central Himalayas. The major part of this region is
mountainous. The region covers about 38,000 sq km
and comprises of 3 border districts, namely
Pithoragarh, Chamoli and Uttarkashi; 7 inner districts:
Almora, Nainital, Bageshwar, Champawat, Pauri,
Tehri, Rudraprayag, Dehradun, Udham Singh Nagar
and Hardwar. This region is gifted with a variety of
climatic zones, e.g. sub-tropical and sub-temperate in
the high valleys; temperate in between 1,000-2,800 m
and alpine above 2,800 m. In the state, 5 tribal groups
are found, namely Bhotiyas, Boxas, Tharus, Jaunsaris
and Rhajis. The population is about 85,00,000 (2001
Census), out of which 75% live in remote rural areas.
The rural population of the state largely depends on
natural resources for their basic needs.
In recent time, there has been marked shift towards
herbal cures because of the pronounced cumulative
and irreversible reaction of modern drugs. The people
of the state are utilizing or practicing many ancient
traditional methods of healing for their domestic
animals. Large quantities of these plants are also used
in the preparation of drugs. However, due over
population, urbanization and continuous exploitation
of these herbal reserves, the natural resources along
with their related traditional knowledge are depleting
day by day. Therefore, there is an urgent need of
systematic documentation of biota related traditional
______________
*Corresponding author
medicinal knowledge of the state. Keeping this in
view, an attempt has been made to explore and
compile the exhaustive knowledge of plants used in
veterinary practices. In all, 364 plant species were
recorded from the Uttaranchal, which are used by the
people for various veterinary diseases and disorders.
The main aim of the study is to document the
knowledge and to stimulate further research including
conservation of ethnoveterinary plants of the region.
Methodology
The study is based on the field survey and
published literature on medicinal plants of
Uttaranchal1-4,7-29. Remote villages of Uttaranchal
state were surveyed in 1999-2003 and ethnoveterinary
information were collected by interviewing local
medicimen and experienced people (Table 1). The
surveyed districts were Almora, Pithoragarh, Nainital,
Bageshwar, Champawat, Chamoli, Uttarkashi, Tehri,
Pauri, Rudraprayag and hilly area of Dehradun.
Statistical analysis of families and genera with larger
share; number of plants, plant parts, plant products
used in ethnoveterinary practices; potential value of
ethnoveterinary plants and threatened ethnoveterinary
plants of Uttaranchal state are also given.
Results
In all, 364 plants are used in ethnoveterinary
practices belonging to 107 families. Family
Asteraceae ranks at the top having 23 ethnoveterinary
plant species (Fig. 1), followed by Fabaceae (22 spp),
PANDE et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY PLANTS OF UTTARANCHAL
445
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya
Plant name
Uses
Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.
Foot diseases, bone fracture, internal injury, dysentery, diarrhoea, wounds,
and urinary troubles.
Foot diseases, leaf causes food poisoning.
Dog bite, glactagogue.
To check incense, swelling.
Intestinal worm, fever, stomachache, dysentery, diarrhoea.
Remove external and internal parasites, hoof diseases, mouth blisters,
snakebite, haematuria, and wounds.
External parasites.
Stomach disorders, colic, internal parasites, stomachic in horses.
Bone fracture, broken horn, and external parasites.
Sores, wounds, blood purifier.
Mouth blisters, skin diseases, internal parasites, indigestion, vomiting,
wounds, and cataract.
Foot & mouth diseases, intestinal worms, dysentery, diarrhoea, mange,
eczema, scabies, constipation, indigestion, during the food poisoning,
arthritis, mouth blisters.
Foot & mouth diseases, skin infection, itching, pruritis, ricket, snakebite,
food poisoning, tympany, rheumatism, stomachic, arthritis, gastric troubles,
ranikhet disease, fowl coryza in hen, chronic respiratory disease in hen,
intestinal worm in hen.
Leech remover.
Strength.
Induced fertility, burn, bone fracture, sterility.
Cough, skin diseases, dysentery, lactation, haemachuria.
Dog bite.
Bone fracture, wounds.
Cataract, snakebite, flatulence, tympany.
Lactation.
To expel the leeches.
Foot & mouth diseases.
Nasal troubles.
Broken horn, wounds.
Reported as veterinary medicinal plant.
Painful muscular growth below tongue, internal injury, indigestion, gastric
troubles, loss of appetite, anorexia, food poisoning.
To destroy maggots.
Internal parasites.
Sores, diarrhoea, dysentery.
Diarrhoea, dysentery, sunstroke, retention of placenta, wounds.
Internal parasites, round worm.
Loss of appetite, indigestion, sunstroke.
Urinary troubles, internal parasites, lockjaw (tetanus).
Eye diseases, wounds, cuts, and external parasites.
Hair tonic for horses.
Haematuria, contusions, indigestion, skin diseases.
Haemachuria.
Lactation, iindigestion, gastric troubles.
Indigestion, gastric troubles.
Painful outgrowth below tongue, haemachuria, cooling effects, lactation,
tympany, flatulence, cuts, wounds, demulcent, indigestion, gastric troubles,
skin diseases, chhiparh*.
Mastitis
Diarrhoea, dysentery.
Retention of urine, broken horn, burn, mange, tympany, indigestion,
snakebite, foot & mouth diseases, lockjaw (tetanus).
Wounds
Hoof diseases, boils, pimples, carbuncle, post-calving care.
Contd —
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile
Achyranthes aspera L.
Aconitum balfouri Stapf.
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle
Acorus calamus L.
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa
Aesculus indica (Colebr. ex Cambess.) Hook.
Agave americana L.
Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb.
Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. var. bracteosa Wall.
Allium cepa L.
Allium sativum L.
Allium wallichii Kunth.
Alnus nepalensis D.Don
Aloe barbadensis Mill.
Amaranthus caudatus L.
Amaranthus spinosus L.
Amaranthus sp.
Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch.
Ampelocissus rugosa (Wall.) Planch.
Anagallis arvensis L.
Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims.) C.B. Clarke
Anemone obtusiloba D. Don
Anemone vitifolia Buch.-Ham. ex DC.
Anethum graveolens L.
Angelica glauca Edgew.
Annona squamosa L.
Areca catechu L.
Arisaema intermedium Blume
Artemisia elegantissima Pamp.
Artemisia japonica Thunb.
Artemisia maritima L.
Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pamp.
Artemisia roxburghiana Wall. ex Bess.
Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb.
Asparagus adscendens Roxb.
Asparagus capitatus Backer
Asparagus curillus Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb
Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don.
Asparagus racemosus Willd.
Asplenium dalhousiae Hook.
Atylosia sacarabaeoides Benth.
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Barleria cristata L.
Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arnott.
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INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 6, No. 3, JULY 2007
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name
Uses
Bauhinia variegata L.
Begonia roxburghii (Miq.) DC.
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.
Berberis aristata DC.
Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC.
Internal injury.
Expelling leach.
Eczema, skin irritation, induced fertility.
Neck sore, yolk sore, sunstroke, wounds, food poisoning.
Fever, dehydration, indigestion, eye diseases, tonic, food poisoning, neck
sore, yolk sore, sunstroke, wounds, flatulence, tympany.
Conjunctivitis
Eye diseases, conjunctivitis.
Lactation, intestinal worm, mastitis, haemachuria, hydrophobia.
Bone fracture, skin diseases, wounds.
Cuts, worm infested wounds.
Internal injuries, cough, dysentery, painful outgrowth below tongue,
wounds, cuts, alimentary disorders.
Bone fracture, giddiness or insanity.
External parasites.
Skin diseases, mastitis, external parasites, foot & mouth diseases, pimple,
boil, broken horn, bone fracture, constipation, paralysis, flatulence,
tympany.
Cuts, wounds, broken horn.
Dysentery, skin diseases, broken horn, eczema, itching, dog bite,
constipation, during the food poisoning, neck sore, tympany, flatulence,
external parasites, yolk sore, stomachache, hoof diseases, burn, cuts, bone
fracture, mouth blisters, virginal swelling, indigestion, tetanus, tonsilities in
hen
Internal parasites.
Berberis chitria Edwards
Berberis petiolaris Wall. ex G. Don
Bergenia ciliata (Royle) Raizada
Bergenia ligulata (Wall.) Engler
Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don.
Betula utilis D. Don
Boehmeria macrophylla Hornem.
Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.) Meisn.
Bombax ceiba L.
Boschniakia himalaica Hook. f. & Thoms. ex Hook. f.
Brassica campestris L.
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. subsp. integrifolia
(West) Thel
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. subsp. juncea (L.)
Czern. & Coss.
Brassica napus L. var. napus L.
Buddleja asiatica Lour.
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.
Buxus wallichiana Baill.
Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.
Caltha palustris L.
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze
Canna indica L.
Cannabis sativa L.
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.
Capsicum annuum L.
Cardamine impatiens L.
Carissa congesta Wight
Carissa opaca Stapf. ex Haines
Carissa spinarum L.
Carpinus viminea Wall.
Carum carvi L.
Caryopteris bicolor (Hardw.) Mabberley
Caryopteris odorata (D.Don) Robinson
Cassia absus L.
Cassia fistula L.
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirvengadum
Catunaregam uliginosa (Retz.) Sivarajan
Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud.
Stomachic, retention of placenta.
Digestive disorders, loss of appetite.
Itching, pimples.
Boils, pimples, carbuncle.
Bone fracture.
Paraplegia, arthritis.
Worm infested sores, broken horn.
Food poisoning.
Skin diseases, fever, internal parasites, tympany, flatulence, snakebite,
wounds, stomachache, and sprain.
Stomachache, mouth diseases, dysentery, rheumatism, piles, retention of
placenta, eczema, internal injury, sprain, flatulence, indigestion, bone
fracture, wounds, check bleeding, expel leeches.
Skin disease.
Dog bite, wounds, foot, mouth & skin diseases, eczema, scabies, diarrhoea,
swelling in throat, burn, sunstroke, hoof diseases, neck sore, paralysis,
internal parasites, lockjaw (tetanus), chhiparh*.
Nervous diseases.
Foot & mouth diseases.
Foot & mouth diseases, sore.
Foot & mouth diseases.
Bone fracture, pimples, wounds.
Digestive & gastric troubles, skin disease, fever, dehydration, mouth
infection.
Mouth blisters
Bone fracture
Urinary troubles
Constipation, food poisoning.
Reported as veterinary medicinal plant.
Lockjaw (tetanus).
Hoof & skin diseases, external parasites, scabies, broken horn.
Contd —
PANDE et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY PLANTS OF UTTARANCHAL
447
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name
Uses
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban
Cheilanthes spp.
Chenopodium album L.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin.
Cicer arietinum L.
Fever, sunstroke.
Wounds
Cuts, wounds, sores, smooth delivery, haematuria.
Hoof diseases.
Paralysis
Mouth & skin diseases, itching, pruritis, internal parasites, lactation, eczema,
scabies, strength, regulate fertility.
Broken horn, wounds, foot & mouth diseases.
Broken horn, neck sore, yolk sore, tetanus.
Chest pain, respiratory troubles, wounds, sores, haemachuria.
Eye diseases, sunstroke, lactation, and haematuria.
Fever
Food poisoning.
Fever, dehydration, food poisoning, tonsil, mouth blisters, skin infection,
cough, dryness, problem in milching, indigestion, throat infection, burn,
paralysis, external parasites, diarrhoea, blot, impaction, tympany,
constipation, enlargement of papillae, stomachache, sterility, lockjaw
(tetanus), chhiparh*, pan-jibarh*.
Lactation
Lice and kilns killer.
Burn, eczema.
Bone fracture, internal injury, sprain, and muscular pull.
Flatulance, tympany.
Cataract, bone fracture, mouth blisters, leaches in nose.
Skin diseases
Induced fertility, neck sore, yolk sore, skin diseases, chhiparh*.
Fever, dehydration, dysentery, diarrhoea, food poisoning, constipation,
indigestion, chickenpox, impaction, tympany, haematuria, retention of urine,
giddiness or insanity, flatulence, tympany.
Wounded shoulders of oxen.
Internal injuries.
Lockjaw (tetanus).
Induced fertility.
Lactation.
Intestinal worm.
Continual release of urine, heat stroke, indigestion, continuous discharge of
urine.
Inducing heat, diarrhoea, fever, food poisoning, tympany, and heat stroke.
Ear diseases, conjunctivitis, diarrhoea, haematuria, mastitis, eczema, mange,
scabies.
Constipation, anorexia, loss of appetite, diarrhoea in hen, indigestion.
Wounds, bone fracture.
External and internal injury, inflammation of urine system, alimentary
disorders, painful muscular growth below tongue, contusion, mastitis,
shoulder swelling, mouth blisters, neck sore, yolk sore, wounds, sprains,
skin & eye diseases, lactation, external parasites, pregnancy, burn, bone
fracture, heat strokes, hoof diseases, indigestion, cracked nipple, haematuria,
broken horn, constipation, gastric troubles, stomachic, anorexia, loss of
appetite, paraplegia, pneumonia, clotting of blood, during retention of
placenta, lockjaw (tetanus).
Bone fracture, lockjaw (tetanus).
Mastitis, gastric troubles, internal injury, sprains, bone fracture, food
poisoning, sunstroke, sprain, broken horn, clotting of blood.
Check bleeding.
Cinnamomum camphora Nees
Cinnamomum tamala Nees ex Eberm.
Cirsium verutum (D.Don) Sprenge.
Cirsium wallichii DC.
Cissampelos pareira L.
Citrus hystrix DC.
Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.
Clematis nepaulensis DC.
Cocculus laurifolius DC.
Cocos nucifera L.
Coelogyne cristata Lindl.
Coix lacryma-jobi L.
Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm.
Coleus barbatus (Andr.) Benth.
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
Coriandrum sativum L.
Corydalis cornuta Royle
Costus speciosus (Koen. ex Retz.) Sm.
Crateva magna (Lour.) DC.
Crotalaria juncea L.
Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult.
Cucumis hardwickii Royle
Cucumis melo L. var. ultissimus Duth. & Full.
Cucumis sativus L.
Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam.
Cuminum cyminum L.
Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.
Curcuma domestica Vallars
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Cynoglossum wallichii G. Don var. glochidiatum Wall.
ex Benth.
Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl. ex Hornem.) Thunb.
ex Lehm.
Cyperus pangorei Rottb.
Wounds.
Tympany, gastric troubles.
Contd —
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INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 6, No. 3, JULY 2007
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name
Uses
Cyperus rotundus L.
Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo.
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.
Datura fastuosa L.
Datura innoxia Mill.
Debregeasia longifolia (Burm. f.) Wedd.
Debregeasia salicifolia (D. Don.) Rendle
Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thoms.
Dendrobium amoenum Wall. ex Lindl.
Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees
Flatulence, tympany.
Wounds.
Haematuria.
Rheumatism.
During the food poisoning.
Bone fracture, lactation.
Bone fracture, pimple, boils, carbuncle.
Reported as veterinary medicinal plant.
Bone fracture.
Strength after delivery, bone fracture, cough, pneumonia, chronic respiratory
disease in hen.
Lactation, rheumatism.
Eye diseases.
Dermatitis.
Ear diseases, pimple, boil.
Sunstroke.
Bone fracture, shoulder wounds of oxen, eye injury, dermatitis.
Skin diseases.
Lactation, strength, skin irritation.
Bone fracture, infertility, diarrhoea, mouth blisters, strength, and
lactation.
Wounds.
Eye diseases.
Dysentery, diarrhoea in hen.
Foot & mouth diseases, skin irritation, dermatitis, dysentery, mouth blisters,
strength, haematuria, infertility, chhiparh*.
Eye diseases.
Papillae, internal injury.
Cuts, wounds.
Lactation.
Cuts, wounds, sores.
Eye diseases.
Internal injuries, mouth & hoof diseases, lactation.
Neck sore, yolk sore, paralysis, blot, tympany, flatulence, mastitis, mange,
internal parasites, indigestion, gastric troubles, abdominal swelling,
paraplegia, ranikhet disease.
Strength after delivery, lactation, prolepses of uterus.
Reported as veterinary medicinal plant.
Reported as veterinary medicinal plant.
Wounds, increase lactation.
Render-pest.
Eye diseases, retention of placenta, paraplegia, stomachic, pan-jibarh*.
Bone fracture, lactation.
Retention of placenta.
Worm infested wounds, stomach disorders.
Mouth blisters.
Diarrhoea, dysentery, indigestion, foot & mouth diseases, paraplegia,
stomachache.
External parasites.
Skin diseases, liver disorders.
Eye diseases.
Eye diseases, wounds.
Cuts, burns.
Kidney diseases.
Fever, urinary troubles.
Bone fracture.
Bone fracture, smooth delivery.
Skin disease.
Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Etting.
Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees
Dioscorea belophylla Voigh.
Dioscorea bulbifera L.
Dioscorea kumoonensis Kunth.
Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop.
Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.
Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv.
Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.
Elaeagnus parvifolia Wall. ex Royle
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton.
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.
Erythrina arborescens Roxb.
Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C.E. Hubb.
Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.
Euphorbia heterophylla L.
Euphorbia pilosa L.
Euphorbia royleana Boiss.
Fagopyrum esculentum (L.) Moench.
Ferula asafetida L.
Ficus auriculata Lour.
Ficus benghalensis L.
Ficus lucescens Blume
Ficus palmata Forssk.
Ficus racemosa L.
Ficus religiosa L.
Ficus sarmentosa Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.
Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.
Filipendula vestita (Wall. ex G.Don) Maxim.
Flemingia fruticulosa Wall. ex Benth.
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Lacaita
Fumaria indica (Haussk.) Pugsley
Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake
Galinsoga parviflora Cav.
Geastrum mammosum Chev.
Geranium ocellatum Cambess.
Geranium pratense L
Geranium wallichianum D.Don. ex Sweet.
Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Fries.
Globba recemosa Sm.
Contd —
PANDE et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY PLANTS OF UTTARANCHAL
449
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name
Uses
Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Mouth disease, dysentery, diarrhoea, post calving care, lactation, mastitis,
skin diseases, strength, retention of placenta, tympany, flatulence, eczema,
scabies, indigestion, gastric troubles, giddiness or insanity, chhiparh*.
Lactation, skin diseases, strength, scabies, chhiparh*.
Chronic respiratory disease in hen, hoof diseases.
Retention of placenta.
Bone fracture, indigestion, tonsils, pregnancy, throat infection, constipation,
lactation, sprains, lactation, strength, dysentery, and diarrhoea.
Cuts, wounds.
Expel of foetus, stomach disorders, fever, general debility, and contusion.
Reported as veterinary medicinal plant.
Indigestion.
Reported as veterinary medicinal plant.
Anaemia, post-calving care, itching, haematuria, strength, dysentery, skin
diseases, heat stroke, cough, regulate fertility, lactation, chhiparh*.
Cough, cold, wounds.
Haematuria.
Mouth blisters.
Snakebite.
Reported as veterinary medicinal plant.
During retention of placenta, hoof diseases, bone fracture, broken horn, eye
diseases, impaction, tympany.
Heat stroke.
Bone fracture.
Wounds, causes poisoning.
Burns.
Haematuria.
Eye diseases, redness in eye.
Remove sterility, broken horn.
Boils, pimples, carbuncle.
Dysentery, cold, cough, tonic.
Stomach disorders, bone fracture.
Bone fracture.
Bone fracture.
Scabies, mastitis, leaf causes food poisoning.
Diarrhoea.
Eye diseases, foot & mouth diseases, during food poisoning.
General debility.
Skin infection, ricket.
Stomachache, indigestion.
Pimple, boil.
Haematuria, tympany, constipation, fever, dysentery, diarrhoea.
Dryness, dysentery, haematuria.
Worm infested wounds, shoulder wounds, lockjaw (tetanus).
Sore.
Neck sore.
Tympany, gastric troubles.
Worm infected wounds.
Mastitis.
Anaemia, indigestion, gastric troubles, mastitis, lactation, haematuria,
eczema, scabies, sunstroke, tympany, flatulence, diarrhoea, prolepses of
uterus, heat stroke, post-calving care, snakebite, food poisoning, induced
fertility, giddiness or insanity, flatulence, tympany.
Retention of placenta, bone fracture.
Diarrhoea, dysentery.
Worm infected wounds, shoulder wounds, lice killer.
External parasites.
Glycine soja Sieb.
Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
Gossypium sp.
Grewia optiva J.R. Dumm. ex Burrett
Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl.
Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br.
Hippophae salicifolia D. Don
Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. ex A. DC.
Hordeum vulgare L.
Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy
Impatiens balsamina L.
Indigofera spp.
Ixeris sagittarioides (C.B. Clarke) Stebb.
Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.
Juglans regia L.
Lagenaria siceriaria (Molina) Standl.
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.
Lantana camara L.
Lathyrus spp.
Lawsonia inermis L.
Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale
Lens culinaris Medik.
Leucas lanata Benth.
Linum usitatissimum L.
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Robinson.
Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers.
Luisia trichorhiza (Hook.) Blume
Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude
Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.
Mangifera indica L.
Megacarpaea polyandra Benth.
Melia azedarach L.
Melilotus alba Medik. ex Desr.
Melothria heterophylla (Lour.) Cogn.
Mentha arvensis L.
Mentha piperita L.
Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Benth.
Millettia extensa (Benth.) Benth. ex Baker
Mirabilis jalapa L.
Momordica charantia L.
Morina longifolia Wall. ex DC.
Morus alba L.
Musa paradisiaca L.
Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
Myrsine semiserrata Wall.
Neolitsea pallens (D. Don) Momiyana & Hara
Neolitsea umbrosa (Nees) Gamble
Contd —
INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 6, No. 3, JULY 2007
450
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name
Uses
Nicotiana tabacum L.
Expel the leeches, stomachic, intestinal worm in hen, hoof diseases, remove
external and internal parasites, wounds, eczema, mange, scabies, snout
blister.
Abscess.
Constipation, wounds.
Scabies, carbuncles, pimples.
Lactation.
Foot & mouth diseases.
Relieving diarrhoea, dysentery.
Skin diseases, haematuria, back-sore in horses, abdominal swelling, and
dermatitis.
Post-calving care, pregnancy, retention of placenta, strength, neck sore, bone
fracture, sprains, skin diseases, mastitis, haematuria, lactation, cough,
lockjaw (tetanus), chhiparh*.
Cataract.
Carbuncle, pimple, swelling, mastitis, impaction, tympany, eye diseases,
cataract, giddiness or insanity.
Swelling.
Korea, pangi, jalodar, pabeebat.
Cooling effects.
Fever, stomach disorders, shoulder wounds of oxen.
Bone fracture, eye disorders, lactation, sprain, and retention of placenta.
Flatulence, stomach disorders.
Skin diseases.
Skin diseases, mouth blisters.
Lactation.
Chicken pox, internal parasites, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, eye diseases,
alimentary disorders.
Digestive troubles, dysentery, alimentary disorders, intestinal worm, tonsil,
diarrhoea.
Lactation, indigestion, stomachic.
Bone fracture, sprains, foot & mouth diseases, burns, internal injury,
external parasites, broken horn, diarrhoea, broken horn indigestion, gastric
troubles, itching, rheumatism, food poisoning, pimples.
Bone fracture.
Internal injury, contusion, bruises, wounds.
Constipation, diarrhoea, hoof diseases, mastitis, internal parasites,
haematuria, snakebite, continuous discharge of urine, skin diseases, food
poisoning, piles, blot, dysentery, pimples, indigestion, tympany, anorexia,
loss of appetite, pneumonia.
Chickenpox, internal parasites.
Constipation.
Hoof diseases.
Tonic, stimulant.
Stomach disorders.
Diarrhoea, blood diseases, abortion.
To regulate the fertility in female cattle.
Throat infection.
Colic.
Ocimum basilicum L.
Ocimum tenuiflorum L.
Oenothera rosea Ait.
Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw.
Opuntia vulgaris Mill.
Origanum vulgare L.
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Venten
Oryza sativa L.
Oxalis acetosella L.
Oxalis corniculata L.
Oxalis dehradunensis Raizada
Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle
Parietaria micrantha Ledeb.
Paris polyphylla Sm.
Parthenocissus semicordata (Wall.) Planch.
Pedicularis hoffmeisteri Klotzsch & Garcke
Peperomia tetraphylla (Forster f.) Hook. & Arn.
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.
Phoenix humilis Royle ex Becc.
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth.
Pimpinella diversifolia DC.
Pinus roxburghii Sarg.
Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson
Piper longum L.
Piper nigrum L.
Plantago ovata Forssk.
Plumbago zeylanica L.
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle
Populus ciliata Wall.
Potentilla atrisanguinea Lodd.
Potentilla eriocarpa Wall.
Potentilla fulgens Wall. ex Hook. f.
Premna barbata Wall. ex Schauer
Premna latifolia Roxb. var. mucronata (Roxb.) C. B.
Clarke
Prinsepia utilis Royle
Prunella frutescens (L.) Britt.
Prunus armeniaca L.
Prunus cerasoides D.Don
Prunus persica (L.) Betsch.
Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC.
Mastitis, external parasites, indigestion, gastric troubles, paralysis.
Skin diseases, abdominal swelling.
Gastric troubles, stomachache, strength, mouth blisters, external parasites.
Bone fracture, painful outgrowth below tongue, burn, indigestion, fever, foot
& mouth diseases.
Hoof diseases, constipation, skin diseases, eczema, scabies, tympany,
flatulence, wounds, external and internal parasites, intestinal worms in hen.
Strength after delivery.
Contd —
PANDE et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY PLANTS OF UTTARANCHAL
451
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name
Uses
Punica granatum L.
Fever, dehydration, indigestion, gastric troubles, tonic, internal parasites,
burns, paralysis, flatulence, tympany.
Burns.
Eye diseases, cataract, eye injuries, bone fracture.
Lactation.
Mastitis, bone fracture, increase lactation, neck sore, yolk sore, external
parasites, carbuncles, food poisoning, pimples, constipation, foot & mouth
disease, broken horn, sprain, lactation, internal injury, dermatitis, sprains.
Increase lactation, neck sore, yolk sore, external parasites, carbuncles, food
poisoning, pimples, constipation, mastitis, bone fracture.
Lactation.
Tympany.
Food poisoning, tympany, dysentery, diarrhoea, anorexia, loss of appetite,
yellowing of egg in hen.
Wounds, cuts, boils, pimples, carbuncle.
Swelling.
Alimentary disorders, cuts, wounds, bone fracture, indigestion, cough,
dysentery, haemachuria, eye diseases, skin diseases, sprain, constipation,
mastitis, hoof diseases, internal injury, broken horn.
External parasites.
Causes poisoning in goats.
Food poisoning.
Check abortion.
Constipation, rheumatism, dysentery, sprains.
Diarrhoea, abortion.
Burns, diarrhoea in hen.
External parasites, flatulence, tympany.
Lactation, oesophagus blocked due to swelling, sunstroke, skin diseases.
Haematuria.
Haematuria.
Tonic during pregnancy.
Tonic during pregnancy.
Pimples, wounds, food poisoning, scorpion stings, foot & mouth diseases,
eye diseases, giddiness or insanity.
Diarrhoea, dysentery.
Diarrhoea, fever, strength, lactation, painful muscular growth below tongue,
sunstroke, stomachic, pregnancy, carbuncles, post-calving care, pimples,
chickenpox, cough, wounds, retention of placenta, flatulence, tympany,
lockjaw (tetanus), snout blister, pan-jibarh*.
Throat infection.
Cough, retention of placenta, lockjaw (tetanus), chhiparh*.
Expel leach, external parasites, and allergy in hen.
Induced fertility.
Reported as veterinary medicinal plant.
Reported as veterinary medicinal plant.
Haemachuria.
Worm infested wounds, wounded shoulders of oxen.
Snakebite.
Pyracantha crenulata (D.Don.) M. Roem.
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don.
Quercus floribunda Rehder
Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus
Quercus semecarpifolia Sm.
Qurecus glauca Thunb.
Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex D. Don
Raphanus sativus L.
Reinwardtia indica Dumort.
Rhamnus virgatus Roxb.
Rheum australe D.Don
Rhododendron arboreum Sm.
Rhododendron campanulatum D. Don
Rhus punjabensis Stewart ex Brand.
Ribes grossularia L.
Ricinus communis L.
Rosa brunonii Lindl.
Rosa sp.
Roylea cinerea (D.Don.) Baillon
Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming
Rubus ellipticus Sm.
Rubus glandulifer Balak.
Rubus niveus Thunb.
Rubus paniculatus Sm.
Rumex hastatus D.Don
Rumex nepalensis Spreng.
Saccharum officinarum L.
Saccharum rufipilus Steud.
Saccharum sp.
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) deWilde
Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipschitz
Saussurea heteromalla (D.Don) Hand.-Mazz.
Saussurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew.
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken.
Scutellaria scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
(S. angulosa Benth.)
Senecio graciliflorus DC.
Sesamum orientale L.
Smilax glaucophylla Klotzsch
Solanum melongena L.
Solanum nigrum L.
Solanum tuberosum L.
Solanum virginianum L.
Shoulder wounds, hoof diseases.
Skin diseases, constipation, eczema, scabies, mastitis, paralysis, sprain,
muscular pull, sunstroke, dysentery, tympany, flatulence, retention of milk,
tonic, and strength.
Relieving flatulence, fever, and dogbite.
Dogbite.
Eye diseases.
Burns.
Expelling leach.
Contd —
INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 6, No. 3, JULY 2007
452
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name
Uses
Solidago virgaurea L.
Sonchus oleraceus L.
Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers.
Strobilanthes spp.
Styrax benzoin Dryand
Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten
Swertia paniculata Wall.
Symplocos ramosissima Wall. ex G.Don
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
Tagetes erecta L.
Tamarindus indica L.
Taxus baccata L. subsp. wallichiana (Zucc.) Pilger
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.
Terminalia chebula Retz.
Thalictrum foliolosum DC.
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f.
Thoms.
Abscess.
Increase lactation, retention of lactation.
Vermifuge, strength, cough, skin diseases, dermatitis.
During retention of placenta.
Bone fracture.
Hoof diseases, eye diseases.
Fever.
Reported as veterinary medicinal plant.
Internal injury, skin diseases.
Broken horn, external injury, eye diseases, check bleeding.
Wounds, inflammation of urinary system.
Bone fracture.
Diarrhoea.
Skin infection, ricket, and diarrhoea.
External parasites.
Stomach disorders, fever, hoof diseases, regulate fertility in female cattle,
lactation, dyspepsia, strength, food poisoning, heat stroke, diarrhoea, skin
diseases, sunstroke, alimentary disorders, haematuria, tympany.
Mastitis.
During retention of urine.
Diarrhoea, dysentery, eczema, gastric troubles, indigestion, mouth blisters,
food poisoning, blot, paraplegia, tympany, constipation, stomachic,
anorexia, loss of appetite, tetanus, pneumonia, intestinal worm in hen,
diarrhoea in hen, retention of placenta, hoof diseases, lactation.
Diarrhoea, hoof diseases, tympany, flatulence, wounds, haematuria,
constipation, sunstroke, fever, indigestion.
External injury, cataract.
Lactation.
Nervous diseases.
Reported as veterinary medicinal plant.
Tympany, gastric troubles, regulate fertility, strength, tetanus, paraplegia,
pneumonia, food poisoning.
Skin infection, stomachache, indigestion, anaemia, throat infection, ricket,
lactation, remove sterility, diarrhoea, eczema, scabies, sunstroke, tympany,
flatulence, strength, tetanus, burn, regulate fertility.
Chhiparh*.
Eye diseases.
Bone fracture.
Post-calving care, sprains, lactation, regulate fertility, bone fracture,
haematuria, neck sore, yolk sore.
Haematuria, rheumatism, neck sore, regulate fertility, bone fracture,
wounds, sprains, lactation, abdominal pain, and internal injury.
Lockjaw (tetanus).
Apoplexy, epilepsy.
Apoplexy, epilepsy.
Bone fracture.
Tympany, gastric troubles.
Fever, indigestion, mouth diseases.
Bone fracture, regulate fertility, lactation, strength, retention of placenta,
food poisoning.
Bone fracture, sprains, wounds, post-calving care, lactation, skin diseases,
broken horn, constipation.
Skin & heart diseases, liver disorders.
Abad.
Cough.
Fever.
Lockjaw (tetanus).
Intestinal worm, hoof diseases, external parasites.
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.
Torilis japonica (Houttuyn) DC.
Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague
Trichosanthes bractreata (Lam.) Voigt.
Tridax procumbens L.
Trifolium alexandrium L.
Trifolium repens L.
Trigonella corniculata (L.) L.
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
Triticum aestivum L.
Tulipa clusiana DC.
Tylophora hirsuta (Wall.) Wight & Arnott.
Ulmus wallichiana Planch
Urtica ardens Link
Urtica dioica L.
Vaccaria pyramidata Medic.
Valeriana hardwickii Wall. ex Roxb.
Valeriana jatamansi Jones
Vanda cristata Lindl.
Vernonia anthelmintica Willd.
Vicatia stewartii C. B. Clarke
Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper.
Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek
Viola biflora L.
Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb.
Viola pilosa Blume.
Woodfordia floribunda Salisb.
Wrightia arborea (Dennst) Mabb.
Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.
Contd —
PANDE et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY PLANTS OF UTTARANCHAL
453
Table1 — List of ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal Himalaya — Contd
Plant name
Uses
Zanthoxylum armatum DC.
Zea mays L.
Zingiber officinale Rosc.
Gastric, constipation, external parasites, chhiparh*.
External parasites.
Indigestion, heatstroke, tonic, strength, constipation, cough, dysentery,
diarrhoea, food poisoning, mange, hoof diseases, blot, stomachache, skin
diseases, abdominal swelling, retention of placenta, tympany, stomachic,
paraplegia, tetanus, pan-jibarh*.
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.
Cuts, wounds.
Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arnott.
Foot & mouth diseases, broken horn.
*Traditional name of the veterinary diseases used by locals. Chhiparh-skin diseases characterized by stop feeding and skin becoming
reddish. Pan-jibarh-a painful muscular out growth between tongue and lower jaw.
Fig. 1 — Top six families with larger share of ethnoveterinary
plants of Uttaranchal
Rosaceae (18 spp), Poaceae (15 spp), Lamiaceae (14
spp), Apiaceae (12 spp), Cucurbitaceae, Liliaceae,
Moraceae, and Ranunculaceae (9 spp each),
Brassicaceae and Solanaceae (8 spp each), Urticaceae
and Zingiberaceae (7 spp each), Caesalpiniaceae,
Lauraceae, Orchidaceae and Rutaceae (6 spp each),
Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Menispermaceae and
Verbenaceae (5 spp each) Amaranthaceae,
Asclepiadaceae, Berberidaceae, Betulaceae, Fagaceae
and Polygonaceae (4 spp each), Acanthaceae,
Alliaceae, Anacardiaceae, Araceae, Dioscoreaceae,
Ericaceae, Geraniaceae, Meliaceae, Oxalidaceae,
Pinaceae, Piperaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae and
Violaceae (3 spp each), Vitaceae, Arecaceae,
Boraginaceae,
Cactaceae,
Caryophyllaceae,
Chenopodiaceae,
Combretaceae,
Cyperaceae,
Elaeagnaceae, Fumariaceae, Gentianaceae, Linaceae,
Lythraceae,
Mimosaceae,
Sapindaceae,
Saxifragaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Valerianaceae (2
spp each). The remaining families, Agavaceae,
Annonaceae,
Aspleniacene,
Balsaminaceae,
Begoniaceae,
Bignoniaceae,
Bombacaceae,
Buddlejaceae, Buxaceae, Cannabaceae, Cannaceae,
Capparaceae,
Cuscutaceae,
Geastraceae,
Grossulariaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Hypericaceae,
Juglandaceae, Liliaceae, Loranthaceae, Malvaceae,
Fig. 2 — Top eight genera with larger share of ethnoveterinary
plants of Uttaranchal
Morinaceae, Musaceae, Myricaceae, Myrsinaceae,
Myrtaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Oleaceae, Onagraceae,
Orobanchaceae,
Paeoniaceae,
Palmaceae,
Pedaliaceae,
Plantaginaceae,
Plumbaginaceae,
Podophyllaceae,
Primulaceae,
Punicaceae,
Salicaceae.,
Sinopteridaceae,
Smilacaceae,
Styracaceae, Symplocaceae, Taxaceae, Theaceae,
Tiliaceae and Ulmaceae had only one species each.
Among the genera, Ficus (8 spp) had the highest
number of species (Fig. 2), followed by Artemisia (6
sp.); Asparagus (5 spp); Berberis, Brassica, Quercus,
Rubus and Solanum (4 spp each); Allium, Carissa,
Cucumis, Dioscorea, Euphorbia, Geranium, Oxalis,
Potentilla, Prunus, Saussurea and Viola (3 spp each);
Acacia, Aconitum, Amaranthus, Ampelocissus,
Anemone, Bauhinia, Bergenia, Betula, Caryopteris,
Cassia, Catunaregam, Chenopodium, Cinnamomum,
Cirsium, Citrus, Curcuma, Cynoglossum, Cyperus,
Datura, Debregeasia, Echinochloa, Galinsoga,
Glycine, Litsea, Mentha, Neolitsea, Ocimum, Opuntia,
Pinus, Piper, Premna, Rhododendron, Rumex,
Saccharum,
Swertia,
Terminalia,
Tinospora,
Trifolium, Trigonella, Urtica, Valeriana, Vigna,
Zanthoxylum and Ziziphus (2 spp each). The
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INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 6, No. 3, JULY 2007
remaining genera such as: Achyranthes, Acorus,
Aegle, Aesculus, Agave, Agrimonia, Ajuga, Alnus,
Aloe, Anagallis, Anaphalis, Anethum, Angelica,
Annona, Areca, Arisaema, Asplenium, Atylosia,
Azadirachta,
Barleria,
Begonia,
Benincasa,
Boehmeria, Boenninghausenia, Bombax, Boschniakia,
Buddleja, Butea, Buxus, Calotropis, Caltha, Camellia,
Canna, Cannabis, Capsella, Capsicum, Cardamine,
Carpinus, Carum, Cedrus, Centella, Cheilanthes,
Chrysopogon,
Cicer,
Cissampelos,
Clematis,
Cocculus, Cocos, Coelogyne, Coix, Colebrookea,
Coleus, Colocasia, Coriandrum, Corydalis, Costus,
Crateva,
Crotalaria,
Cryptolepis,
Cucurbita,
Cuminum,
Cuscuta,
Cynodon,
Dactylorhiza,
Dalbergia,
Delphinium,
Dendrobium,
Dendrocalamus, Dendrophthoe, Dicliptera, Drimia,
Drymaria, Eclipta, Elaeagnus, Elettaria, Eleusine,
Erythrina, Eulaliopsis, Eupatorium, Fagopyrum,
Ferula,
Filipendula, Flemingia,
Foeniculum,
Fragaria, Fumaria, Geastrum, Girardinia, Globba,
Glycyrrhiza, Gossypium, Grewia, Gymnadenia,
Hedychium, Hemidesmus, Hippophae, Holarrhena,
Hordeum, Hypericum, Impatiens, Indigofera, Ixeris,
Jasminum, Juglans, Lagenaria, Lannea, Lantana,
Lathyrus, Lawsonia, Leea, Lens, Leucas, Linum,
Luisia,
Lyonia,
Macrotyloma,
Mangifera,
Megacarpaea,
Melia,
Melilotus,
Melothria,
Micromeria, Millettia, Mirabilis, Momordica,
Morina, Morus, Musa, Myrica, Myrsine, Nicotiana,
Oenothera, Origanum, Oroxylum, Oryza, Paeonia,
Parietaria, Paris, Parthenocissus, Pedicularis,
Peperomia, Perilla, Phoenix, Phyllanthus, Picrorhiza,
Pimpinella, Plantago, Plumbago, Podophyllum,
Populus, Prinsepia , Prunella, Pueraria, Punica,
Pyracantha,
Pyrus,
Ranunculus,
Raphanus,
Reinwardtia, Rhamnus, Rheum, Rhus, Ribes, Ricinus,
Rosa, Roylea, Rubia, Sapindus, Saraca, Schleichera,
Scutellaria, Senecio, Sesamum, Smilax, Solidago,
Sonchus, Stephania, Strobilanthes, Styrax, Symplocos,
Syzygium, Tagetes, Tamarindus, Taxus, Thalictrum,
Torilis, Trachyspermum, Trichosanthes, Tridax,
Triticum, Tulipa, Tylophora, Ulmus, Vaccaria,
Vanda, Vernonia, Vicatia, Woodfordia, Wrightia, Zea
and Zingiber had only one species.
364 plants are used in the treatment of different
animal diseases and disorders. Out of 364
ethnoveterinary plants, about 66 species are used in
the treatment of dermatological diseases (skin
diseases dermatitis, eczema, itching, ricket, scabies,
infection, chhiparh) of animals, followed by 66
species in stomachache, stomachic, indigestion,
vomiting, constipation, digestive disorders, loss of
appetite, impaction and alimentary diseases; 62
species in wounds, cuts and contusion; 51 species in
bone fracture; 51 species in diarrhoea, dysentery and
dehydration; 47 species for lactation; 40 species are
used for removing external and internal parasites; 39
species in foot and mouth diseases; 38 species in
tympany and flatulence; 35 species in blisters and
sores; 33 species in fever, cold and cough; 30 species
in eye diseases and conjunctivitis; 29 species for tonic
and strength; 28 species in food poisoning; 21 species
in broken horn; 20 species in mastitis and sore in
nipples; 18 species in pimples, boils and carbuncle; 18
species in retention of placenta; 17 species in internal
injury; 17 species for inducing fertility; 16 species in
tonsil and lockjaw (tetanus); 16 species in burns; 16
species in dogbite, snakebite and scorpion stings; 15
species in paralysis and paraplegia; 13 species in
swelling and inflammation; 10 species in rheumatism,
pain and arthritis; 9 species in haemachuria; 7 species
in post-calving care; 7 species in liver disorders; 6
species in giddiness or insanity; 5 species in urinary
troubles; 4 species to remove sterility and 2 species in
piles. Beside this, 12 plant species are used in the
treatments of birds (hen/cocks). It was found that
leaves of 103 species; bulb, root, rhizome and tubers
of 97 species; seeds of 57 species; whole plant of 54
species; bark of 39 species; fruits and nuts of 38
species; stem, shoot and wood of 31 species; gum,
latex, oil and resin of 17 species; thorn of 3 species;
aerial parts of 2 species; bud of 2 species; pseudostem
of 2 species; epicarp of 1 species, cob of 1 species and
flowers of 1 species are used in different
ethnoveterinary or animal healthcare practices
(Fig. 3).
Besides veterinary practices, the locals also use
plants for various other purposes, such as edibles (183
spp); folk culture (130 spp); fodders (112 spp); oils
Fig. 3 — Plants, plant parts, plant products used in
ethnoveterinary practices
PANDE et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY PLANTS OF UTTARANCHAL
(90 spp); wood (68 spp); household goods (53 spp);
fibres (28 spp); beverages (41 spp) and others (139
spp) in their traditional systems. The villagers in local
markets sell about 83 plants and their parts or
products and nearly 34 plants are traded different
parts of country from the Uttaranchal. Out of recorded
ethnoveterinary plants from Uttaranchal, following
plants fall under rare and endangered categories:
Aconitum balfouri, Aconitum heterophyllum, Allium
wallichii, Angelica glauca, Boschniakia himalaica,
Curcuma angustifolia, Dactylorhiza hatagirea,
Delphinium denudatum, Dioscorea kumoonensis,
Geranium wallichianum, Hedychium spicatum,
Oroxylum indicum, Paeonia emodi, Paris polyphylla,
Picrorhiza kurrooa, Podophyllum hexandrum, Rheum
australe, Roylea cinerea, Saussurea costus, Saussurea
obvallata, Swertia chirayita, Symplocos paniculata,
Taxus baccata subsp. wallichiana, Tinospora
cordifolia, Valeriana jatamansi and Zanthoxylum
armatum.
163 plants, not earlier reported as ethnoveterinary
plants include Aconitum balfouri, Aconitum
heterophyllum, Ajuga bracteosa, Allium wallichii,
Alnus
nepalensis,
Amaranthus
caudatus,
Ampelocissus rugosa, Anemone obtusiloba, Anemone
vitifolia, Artemisia elegantissima, Artemisia japonica,
Artemisia maritima, Artemisia nilagirica, Artemisia
roxburghiana, Artemisia sacrorum, Asparagus
capitatus, Asparagus curillus, Asparagus filicinus,
Asplenium dalhousiae, Barleria cristata, Begonia
roxburghii, Benincasa hispida, Berberis aristata,
Berberis chitria, Berberis petiolaris, Bergenia
ligulata, Buddleja asiatica, Camellia sinensis,
Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cardamine impatiens,
Carissa congesta, Caryopteris odorata, Cassia absus,
Catunaregam
spinosa,
Chrysopogon
gryllus,
Cinnamomum tamala, Cirsium wallichii, Citrus
hystrix, Clematis nepaulensis, Cocos nucifera,
Coelogyne cristata, Coleus barbatus, Colocasia
esculenta, Cucumis hardwickii, Curcuma angustifolia,
Cynoglossum wallichii, Cynoglossum zeylanicum,
Cyperus pangorei, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Datura
innoxia, Debregeasia longifolia, Dendrobium
amoenum, Dicliptera bupleuroides, Dioscorea
belophylla,
Dioscorea
bulbifera,
Dioscorea
kumoonensis, Echinochloa crusgalli, Echinochloa
frumentacea,
Elaeagnus
parvifolia,
Eleusine
coracana,
Eulaliopsis
binata,
Eupatorium
adenophorum, Euphorbia heterophylla, Euphorbia
royleana, Ficus lucescens, Ficus palmata, Ficus
sarmentosa, Flemingia fruticulosa, Foeniculum
455
vulgare, Fragaria nubicola, Fumaria indica,
Galinsoga ciliata, Galinsoga parviflora, Geastrum
mammosum, Geranium ocellatum, Geranium
pratense, Geranium wallichianum, Globba recemosa,
Glycine soja, Gymnadenia orchidis, Hippophae
salicifolia, Impatiens balsamina, Ixeris sagittarioides,
Jasminum sambac, Lathyrus spp., Leucas lanata,
Luisia
trichorhiza,
Macrotyloma
uniflorum,
Megacarpaea polyandra, Melilotus alba, Melothria
heterophylla, Mentha arvensis, Mentha piperita,
Morus alba, Myrica esculenta, Neolitsea umbrosa,
Oenothera rosea, Opuntia stricta , Opuntia vulgaris,
Oxalis acetosella, Oxalis dehradunensis, Paeonia
emodi, Parietaria micrantha, Peperomia tetraphylla,
Perilla frutescens, Phoenix humilis, Pimpinella
diversifolia, Populus ciliata, Potentilla atrisanguinea,
Potentilla eriocarpa, Premna barbata, Prinsepia
utilis, Prunella frutescens, Prunus armeniaca, Punica
granatum, Pyracantha crenulata, Quercus floribunda,
Quercus leucotrichophora, Quercus semecarpifolia,
Qurecus glauca, Ranunculus laetus, Raphanus
sativus, Rheum australe, Rhododendron arboreum,
Rhododendron campanulatum, Rhus punjabensis,
Ribes grossularia, Rosa brunonii, Roylea cinerea,
Rubus ellipticus, Rubus glandulifer, Rubus niveus,
Rubus paniculatus, Rumex hastatus, Sapindus
mukorossi, Saraca asoca, Saussurea costus,
Saussurea obvallata, Scutellaria scandens, Solanum
melongena,
Solanum
tuberosum,
Solanum
virginianum, Solidago virgaurea, Sonchus oleraceus,
Styrax benzoin, Swertia paniculata, Symplocos
ramosissima, Torilis japonica, Trifolium alexandrium,
Trifolium repens, Tulipa clusiana, Tylophora hirsuta,
Ulmus wallichiana, Vaccaria pyramidata, Valeriana
hardwickii, Valeriana jatamansi, Vanda cristata,
Vicatia stewartii, Viola biflora, Viola canescens,
Viola pilosa, Wrightia arborea and Zanthoxylum
acanthopodium6.
Most of the plants (about 283 plants) also exploited
for the treatments of human beings are: Acacia
catechu, Acacia nilotica, Achyranthes aspera,
Aconitum balfouri, Aconitum eterophyllum, Acorus
calamus, Aegle marmelos, Aesculus indica, Agave
americana, Ajuga bracteosa, Allium cepa, Allium
sativum, Allium wallichii, Alnus nepalensis, Aloe
barbadensis, Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus
spinosus,
Ampelocissus
latifolia,
Anaphalis
triplinervis,
Anemone
obtusiloba,
Anethum
graveolens, Angelica glauca, Annona squamosa,
Areca catechu, Artemisia japonica, Artemisia
maritima,
Artemisia
nilagirica,
Artemisia
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INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 6, No. 3, JULY 2007
roxburghiana, Asparagus adscendens, Asparagus
racemosus, Atylosia sacarabaeoides, Azadirachta
indica, Barleria cristata, Bauhinia vahlii, Bauhinia
variegata, Begonia roxburghii, Benincasa hispida,
Berberis aristata, Berberis asiatica, Berberis
petiolaris, Bergenia ciliata, Bergenia ligulata, Betula
utilis, Boehmeria macrophylla, Boenninghausenia
albiflora, Bombax ceiba, Brassica campestris,
Brassica juncea subsp. Integrifolia, Brassica juncea
subsp. Juncea, Buddleja asiatica, Butea monosperma,
Buxus wallichiana, Calotropis procera, Caltha
palustris, Camellia sinensis, Canna indica, Cannabis
sativa, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Capsicum annuum,
Carissa congesta, Carissa opaca, Carissa spinarum,
Carum carvi, Cassia absus, Cassia fistula,
Catunaregam spinosa, Catunaregam uliginosa,
Cedrus deodara, Centella asiatica, Cheilanthes spp.,
Chenopodium album, Chenopodium ambrosioides,
Cicer arietinum, Cinnamomum tamala, Cirsium
verutum, Cirsium wallichii, Cissampelos pareira,
Citrus hystrix, Cocculus laurifolius, Cocos nucifera,
Coix lacryma-jobi, Colebrookea oppositifolia, Coleus
barbatus, Colocasia esculenta, Coriandrum sativum,
Costus speciosus, Crateva magna, Crotalaria juncea,
Cryptolepis buchanani, Cucumis hardwickii, Cucumis
melo, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita maxima, Cuminum
cyminum, Curcuma angustifolia, Curcuma domestica,
Cuscuta reflexa, Cynodon dactylon, Cynoglossum
zeylanicum, Cyperus pangorei, Cyperus rotundus,
Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Dalbergia sissoo, Datura
fastuosa, Datura innoxia, Debregeasia longifolia,
Delphinium denudatum, Dendrocalamus strictus,
Dendrophthoe falcata, Dicliptera bupleuroides,
Dioscorea belophylla, Dioscorea bulbifera, Drimia
indica, Drymaria cordata, Echinochloa crusgalli,
Eclipta prostrata, Elaeagnus parvifolia, Eleusine
coracana, Erythrina arborescens, Eulaliopsis binata,
Eupatorium adenophorum, Euphorbia royleana,
Fagopyrum esculentum, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus
palmata, Ficus racemosa, Ficus religiosa, Ficus
sarmentosa, Ficus semicordata, Foeniculum vulgare,
Fragaria nubicola, Fumaria indica, Galinsoga
parviflora, Geranium wallichianum, Girardinia
diversifolia, Glycine max, Gossypium sp., Grewia
optiva, Hedychium spicatum, Hemidesmus indicus,
Hippophae salicifolia, Holarrhena antidysenterica,
Hordeum vulgare, Hypericum oblongifolium,
Impatiens balsamina, Indigofera spp., Juglans regia,
Lagenaria siceriaria, Lannea coromandelica,
Lantana camara, Lathyrus spp., Lawsonia inermis,
Leea asiatica, Lens culinaris, Leucas lanata, Linum
usitatissimum, Litsea glutinosa, Litsea monopetala,
Lyonia ovalifolia, Macrotyloma uniflorum, Mangifera
indica, Megacarpaea polyandra, Melia azedarach,
Melilotus alba, Melothria heterophylla, Mentha
arvensis, Mentha piperita, Micromeria biflora,
Millettia extensa, Mirabilis jalapa, Momordica
charantia, Morina longifolia, Morus alba, Musa
paradisiaca, Myrica esculenta, Neolitsea umbrosa,
Nicotiana tabacum, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum
tenuiflorum, Opuntia stricta, Opuntia vulgaris,
Origanum vulgare, Oroxylum indicum, Oryza sativa,
Oxalis corniculata, Oxalis dehradunensis, Paeonia
emodi, Paris polyphylla, Parthenocissus semicordata,
Peperomia tetraphylla, Phoenix humilis, Phyllanthus
emblica, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus
wallichiana, Piper longum, Piper nigrum, Plumbago
zeylanica, Podophyllum hexandrum, Populus ciliata,
Potentilla atrisanguinea, Potentilla fulgens, Premna
barbata, Premna latifolia, Prinsepia utilis, Prunus
armeniaca, Prunus cerasoides, Prunus persica,
Pueraria tuberosa, Punica granatum, Pyracantha
crenulata, Pyrus pashia, Quercus leucotrichophora,
Qurecus glauca, Raphanus sativus, Reinwardtia
indica, Rheum australe, Rhododendron arboreum,
Rhododendron campanulatum, Ribes grossularia,
Ricinus communis, Rosa brunonii, Roylea cinerea,
Rubia manjith, Rubus ellipticus, Rubus niveus, Rubus
paniculatus, Rumex hastatus, Rumex nepalensis,
Saccharum officinarum, Sapindus mukorossi, Saraca
asoca, Saussurea costus, Saussurea heteromalla,
Saussurea obvallata, Schleichera oleosa, Sesamum
orientale, Smilax glaucophylla, Solanum melongena,
Solanum nigrum, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum
virginianum, Sonchus oleraceus, Stephania glabra,
Strobilanthes spp., Swertia chirayita, Symplocos
ramosissima, Syzygium cumini, Tagetes erecta,
Tamarindus indica, Taxus baccata, Terminalia
bellirica, Terminalia chebula, Thalictrum foliolosum,
Tinospora
cordifolia,
Tinospora
sinensis,
Trachyspermum ammi, Trichosanthes bractreata,
Tridax procumbens, Trifolium repens, Trigonella
corniculata, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Triticum
aestivum, Tulipa clusiana, Tylophora hirsuta, Ulmus
wallichiana, Urtica ardens, Urtica dioica, Vaccaria
pyramidata, Valeriana hardwickii, Valeriana
jatamansi, Vernonia anthelmintica, Vigna mungo,
Vigna radiata, Viola biflora, Viola canescens, Viola
pilosa,
Wrightia
arborea,
Zanthoxylum
acanthopodium, Zanthoxylum armatum, Zea mays,
Zingiber officinale, Ziziphus auritiana and Ziziphus
nummularia5.
PANDE et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY PLANTS OF UTTARANCHAL
Discussion
Total ethnoveterinary recipes include 364 plants
species. The largest family and genera are Asteraceae
(23 species) and Ficus (8 species), respectively. The
largest number of plants is used in the treatment of
dermatological diseases. Most of the diseases and
disorders are treated by leaf samples (103 species). Of
the total ethnoveterinary plants recorded, 283
ethnoveterinary plants species are also used in the
treatment of human ailments; about 183
ethnoveterinary plants were found to be new reports
while 26 plants fall under threatened category.
Ethnoveterinary plants also indicate the ‘Doctorine of
Signature’ such as, use of Semal in Semai Damari
(dermatitis), species of Ficus and Euphorbia to
increase lactation, species of Dendrobium in bone
fracture, etc. There is need for proper analysis of
medicinal plants to relate the authenticity of these
drugs.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Acknowledgement
Authors express their sincere thanks to the locals of
the Uttaranchal for providing valuable information
about veterinary practices. Authors are also thankful
to the Head, Botany Department, Kumaon University,
SSJ Campus, Almora for providing necessary
facilities and to Dr HC Pande, Scientist and Shri
Surendra Singh of BSI, Dehradun for the
identification of plants.
16
17
18
19
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