TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS
—GRADE EIGHT—
MODEL TEST TWO
PART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION
SECTION A MINI-LECTURE
In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the
lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important
points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to
complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture
is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes , and
another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET
ONE. Some of the gaps may require a maximum of THREE words. Make
sure the word(s) you fill in is(are) both grammatically and
semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes while
completing the task. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.
ANSWER SHEET ONE
Critical Reading Towards Critical Writing
Critical writing depends on critical reading. Doing careful
critical reading of sources and (1) them critically can help you
(1)______
to write your own analysis of this subject.
Ⅰ. Critical Reading: What ls It?
A. To read critically is to (2) about how a text is argued.
(2)______
B. The key:
—Don't read looking only or primarily for information.
—Do read looking for (3) about the subject matter. (3)______
Ⅱ. How Do We Read Looking for Ways of Thinking?
A. Determine the (4) or purpose of the text. (4)______
B. Make some judgments about context.
C. Distinguish the kinds of (5) the text employs. (5)______
D. Examine the (6) the text employs. (6)______
E. Assess the (7) of an argument. (7)______
Ⅲ. Some Practical Tips
A. Critical reading occurs after some (8) of reading. (8)______
B. Highlighting a text or taking notes from it.
—Teach yourself to highlight argument.
—Don't let yourself foreground and isolate facts and
examples.
C. Paying attention to context is a fundamental critical move.
D. Use the (9) critically. (9)______
E. Critical reading skills are also (10) skills. (10)______
SECTION B INTERVIEW
In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen
carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the best
answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.
Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the
interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the
following five questions. Now listen to the interview.
1. According to Joy Bauer, what is the key factor of success in
dieting?
[A] The heavy weight. [B] The attention to health conditions.
[C] The perfect plan. [D] The belief of one's ability to do it.
2. According to Joy Bauer, he first step of dieting is to
[A] stick with it and beat the odds.
[B] refuse to have greasy food.
[C] know the motivation for eating,
[D] never feel overwhelmed.
3. Which of the following is NOT a feature of successful loser?
[A] They eat healthy breakfast every single day.
[B] They weigh themselves at least once a week.
[C] They watch TV less than an hour a day.
[D] They exercise about an hour a day.
4. How to deal with the goal that seems can't be realized?
[A] To write down the goal and read it each day.
[B] To make a similar goal which is easy to reach.
[C] To make a weekly goal and a daily goal.
[D] To make both a long-term goal and a short-term goal.
5. Which of the following can be considered as a fidgety person?
[A] Asking the children to do some help.
[B] Pacing around the kitchen when answering the phone.
[C] Taking the grocery into the house as much as you can.
[D] Staying in the couch to watch TV all the time.
SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen
carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the best
answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.
Question 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the
news item , you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now
listen to the news.
6. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
[A] The miners have been trapped for 33 days.
[B] Rescuers plan to use machines in the rescue work.
[C] Rescue work was launched on Saturday.
[D] The shelter inside the mine saved the miners' lives.
Questions 7 and 8 are based on the following news. At the end of
the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.
Now listen to the news.
7. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
[A] The new turn of peace talks began earlier this year.
[B] The foreign ministers of both countries were in the meeting.
[C] India and Pakistan stopped their peace talks in 2008.
[D] Pakistan was the one to be blamed for the 2008 terrorist
attack.
8. All of the following groups will have more opportunities to
cross the border EXCEPT
[A] traders [B] tourists [C] pilgrims [D] militants
Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end
of the news item ,you will be given 20 seconds to answer the
questions. Now listen to the news.
9. Most Facebook users
[A] enjoy birthday celebrations in real life.
[B] like the Facebook birthday celebrations function.
[C] avoid birthday celebrations both online and offline.
[D] are unaware of Facebook birthday celebrations.
10. A recent survey finds out that
[A] Facebook activities are the most popular social website
activities.
[B] both adults and teenagers have the need for feeling popular.
[C] people are more likely to share personal updates on their
birthdays.
[D] teenagers post more birthday greetings on their friends'
walls.
PART Ⅱ READING COMPREHENSION
In this section there are four reading passages followed by a
total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then
murk the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.
TEXT A
Last month the National Health Service (NHS) in England
calculated its carbon footprint as the equivalent of 21m tonnes of
carbon dioxide a year—just short of the amount emitted by the Drax
coal-fired power station in Yorkshire, Western Europe's largest.
Unlike the power station's emissions, though, those of the health
service have been increasing: they have grown by half since 1990.
Other countries fare no better. A study published in the Journal of
the American Medical Association estimates that America's health-care
industry accounts for 8% of the country's greenhouse gas emissions.
In Germany, a study by the Viamedica Foundation showed that a
hospital's energy expenditure per bed was roughly the same as that of
three newly built homes.
The past few years have seen efforts to make things greener. The
King Edward Memorial hospital in Mumbai, for example, was recently
remodelled with solar heaters and rainwater-collection units. Many
hospitals are switching from standard light-bulbs to compact
fluorescent or LED lights. The Dell Children's Medical Center in
Austin, Texas, was the first hospital to be certified "platinum"
under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
standards of the United States' Green Building Council--the highest
designation there is.
Moves towards energy efficiency are essential to reduce carbon
emissions, but they are not enough. "When hospitals start looking at
their energy usage, it is only the first step in a long way," says
Anja Leetz, executive director of Health Care Without Harm, an
organisation whose purpose is to implement more environmentally
sustainable health care round the world. The NHS study suggests that
energy expenditure is responsible for only a quarter of hospital
carbon emissions. Procurement—primarily that of medical equipment
and pharmaceuticals—is the main culprit, swallowing 60%. Simply
disposing of unused pharmaceuticals contributes over 22,000 tonnes of
CO2 every year.
There are also protocols and procedures which add a lot of carbon
without providing a great deal of health. Before the risks of mad-cow
disease were understood, the NHS routinely reused its nailclippers
Now the one-in-10m estimated risk of transmitting Creutzfeldt-Jacob
disease, the human equivalent of mad-cow, has made it common to use
clippers only once. A low risk creates a mountain of waste.
One way to avoid such problems is for people to stay at home and,
when necessary, be visited by a podiatrist who uses the patient's own
clippers. And this illustrates one of the wisest tactics hospitals
and clinics can make use of as they try to become greener: keeping
people out and looking after them at home instead. Fewer admissions,
lower emissions.
Easier said than done. David Pencheon, the director of the NHS's
Sustainable Development Unit, says shifting health care out of
hospitals means reworking the system from the inside out. But it is
possible. "We have the technology to deliver services in more
accurate ways," says Dr. Pencheon. Smaller and more efficient
machines, for example, make it easier for treatments like dialysis
and chemotherapy to take place in the home.
Consultations, too, need not necessarily involve travel. Kidneytransplant patients at the University Hospital of Coventry and
Warwickshire are given the option to have three out of four of their
quarterly post-operative "visits" conducted by phone. That is a
couple of tonnes of CO2 saved right there.
Like the first wave of environmental responsibility, which
focused on energy efficiency and design, moves to decentralise health
care in this way can often reduce environmental impacts without
sacrificing quality and safety. Much of this greenery could also save
money. The Confederation of British Industry, a business lobby group,
estimates that 15 billion pounds could be saved by treating chronic
diseases at home.
11. Which of the following statements about carbon emissions is
CORRECT?
[A] Carbon emissions of England rank the first in Europe.
[B] A hospital emits more carbons per month than a house does.
[C] Health-care industry has taken pains to reduce carbon
emissions.
[D] Hospitals are criticized for the large amount of carbon
emissions.
12. As to the hospitals' measures to reduce carbon emissions,
Anja Leetz's attitude is
[A] ambivalent. [B] prudent. [C] positive. [D] negative.
13. "Mad-cow disease" is mentioned in the passage to
[A] illustrate how widely the disease is spread in hospital.
[B] stimulate readers to care about the issue of carbon emissions.
[C] support the expert's viewpoint in the previous paragraph.
[D] exemplify a massive waste with low efficiency in hospital.
14. We can infer from the passage that
[A] experts are cautious of the practice of domestic medicine.
[B] there are a lot of ways to reduce carbon emissions
drastically.
[C] organ-transplant operations should be done in the home.
[D] some hospitals conducted post-operative visits by phone.
15. The term "this way" in the last paragraph refers to
[A] keeping people out of hospital. [B] emphasizing energy
efficiency.
[C] saving money and energy. [D] reducing carbon emissions.
TEXT B
[1] At first the weather was fine and still. The thrushes were
calling, and in the swamps close by something alive droned pitifully
with a sound like blowing into an empty bottle. A snipe flew by, and
the shot aimed at it rang out with a gay, resounding note in the
spring air. But when it began to get dark in the forest a cold,
penetrating wind blew inappropriately from the east, and everything
sank into silence. Needles of ice stretched across the pools, and it
felt cheerless, remote, and lonely in the forest. There was a whiff
of winter.
[2] Ivan Velikopolsky, the son of a sacristan, and a student of
the clerical academy, returning home from shooting, walked all the
time by the path in the water-side meadow. His fingers were numb and
his face was burning with the wind. It seemed to him that the cold
that had suddenly come on had destroyed the order and harmony of
things, that nature itself felt ill at ease, and that was why the
evening darkness was falling more rapidly than usual. All around it
was deserted and peculiarly gloomy. The only light was one gleaming
in the widows' gardens near the river; the village, over three miles
away, and everything in the distance all round was plunged in the
cold evening mist. The student remembered that, as he went out from
the house, his mother was sitting barefoot on the floor in the entry,
cleaning the samovar, while his father lay on the stove coughing; as
it was Good Friday nothing had been cooked, and the student was
terribly hungry. And now, shrinking from the cold, he thought that
just such a wind had blown in the days of Rurik and in the time of
Ivan the Terrible and Peter, and in their time there had been just
the same desperate poverty and hunger, the same thatched roofs with
holes in them, ignorance, misery, the same desolation around, the
same darkness, the same feeling of oppression. All these had existed,
did exist, and would exist, and the lapse of a thousand years would
make life no better. And he did not want to go home.
[3] The gardens were called the widows' because they were kept by
two widows, mother and daughter. A camp fire was burning brightly
with a crackling sound, throwing out light far around on the ploughed
earth. The widow Vasilisa, a tall, fat old woman in a man's coat, was
standing by and looking thoughtfully into the fire; her daughter
Lukerya, a little pock-marked woman with a stupid-looking face, was
sitting on the ground, washing a caldron and spoons. Apparently they
had just had supper. There was a sound of men's voices; it was the
labourers watering their horses at the river.
[4] "Here you have winter back again," said the student, going up
to the camp fire. "Good evening. "
[5] Vasilisa started, but at once recognized him and smiled
cordially.
[6] They talked. Vasilisa, a woman of experience, who had been in
service with the gentry, first as a wet-nurse, afterwards as a
children's nurse, expressed herself with refinement, and a soft,
sedate smile never left her face; her daughter Lukerya, a village
peasant woman, who had been beaten by her husband, simply screwed up
her eyes at the student and said nothing, and she had a strange
expression like that of a deaf mute.
[7] The labourers came back from the river, and one of them
riding a horse was quite near, and the light from the fire quivered
upon him. The student said good-night to the widows and went on. And
again the darkness was about him and his fingers began to be numb. A
cruel wind was blowing, winter really had come back and it did not
feel as though Easter would be the day after tomorrow. He looked
round. The solitary light was still gleaming in the darkness and no
figures could be seen near it now.
16. In the first paragraph, what are in contrast to each other?
[A] The fine weather VS the penetrating wind.
[B] The pleasing daytime VS the silent darkness.
[C] The prosperous thrushes VS the icy pools.
[D] The spring air VS the winter cold.
17. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about Ivan
Velikopolsky?
[A] He was annoyed by the cold. [B] He was born of a poor family.
[C] He was disappointed in his life. [D] He loved his parents
deeply.
18. It can be inferred from the passage that
[A] the student hoped to be invited to dinner by the two widows.
[B] the student visited the two widows in a cold spring evening.
[C] the labourers have been working for the two widows for ages.
[D] the two widows often invited some neighbors to dinner at home.
19. Which of the following words can NOT be used to describe
Vasilisa?
[A] Amiable. [B] Ardent. [C] Graceful. [D] Peaceful.
20. It seems that the student
[A] disliked Lukerya very much. [B] looked down upon Lukerya.
[C] was given the cold shoulder. [D] hadn't known Lukerya before.
TEXT C
The American model has seldom looked so tarnished. America's
unemployment rate is 10%. Soup kitchens are doing a flourishing
business in New York and other great cities. Companies that were once
a byword for swashbuckling entrepreneurialism have bitten the dust.
But in one respect at least America remains a beacon for the rest
of the world, its treatment of corporate bankruptcy. This may sound
ludicrous. America's excessive appetite for risk helped plunge the
world into recession. And America's consumers are defaulting on their
debts at astronomical rates—and expecting the rest of society to
pick up the bills for their profligacy. But countries that want to
avoid unnecessary corporate carnage would nevertheless be foolish to
ignore the American example.
America's enlightened attitude to corporate bankruptcy is
designed to put economic resources back to productive use as quickly
as possible. This means distinguishing between potentially viable
companies and terminally ill ones. The potentially viable can file
for "Chapter 11", which lets them restructure under court supervision.
The terminally ill can file for "Chapter 7", which focuses on
liquidating their assets and distributing them among creditors. It
also means putting pressure on the courts to deal with bankruptcy as
quickly as possible. Chrysler and General Motors were both in the
hands of "new owners" within 45 days of filing for bankruptcy. It
also means treating bankrupts relatively leniently, not as sinners to
be flagellated but rather as unfortunates who should be given a
second chance.
America's generosity to capitalism's losers has served it
remarkably well. It has not only prevented companies such as United
Airlines and General Motors from going into premature liquidation,
throwing thousands of people out of work. It has also helped provide
America with its entrepreneurial edge. Bankruptcy is an occupational
hazard for entrepreneurs; even those with plenty of business
experience under their belts fail much more often than they succeed.
America's leniency towards bankrupts encourages novices to start
their own businesses and allows people who have failed to start again.
The good news is that a growing number of countries are following
America's lead. Britain has introduced a succession of Enterprise
Acts since 2002 that are designed to make it easier for failed
entrepreneurs to start new businesses. The credit crunch has speeded
up the price of reform. The World Bank's annual "Doing Business"
report provides a wealth of examples of improvements. Many
governments are trying to shake up their lethargic legal systems in
order to speed up bankruptcy proceedings. The reforms also touch upon
the more fundamental question of trying to save viable businesses
from premature liquidation. Dozens of countries are trying to give
companies more opportunities to reorganise before they finally reach
for the revolver. France and Germany were among the first to do this.
But the idea has also spread to Eastern Europe and Asia and may even
be reaching the bankruptcy-averse Muslim world (last year ten Middle
Eastern and North African countries signed a joint declaration on
planned reforms).
Moving towards a more enlightened treatment of bankruptcy will
not be easy, particularly for poor countries with inefficient legal
systems and retributive attitudes to debt. The World Bank reports
that the majority of reforms have taken place in rich countries,
since 2004, 59% of them have improved their systems compared with 33%
of poorer countries in East Asia, 22% in Latin America, 16% in the
Middle East and 13% in South Asia. And poorer countries have an
enormous distance to travel. In rich countries, bankruptcy
proceedings take less than two years on average. In South Asia they
take an average of four- and-a-half years. In many countries—Turkey
is a notorious example—legal fees can eat up almost all the value of
a business.
It beats flagellation.
Attitudes to debt are also difficult to change. America threw off
the old world's hostility to failed businessmen along with British
rule. Back in the 1830s one of the things that most struck Alexis de
Tocqueville about the country was "the strange indulgence which is
shown to bankrupts", which, he said, diverged "not only from the
nations of Europe, but from all the commercial nations of our time. "
The generous provisions of Chapter 11 only reinforced a longstanding
legal prejudice. In 1934, for example, the Supreme Court declared
that bankruptcy laws ought to "give the honest but unfortunate
debtor.., a new opportunity in life and a clear field for future
effort, unhampered by the pressure and discouragement of pre-existing
debt. "
True, giving a clear field to the honest but unfortunate also
opens the way to all sorts of chances. America's generous treatment
of corporate bankrupts has been widely abused by common
spendthrifts—so much so that Congress tightened the law in 2005 to
restrict access to the system. Britain's attempt to emulate the
American example has also led to an epidemic of freeloading. In 2006
only about a quarter of the people who filed for bankruptcy could
remotely be described as entrepreneurs.
That is irritating, but governments should nevertheless continue
to rehabilitate bankruptcy. Making it easier to close a business may
not sound as inviting as announcing yet another "enterprise fund" or
"innovation initiative", but it is more vital to reviving the world's
moribund economy. In the short term enlightened bankruptcy laws
reduce unemployment by keeping viable companies alive. In the longer
term they boost rates of entrepreneurship. The best way to get more
people to start businesses is to make it easier to wind them up.
21. The word "profligacy" in Paragraph 2 probably means
[A] extravagance. [B] proliferation.
[C] vanity. [D] conceit.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that
[A] America tended to save big companies such as General Motors.
[B] Chrysler and General Motors were considered potentially
viable.
[C] America's attitude to corporate bankruptcy was denounced.
[D] many terminally ill companies may have a chance to rise again.
23. All the following are advantages of America's leniency to
corporate bankruptcy EXCEPT
[A] encouraging business start-ups.
[B] maintaining employment security.
[C] pushing forward enterprises.
[D] making a success of failure.
24. Which of the following statements might the author agree on?
[A] Wealthy countries should set an example for poor countries.
[B] Some countries should shift their attitudes towards debt.
[C] European countries should take the lead in saving businesses.
[D] Asian countries should reform their economic systems.
25. What is the main point of the passage?
[A] America's attitude towards corporate bankruptcy remains
ambiguous.
[B] Bankrupt companies may have a chance to rise again in America.
[C] Many countries are trying to reform their model for bankrupt
firms.
[D] America's enlightened treatment of bankrupt firms remains a
model.
TEXT D
In the early days of the inbox, it afforded the naive human
organism a certain pleasure to receive an e-mail. So a note or two of
greetings whistled through the lonely day. Thanks to e-mail, the
eloquence of a moribund letter-writing culture received a
rejuvenating jolt of immediacy. As late as the late 1990s and early
2000s, during the last days of dial-up, it still felt nice to send
and receive the occasional squib, to play a game of catch with some
friends. Sometimes you would even forward a joke, a practice that
nowadays seems a crime.
For it has lately become clear that nothing burdens a life like
an e-mail account. It's the old story: the new efficient technology
ends up costing far more time than it ever saves, because it breeds
new expectations of what a person can possibly do. So commuters in
their fast cars spend hours each day in slow traffic, and then at the
office they read and send e-mail.
Correct e-mailing practice does not exist. The true mood of the
form is spontaneity, alacrity-the right time to reply to a message is
right away. But do that and your life is gone. So you reject the
spontaneous spirit of e-mail; you hold off replying for hours, days,
even weeks. By then the e-mail has gone stale, and your reply is
bound to be labored. You compensate for the offence with a needlessly
elaborate message.
Of course you could always reply gruffly, and in lowercase.
Moreover, you could refuse to reply at all except where some
practical matter was at issue. But Western civilization has always
reserved for correspondence its most refined gestures of courtesy,
and a memory of the old days persists. Over e-mail, you can be in
touch with so many people—and make each one mad at you. And they are
mad at you, your former friends, because no more efficient vehicle
for the transmission of rashness and spleen has ever been devised
than the e-mail. Nettled by something—often something imaginary,
since no one's tone comes across quite right, over e-mail—you lash
out instantaneously. You hit SEND and it's too late. It's too late
because it's too soon.
E-mail is good for one thing only. flirtation. The problem with
flirtation has always been that the nervousness you feel in front of
the object of your infatuation deprives you of your wittiness.
But with e-mail you can spend an hour refining a casual remark.
The e-mail, like the Petrarchan sonnet, is properly a seduction
device. But one has many correspondents, and few if any lovers.
Individually, they're all decent people: collectively, they form an
army marching to invade your isolation and steal your valuable time.
Nietzsche declared that one should set aside an hour a week for
reading letters; anything more was toxic.
And now we read in the paper where Gloria Steinem is complaining
that she spends three hours a day replying to e-mail. America, most
efficient country on earth, is in fact a nightmare economy of
squandered time. Our economic system condemns people to work in
offices and send e-mail; that's what they do there. Then they go home
and take with them all the work they were supposed to be doing all
day.
For a while, e-mail, in its efficiency, had seemed to serve very
nicely the means of production and their owners. But lately, the
business pages report a dialectical reversal whereby the means of
communication overwhelm the means of production, so that the class of
owners and managers can hardly do or even supervise any work; they
can only discuss, over e-mail, the things they should be doing.
Western civilization has become a giant inbox; it will swell and
groan but never be empty till it crashes. Yes, it may be that all of
us together, tapping out ephemera at our keyboards, will bring down
this civilization once and for all.
26. It can be inferred from the passage that
[A] e-mail-writing killed letter-writing in the late 1990s.
[B] people welcomed receiving short and brief e-mail.
[C] e-mail is considered a nuisance by old people.
[D] new technologies are often not in line with one's expectation.
27. The word "alacrity" in Paragraph 3 probably means
[A] briskness. [B] accuracy. [C] willingness. [D] preoccupation.
28. The author probably agrees on all the following EXCEPT that
[A] e-mail is a good outlet to give out one's wrath.
[B] people may rack their brains to reply to an e-mail.
[C] western people think it impolite to ignore correspondence.
[D] e-mail enables you to come in contact with many people.
29. The author's attitude towards Petrarchan sonnet seems to be
[A] approving. [B] disapproving. [C] ambiguous. [D] nonchalant.
30. According to the author, the______will bring down Western
civilization at first hand.
[A] giant inbox [B] inefficiency [C] e-mail [D] phenomenon
PART Ⅲ GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Mark
the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.
31. Which President of the U.S. resigned because of the Watergate
scandal?
[A] Richard Nixon. [B] Ronald Reagan.
[C] Jimmy Carter. [D] Gerald Ford.
32. Which of the following country is NOT the euro-zone country?
[A] Ireland. [B] Britain. [C] France. [D] Italy.
33.______, the backbone of the North American Continent, is also
known as the Continental Divide.
[A] The Appalachians [B] Sierra Nevada
[C] The Rockies [D] Mount Rushmore
34. The general election of New Zealand has been held______since
1879.
[A] every two years [B] every three years
[C] every four years [D] every five years
35. Ivanhoe is the masterpiece of the British historical novelist
[A] Walter Scott. [B] William Hazlitt.
[C] Charles Lamb. [D] Matthew Arnold.
36. In the 1920s America, the upsurge of Black literature is
known as
[A] the Harlem Renaissance. [B] Civil Right Movement.
[C] the Jazz Age. [D] the Lost Generation.
37. Which of the following novel is NOT written by Henry Fielding?
[A] Joseph Andrews.
[B] The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great.
[C] The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.
[D] Clarissa, or the History of a Young Lady.
38. Which of the following does NOT belong to the Structural
Linguistics?
[A] Functional Linguistics. [B] Glossematics.
[C] Descriptive Linguistics. [D] Cognitive Linguistics.
39.______holds that the structure of a language affects the way
in which its speakers are able to conceptualize their world view.
[A] Interaction Hypothesis [B] Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
[C] Critical Period Hypothesis [D] Nativism Theory
40. Which of the following sentences is a commissive?
[A] "Stop, or I'll call a police. " [B] "Why not take your
brother together with you?"
[C] "What a nice day it is!" [D] "He ran away in a stolen car. "
PART Ⅳ PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION
Proofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed.
ANSWER SHEET TWO
The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a
maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You
should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:
For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct
one in the blank provided at
the end of the line.
For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a
" ∧ " sign and write the word
you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the
line.
For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash
"/" and put the word in the blank
provided at the end of the line.
To imagine is the characteristic act, not of the poet's mind, or
the
painter's, or the scientist's, but of the mind of man. To imagine
means to
make the images and to move them about inside one's head in new
(1)______
arrangements. The tool that puts the human mind ahead with the
animal is (2)______
imagery. For us, memory does not demand the preoccupation from
which it (3)______
demands in animals, and it lasts immensely long, because we fix
it in images (4)______
or other substitute symbols. Indeed, the most important images
for human
beings are simply words, which are abstract symbols. Animals do
not have
words, in our sense: there is no specific center for language in
the brain of
any animal, like there is in the human being. In this respect at
least we know (5)______
that the human imagination depends on a configuration in the
brain that has
only evolved in last one or two million years. The images play
out for us (6)______
event which are not present to our senses, and thereby guard the
past and (7)______
create the future—a future that does not yet exist, and may
never come to
exist in that form. By contrast, the lack of symbolic ideas cut
off an animal (8)______
from the past and the future like, and imprisons him in the
present. Of all (9)______
the distinctions between man and animal, the characteristic gift
which makes
our human is the power to work with symbolic images: the gift of
imagination. (10)______
PART Ⅴ TRANSLATION
SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH
Translate the following text into English. Write your translation
on ANSWER SHEET THREE.
我学的是英语，以前从未接触过，学习的困难可想而知，失望与迷惘曾使
我陷入痛苦的深渊。是如饥似渴的求知欲驱散了我内心苦闷的阴云，激励我从
ABC 开始，一步一个脚印坚实地朝前走。我自知 自己起步晚，便采取勤能补拙
的办法，坚持每日清晨多读一小时，晚上多写一小时，平时身上也总装着一张
写满单词的纸条，一有时间就拿出来念上几遍。在一次去食堂的路上，我边走
边背，竟然一头撞在一棵树上，引得同学们一阵哄笑，我却无所谓地笑一笑，
继续背诵单词。
SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your
translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.
On the surface, many marriages seem to break up because of a
"third party". This is, however, a psychological illusion. The other
woman or the other man merely serves as a pretext for dissolving a
marriage that had already lost its essential integrity.
Nothing is more futile and more self-defeating than the
bitterness of spurned love, the vengeful feeling that someone else
has "come between" oneself and a beloved. This is always a distortion
of reality, for people are not the captives or victims of others—
they are free agents, working out their own destinies for good or for
ill.
But the rejected lover or mate cannot afford to believe that his
beloved has freely turned away from him—and so he ascribes sinister
or magical properties to the interloper. He calls him a hypnotist or
a thief or a home-breaker. In the vast majority of cases, however,
when a home is broken, the breaking has begun long before any "third
party" has appeared on the scene.
PART Ⅵ WRITING
With the advent of the Internet, information can be spread with
unprecedented speed and hence it is likely that people can make a
name through the Internet overnight. Some people driven by various
motives seize the Internet to gain celebrity. Chanel Girl is the
latest case. Do you think the Internet sensationalization is
acceptable? Write an essay of about 400 words on the following topic:
Is Internet Sensationalization Acceptable?
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your
main argument, and in the second part you should support your
argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring
what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and
appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result
in a loss of marks.
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.
试题详解
PART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION
SECTION A
1．using 2．make judgments 3．ways of thinking 4．central claims
5．reasoning 6．evidence／facts／examples 7．strengths and
weaknesses 8．preliminary processes
9．quotatiom 10．critical listening
SECTION B
1．[D] 2．[C] 3．[C] 4．[D] 5．[B]
SECTION C
6．[B] 7．[D] 8．[D] 9．[B] 10．[B]
PART Ⅱ READING COMPREHENSION
TEXT A
试题详解
11．[C] 细节题。本题为第一题，从首段开始浏览。第二段首句指出“The
past few years have seen efforts to make things greener.”，之后具体
给出不同医院采取措施减少碳排放的例子，由此得出[C]符合文意，故为答案。
首段首句提到“Last month the National Health Service(NHS)in England
calculated its carbon footprint as the equivalent of 21m tonnes of
carbon dioxide a year”，之后第三句又指出“其他国家也好不了多少”，这
里讨论的是医疗系统的碳排放问题，而非整个国家的碳排放，无法得出[A]项结
论；[B]是针对首段末句“In Germany，a study by the Viamedica
Foundation showed that a hospital’s energy expenditure per bed was
roughly the same as that of three newly built homes”设置的干扰项，[B]
中说得过于绝对，也存在例外，故排除；文中指出医院的碳排放量比较多，但
并没有提到人们对其进行批判，[D]无依据，排除。
12．[B] 态度题。由题干中的 Anja Leetz 定位至第三段第二句“When
hospitals start looking at their energy usage，it is only the first
step in a long way”，这是对主题句“Moves towards energy efficiency
are essential to reduce carbon emissions，but they are not enough.”
的解释说明，由“万里长征第一步”可以判断 Anja Leetz 态度审慎，故[B]为
答案。文中只有 Anja Leetz 的这句评价，没有其他矛盾观点，排除[A]；首句
的“but they are not enough”表明了人们对医院减少碳排放措施并非十分满
意，排除[C]；negative 意为“负面的”，与原文语境矛盾，排除[D]。
13．[D] 篇章题。由题干中的 mad-cow disease 定位至第四段，在首句指
出“There are also protocols and procedures which add a lot of carbon
without providing a great deal of health.”之后，作者提到疯牛病，指出
相当于人类中的疯牛病的“雅氏病”的感染几率导致医院中一次性指甲钳的使
用，结果是“A low risk creates a mountain of waste.”。可以判断出，该
段首句为主题句，mad-cow disease 是作为例证出现在段中，用以支持主题句
的，末句是对该段内容的总结，由此得出[D]项推论。mad-cow disease 是文中
提到的细节，由英文篇章结构可知，细节是为主旨服务的支持性论据，每个段
落都有该段落的中心思想，第四段谈论的是医疗服务系统低效率、高碳排放的
问题，与疯牛病传播无关，排除[A]；也与前文中专家提到的观点没有直接关
联，排除[C]；选项[B]虽然捉到了碳排放，但与本段主题意思相距甚远，排
除。
14．[A] 推断题。按照试题顺序从第五段开始浏览。在该段提到一种解决
碳排放问题的看法之后，作者在第六段表达了个人观点“Easier said than
done.”，然后引用 David Pencheon 的话加以证明“shifting health care
out of hospitals means reworking the system from the inside out”。之
后，话锋一转“But it is possible.”，具体解释可以进行家庭医疗的原因。
由此可以看出对于家庭医疗的开展，专家还是持谨慎态度的，[A]符合文意，故
为答案。第五段第二句提到一个解决医院碳排放量高这一问题的方案“keeping
people out and looking after them at home instead.”，之后就该方案展
开说明，文中没有提及其他方法，[B]无依据，故排除；第七段主题句为
“Consultations，too，need not necessarily involve travel.”，之后以
肾移植病人的周期性回访为例说 明主题，并非说器官移植手术应该在家庭开
展，排除[C]；文中提到回访时用的是现在时，而[D]使用的是过去时，排除。
15．[A] 推断题。直接定位至末段，在首句指出：如同落实环境责任的第
一波是将焦点放在能源利用效率与设计上一样，这样的医疗保健分散化改革往
往能既减少对环境的影响又不牺牲医疗质量和安全。根据句意可以判断，句中
的 this way 与后面的 this greenery 均是指前面第五段提到的“One way to
avoid such problems is for people to stay at home”，故[A]符合文意。
“focused on energy efficiency and design”是“the first wave of
environmental responsibility”的定语从句，显然不是本文讨论的内容，排
除[B]；[C]是 this way 的结果，不是其内容，排除；而[D]是 this way 的同
的，排除。
试题详解
16．[B] 推断题。文章开篇指出“At first the weather was fine and
still.”。然后具体描写周围的景致，从第三句的“…a gay，resounding
note in the spring air”可以看出，好天气让人感到心情愉悦。之后作者话
锋一转“But when it began to get dark in the forest a cold，
penetrating wind blew inappropriately from the east，and everything
sank into silence”，夜幕降临之后给人的感觉就变成了“cheerless，
remote，and lonely in the forest”，可见，首段中构成鲜明对比的是令人
愉悦的白天和沉寂的夜晚，故[B]为答案。penetrating wind 是 第四句中提到
的夜幕降临时的细节，与白天不是对等关系，不能构成对照，排除[A]；
thrushes 和 icy pools 虽然分别是白天和夜晚提到的具体事物，但两者之间没
有逻辑语义上的关联，不能构成对照；同理，可直接 排除[D]。
17．[D] 推断题。由题干中的 Ivan Velikopolsky 定位至第二段。首句提
到他是“the son of a sacristan，and a student of the clerical
academy”，倒数第四句只是简单地提及他的父母“The student remembered
that，as he went out from the house，his mother was sitting barefoot
on the floor in the entry，cleaning the samovar，while his father lay
on the stove coughing”，由此无法得出[D]项结论，故为答案。第三句指出
“It seemed to him that the cold that had suddenly come on had
destroyed the order and harmony of things…”，结合第四句的“All
around it was deserted and peculiarly gloomy”可以看出，Ivan 情绪不
高，[A]符合文意；第六句“his mother was sitting barefoot…”，以及第
七句的“there had been just the same desperate poverty and bunger，
the same thatched roofs with holes in them…”表明他家境贫寒，[B]符合
文意；倒数第二句“All these had existed，did exist，and would exist，
and the lapse of a thousand years would make life no better.”句中的
时态以及 a thousand years 均表明他认为生活无望，[C]符合文意。
18．[B] 推断题。按照试题顺序从第三段开始浏览。根据第四段首句
“‘Here you have winter back again，’said the student，going up to
the camp fire.‘Good evening.’”以及首段第三句中的“in the spring
air”可以判断，故事发生的时间是春天，但突如其来的寒冷让两个寡妇点燃了
簿火，故[B]为答案。虽然第二段提到了他很饿，但文中没有任何文字明示或者
暗示他希望被邀请用餐，[A]无依据；第三段末句指出“There was a sound of
men’s voices；it was the labourers watering their horses at the
river”，但没有提及他们在寡妇家工作了多久， 排除[C]；文中没有提及邀请
邻居用餐，排除[D]。
19．[B] 推断题。根据题干中的 Vasilisa 以及试题顺序定位至第六段。第
二句对 Vasilisa 进行了描述，ardent 意为“热情的”，文中没有内容说明
Vasilisa 表现得极为热情，故[B]为答案。句中的“and a soft，sedate
smile never left her face”表明 Vasilisa 态度和蔼，表情祥和，amiable
意为“亲切的，和蔼的”，[A]和[D]符合文意；“expressed herself with
refinement”表明[C]“优雅的”符合文意。
20．[C] 推断题。由选项中的 Lukerya 定位至第六段末。其中提到
“simply screwed up her eyes at the student and said nothing，and she
had a strange expression like that of a deaf mute”，不断地被人瞟来瞟
去，没有和他打招呼，说明不受欢迎，[C]give the cold shoulder 意为“受
到冷遇”，符合文意，故为答案。文中只对 Lukerya 的行为表现进行了描述，
没有描写 Ivan 的心理活动，[A]和[B]无依据；从第三段对两个寡妇的介绍可以
看出 Ivan 对她们并不陌生，[D]与文意不符，排除。
TEXT C
试题详解
21．[A] 语义题。由题干定位至第二段。在首句提到“America remains a
beacon for the rest of the world：its treatment of corporate
bankruptcy”之后，作者指出“这看起来有点荒谬”，接着具体解释原因
“America’s excessive appetite for risk helped plunge the world into
recession”。而 excessive appetite 的结果就是“美国消费者拖欠大量贷
款”，对于这一点，他们指望着整个社会来承担后果。从 excessive
appetite，defaulting on their debts at astronomical rates 来看，这里
是谈论美国人过度消费的问题，四个选项中 extravagance 意为 “奢侈”，与
本题上下文语境吻合，故[A]为答案。proliferation 意为“增殖，扩散”，这
个词与上下文语境无关；vanity 意为“虚荣心”，conceit 意为“自大”，这
里一直谈论的是经济问题，涉及美国消费者的消费习惯问题，与性格特点无
关，排除[C]和[D]。
22．[B] 推断题。根据试题顺序及选项中的 Chrysler，General Motors 定
位至第三段。第三段第二句对美国的破产政策进行了简要概括“This means
distinguishing between potentially viable companies and terminally
ill ones.”，之后具体解释针对两种不同公司的处理办法：前者申请破产保
护，进行重组；后者申请破产清算，变现还债。第六句指出“Chrysler and
General Motors were both in the hands of‘new owners’within 45 days
of filing for bankruptcy．”，从 in the hands of new owners 可以判断，
这两个公司属于重组范畴，故[B]为答案。第二句明确指出破产政策的依据是
“distinguishing between potentially viable companies and terminally
ill ones”，与公司规模大小无关，排除[A]；首句中的 enlightened“开明
的，有见识的”表明作者对美国的破产政策赞赏有加，这里没有提到其他人对
这一政策的批评，排除[C]；第四句指出被认为无可救药的公司的破产政策：根
据“第 7 章”申请破产清算，清理变现公司资产，归还债权人。可见，这些公
司面临真正的倒闭解 体，[D]与文意不符，排除。
23．[C] 细节题。由题干中的 America’s leniency 定位至第四段。该段
首句为主题句，指出美国对待破产态度宽容有好处，之后具体说明。第三句提
到好处之一是“还能让美国保有企业家精神”，[C]是对这部分内容的曲解，文
中不是指“推动企业发展”之意，故为答案。末句表明“America’s leniency
towards bankrupts encourages novices to start their own bus
nesses”，[A]符合文意；该句后半句“allows people who have failed to
start again”说明[D]符合文意；而[B]与第二句的“prevented companies
such as United Airlines and General Motors from going into premature
liquidation，throwing thousands of people out of work”意思一致。
24．[B] 推断题。按照题目顺序从第五段开始继续浏览。该段首句提出个
人看法“The good news is that a growing number of countries are
following America’s lead．”，之后具体说明其他国家如何参照美国企业破
产模式进 行本同政策改革。第六段首句指出“Moving towards a more
enlightened treatment of bankruptcy will not be easy，particularly
for poor countries with inefficient legal systems and retributive
attitudes to debt”，这说明作者认为，影响贫穷国家的企业破产改革的两个
因素是法律体系和对待债务的态度。由于作者极力赞扬美同的企业破产政策，
可以推断，如果贫穷国家改变对待债务的态度，作者会认为是一件好事。故[B]
为答案。 第五段在提出主题句“The good news is that a growing number
of countries are following America’s lead．” 之后，提到了很多国家改
革本国企业破产程序的例子，其中提到法国、德国。但这些只是支持主题句的
细节，并没有表达富裕国家要为贫穷国家树立榜样之意，排除[A]；同理，也没
有提及欧洲国家要带头保护企业，排除[C]；第六段提到影响贫穷国家企业破产
程序改革的问题之一是政治体系问题，没有涉及经济体系，排除[D]。
25．[D] 主旨题。本文开篇由美国陷入困境的经济现状引出一个值得其他
国家学习借鉴的环节：处理破产公司的方式。第二段末句“But countries
that want to avoid unnecessary corporate carnage would nevertheless
be foolish to ignore the American example．”引出对美国对待破产公司明
智态度的说明。接下来作者谈论美国对待破产公司的宽容态度给本国经济带来
的好处，最后两段围绕“The good news is that a growing number of
countries are following America’s lead．”展开说明。可见，作者是围绕
美国对待破产公司的明智态度及其他国家以美国模式为版本改革本国企业破产
程序为主旨展开的说明，故[D]为答案。作者从第二段开始就对美国公司的破产
模式进行赞扬，出现了 beacon，enlightened 等词，第三段对该破产模式进行
了简要说明，可见美国对待公司破产态度明确，措施清楚，排除[A]；第三段末
句指出“It also means treating bankrupts relatively leniently，not as
sinners to be flagellated but rather as unfortunates who should be
given a second chance．”，这是文章支持性细节，非主旨，排除[B]；倒数
第二段举例说明了许多国家在进行企业破产模式改革，[C]是文章部分主旨，非
全部，排除。
TEXT D
试题详解
26．[D] 推断题。本题为第一题，直接从首段开始浏览，第二段首句表明
现在人们对电子邮件的看法“For it has lately become clear that nothing
burdens a life like an e-mail account．”，接着第二句进行解释，从
“It’s the old story：the new efficient technology ends up costing
far more time than it ever saves”，由此可以判断作者认为新技术的初衷
是节省人们的时间，但是结果却让人们花费更多的时间，这种事情屡见不鲜
了，[D]符合文意，故为答案。首段第三句提到 letter-writing，但该句含义
为：多亏电子邮件。写信这种行将消失的文化行为，在生动流畅的基础上，又
获得了一种直接性和即时性，从而突然变得焕然一新。句中的 moribund 意为
“垂死的”，这说明虽然 letter-writing 现在很少了，但还没有完全消亡，[A]
是对该部分内容的曲解；首段第一句指出电子邮件出现初期人们对它的看法
“In the early days of the inbox，it afforded the naive human
organism a certain pleasure to receive an e-mail．”，这里并没有提到
short and brief e-mail 受欢迎，排除[B]；第二段首句指出人们现在对电子
邮件的看法“For it has lately become clear that nothing burdens a
life like an e-mail account．”，该段末句提到 commuters(通勤者)，并没
有提到老人，[C]无依据，排除。
27．[A] 语义题。第三段首句表明观点“Correct e-mailing practice
does not exist．”，之后解释原凶，首先对电子邮件的往来模式进行定义
“spontaneity，alacrity”。破折号后面的内容是对前面内容的解释“the
right time to reply to a message is right away”，接着作者又进一步展
开说明，从文意可以判断“you reject the spontaneous spirit of e-mail；
you hold off replying for hours，days，even weeks”是与前面提及真正的
电子邮件往来模式相反的表现，即 hold off replying 与 alacrity 意思相反，
恰好又与破折号后面的 right away 吻合，故有“敏捷，及时”之意，故[A]为
答案。本题所在句子上下文处没有涉及电子邮件回复内容是否准确的问题，排
除[B]；后面解释的内容与回复的时间问题紧密联系，与个人意愿和是否全心投
入关联较小，排除[C]和[D]。
28．[A] 推断题。按照试题顺序从第四段开始浏览。倒数第三句指出“你
被一些事情激怒后——常常是想象出来的事情，因为在电子邮件中，没有谁的
语气能完全准确地传达——即刻予以猛烈回击。”对于这一情况，作者的态度
在最后两句中明确表达出来“You hit SEND and it’s too late．It’s too
late because it’s too soon．”, 由此可以判断电子邮件可以传递轻率鲁莽
和坏脾气，但这并非好事，自然不是发泄怒气的好途径了，[A]不 符合文意，
故为答案。第三段最后两句指出人们推迟回复邮件的结果：邮件走味了，因此
你的回复就变得吃力。为了弥补对发件方的冒犯，邮件不得不写得详实具体。
可见[B]符合文意；第四段第二句指出：西方文明认为通信是表达礼貌的最好方
式，可见[C]符合文意；第四段第四句直接表明“Over e-mail，you can be in
touch with so many people”，[D]与这部分内容吻合。
29．[C] 态度题。由题干中的 Petrarchan sonnet 定位至第六段。在第五
段提及 e-mail 的一个功能“用于调情”之后，解释了原因。第六段第二句将
e-mail 和 Petrarchan sonnet 进行类比，指出两者均为调情工具，但 e-mail
的结果却是“But one has many correspondents．and few if any lover”。
文中作者没有对 Petrarchan sonnet 进行过多评论，无法明确判断出作者的态
度，故[C]为答案。[A]和[B]是两种截然不同的看法，虽然作者提到
Petrarchan sonnet 是 properly a seduction device，但作者没有明示或暗示
对其表示认同或批判，这两项无依据；此外，作者也没有表示出对 Petrarchan
sonnet 的冷淡或者漠视，排除[D]。
30．[B] 推断题。由题干中的 Western civilization 及试题顺序定位至最
后两段。全文最后一句中的“tapping out ephemera at our keyboards”是指
在电脑上发送电子邮件，其结果是“wilt bring down this civilization
once and for all”。题干中的 at first hand 意为“直接地”，那么发送邮
件导致人类文明巨大灾难的直接原因是什么呢?浏览倒数第二段可以找出答案
“the business pages report a dialectical reversal whereby the means
of communication overwhelm the means of production”，这是与该段首句
提到的 efficiency 这个初衷相悖的，因此可得出这一逻辑，电子邮件使得工作
效率低下，最终会导致西方文明崩溃，故[B]为答案。末段首句直接 指出
Western civilization has become a giant inbox，显然巨大的“收件箱”与
文明的崩溃不构成直接因果关系，排除[A]；[C]具有较强干扰性，因为末段最
后一句明确指小“tapping out ephemera at our keyboards，will bring
down this civilization once and for all”，但题干中的 at first hand 限
定了“最直接的原因”，可以回溯到倒数第二段内容；[D]中的“现象”指代不
明确，排除。
PART Ⅲ
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
31．[A] 本题考查美国历史知识。水门事件，是指美国共和党政府在 1972
年总统竞选运动中的非法活动暴露后的政治丑闻。水门事件是美国历史上最不
光彩的政治丑闻之一。1974 尼克松因水门事件辞职，从而成为美国历史上首位
辞职的总统。
32．[B] 本题考查英国政治知识。欧元(euro)是欧洲货币联盟国家(EMU)单
一货币的名称。是欧盟(European Union)中十三个国家的货币，这十三个国家
是：奥地利、比利时、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、
荷兰、葡萄牙、斯洛文尼亚和西班牙，他们合称为欧元区(euro-zone)，2008
年塞浦路斯和马耳他也加入欧元区，使欧元成员国增至 15 个。英国虽是欧盟成
员国，但是一直未加入欧元区，英国现有的国家货币仍是英镑。
33．[C] 本题考查美国地理知识。阿巴拉契亚山脉(The Appalachians)和
落基山脉(The Rockies)是美国的两座大山脉。落基山是北美大陆的脊梁，也被
称为大陆分水岭；内华达山脉(Sierra Nevada)是美国西南部的花岗岩断块山，
内有美同著名的约塞米蒂国家公园(Yosemite National Park)；拉什莫尔山
(Mount Rushmore)，位于南达科他州拉皮德城西南方，因其山上雕刻着美国四
位总统的头像，而被人称做“总统山”。
34．[B] 本题考查新西兰政治知识。从 1879 年开始，新西兰每三年举行一
次全国大选。新西兰沿袭了英国的君主立宪的议会制体系(只不过它是单议会
制，只有下议院)。大选就是国会的议员选举。获胜的候选人代表选民进入同会
组成新的最高立法机构。国会的最高首脑不是国王或女王，而是由代表国王或
女王的总督来担当。
35．[A] 本题考查英国文学知识。Ivanhoe(《艾凡赫》，又名《劫后英雄
传》)，是英国小说家 Walter Scott(瓦尔特·司各特，1771-1832)的代表作，
司各特善于创作历史小说，被誉为欧洲历史小说的“第一人”。
36．[A] 本题考查美国文学知识。哈莱姆文艺复兴(the Harlem
Renaissance)又称黑人文艺复兴，是 20 世纪 20 年代美国纽约黑人聚集区哈莱
姆的黑人作家们发起的文学运动，他们的作品强调民族传统、种族自尊和非洲
传统。
37．[D] 本题考查英国文学知识。Henry Fielding(亨利·费尔丁，1707—
1754)是 18 世纪英国小说家，他的代表作有 Jose ph Andrews(《约瑟夫·安德
鲁斯》)、The Life of Mr．Jonathan Wild the Grest(《大伟人江奈生·魏尔
德传》)和 The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling(《汤姆·琼斯》)；
Clarissa，or the History of a Young Lady(《克拉丽莎》)是英国小说家
Samuel Richardson(塞缪尔·理查森，1689—1761)的代表作。
38．[D] 本题考查语言学知识。structural Linguistics(结构主义语言学)
的三个主要流派在理论上都源于索绪尔的基本思想，但又各有特点：
Functional Linguistics(布拉格功能主义学派)注重对语言结构的功能进行研
究， Glossematics(哥本哈根语符学派)注重语言结构之间的关系，
Descriptive Linguistics(美国描写语言学派)注 重语言结构形式的描写与分
析。Cognitive Linguistics(认知语言学)是语言研究近年兴起的一个学派或思
潮，是语言学内部的一种研究范式，其特点是着重阐释语言和其他认知能力之
间密不可分的联系。
39．[B] 本题考查语言学知识。Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(萨丕尔沃尔夫假
说)。认为语言因其自我成形、自我创造的能力而能决定人们对世界的认识，是
形成人们世界意象的积极因素；互动假说(Interaction Hypothesis)认为二语
习得是学习者与其他讲话人特别是水平比自己高的对话者之间互动的结果；关
键期假说(Critical Period Hypothesis)认为大脑会逐渐失去可塑性，因此在
2 岁至青春期之前，能轻松自然地习得语言；乔姆斯基的天赋假说(Nativism
Theory)提出儿童生来就伴随着一种独特的天赋才能，他们不仅有一般的倾向和
潜力，而且有着关于世界本质的知识，尤其是关于语言本质的知识。
40．[A] 本题考查语言学知识。言语行为理论由英国哲学家 Austin 提出，
塞尔继承和发展了这一理论，将言语行为分为阐述类(representative)、指令
类(directive)、承担类(commissive)、宣告类(declarative)和表达类
(expressive)五种；其中阐述类是指描述状况和事件的言语行为，如选项[D]；
指令类是指具有使对方做某事的言语行为，如建议、请求或命令，如选项[B]；
承担类是指说话人表示将要干什么，如许诺、恐吓等，例如 选项[A]；宣告类
是指改变某种事态的言语行为；表达类是指说话人表达自己对某事的情感和态
度，如选 项[C]。
PART Ⅳ PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION
1．the→去掉 the 冠词错误。images 此处以复数形式进行泛指，表示图
像，不需要与定冠词连用。
2．with→of 固定搭配错误。ahead 与介词 of 搭配，表示“在……之
前”，不能与 with 搭配。
3．from→去掉 from 介词赘述。句中 demand 是及物动词，其宾语是定语
从句的先行词 preoccupation，不需要与介词连用，因此定语从句引导词前面
的介词 from 应该去掉。
4．long→longer 比较级错误。纵观整个句子，此句将人类与动物的记忆
力作了比较：人类不需要像动物那样全神贯注地投入才能形成记忆，记忆持续
的时间也长久得多。除了最后一个分句解释了原因之外，前两个分句都是比较
的内容，因此应该使用形容词比较级 longer。
5．1ike→as 连词混用。like 与 as 都可以用作连词，表示“像……一
样”，但是 as 是从属连词，后面与句子连用，用于句子的比较，like 后面与
宾语连用。此处是 there is 句子，因此只能用 as 引导。
6．∧last→the 冠词遗漏。有了 last 修饰的时间名词．前面都要与定冠
词 the 连用，不可省略冠词。
7．event→events 名词数的错误。此句中包含一个 which 引导的定语从
句，修饰 event，从句中的几个并列动词 are，guard，create 都用了原形，因
此其先行词应该是复数形式 events。本句意为：想象为我们呈现一些依靠感官
无法触及的事物。解题时要注意区分开主句的主语以及从句的主语。
8．cut→cuts 主谓不一致。此句的主语是 lack，复数意义的 ideas．只是
修饰主语的，因此动词要使用第三人称单数形式 cuts。
9．like→alike 近义词误用。从句意来看，此处指过去和现在两者都，只
有 alike 可以用作副词，表示“两者都，同样地”，而 like 后面通常与宾语连
用，此处形近词混用了。此外，alike 又可以作形容词，通常只用作表语。
10．our→us 代词错误。纵观最后一整句话，主语 gift 后面包含一个
which 引导的定语从句 which makes our human，make 后面跟双宾，远宾是
human，近宾应该使用宾格代词 us，而不能用形容词性的物主代词 our。该句的
意思是“在人与动物之间的所有区别中，使我们成其为人的特殊天赋就是运用
象征图像的能力，也即想象的天赋。”
PART Ⅴ TRANSLATION
SECTION A
参考译文
I majored in English, which had been completely strange to me. It
is imaginable what formidable difficulty I was faced with. For a
certain period of time, I had been caught in the depth of misery
because of despair and perplexity. It is my thirst for knowledge that
broke up the dark clouds in my mind and encouraged me to learn
English, from the very beginning, step by step with great
perseverance. I knew clearly that, being a latecomer, diligence was
the only means by which I could catch up with my classmates. So each
day I spent one more hour reading in the morning and one more hour
doing exercises at night than my classmates did. Besides, I always
had a slip of paper in my pocket on which were written the new words,
and whenever I was free I would learn them by heart. Once, on my way
to the dining hall, I was so preoccupied with memorizing the new
words that I bumped into a tree. It made my fellow students all roar,
while I simply smiled it off and returned to my new words drudgery.
参考译文
从表面上看，许多婚姻的破裂似乎是由于“第三者”造成的。然而，这只
是一种心理上的幻觉。另外那个女人或另外那个男人，不过是作为借口，用以
解除那早已不是完好无损的婚姻罢了。
因为失恋而痛苦，因为别人“插足”于自己和心上人之间而图谋报复，是
最没有意义，最自作自受的了。这其实是歪曲了事实真相，因为谁都不是别人
的俘虏或受害者——每个人都是自由的个体，自己把握着自己的命运，不管它
是好是坏。
但是，被抛弃的情人或伴侣无法相信自己所爱的人会主动离开自己——于
是就归咎于插足者心术不正或迷人有术，称插足者为催眠师、窃贼或破坏家庭
的人。然而，在大多数情况下，一个家庭的破裂，是早在什么“第三者”出现
之前就已经开始了的。
PART Ⅵ
WRITING
Is lnternet Sensationalization Acceptable?
For most netizens, the following scenario may be familiar: a post
with erotic photos is submitted by a netizen in a certain forum;
"interested" netizens begin to make both positive and negative
comments so that an increasing number of netizens would be involved
in the hot discussion; and then the post is to be linked to other
forums and websites, and the post-submitter will be interviewed by a
series of entertainment programs and newspapers; eventually, the
post-submitter gains celebrity overnight. Netizens call this process
Internet sensationalization. By far, there have been a variety of
successful Internet sensationalization cases such as Lotus Sister and
February Girl. While many conservative people deem it vulgar, I
personally think that the sensationalization is acceptable so long as
it is not maliciously intended.
Firstly, the Internet sensationalization provides opportunities
for grass-root people who want to make a name. Generally speaking, it
is difficult for grass-root people to become eminent through
conventional means, for the world is so competitive that only those
most talented and diligent people can make it. Even if they
eventually realize their dreams, it would take time and efforts.
Thanks to the Internet, people can easily be informed, which
indicates that so long as the news is sensational enough, it will be
quickly transmitted to each corner of our country. Overnight, it is
likely that an unknown person hits the headlines of portal websites,
and then is interviewed by different newspapers. If the new big shot
proves well-received by the public, he will soon be offered a role in
movies or TV series.
Secondly, as Internet sensationalization can not succeed without
hot discussion of various opinions, participants in the discussion
will have access to different ideas and become more rational. For
example, in Chanel Girl's case, she claimed that she was expelled by
the university authorities because she had renounced foreign language
teaching in her blog. In response, some netizens argue that as an
individual has the right of delivering free speeches, it is
ridiculous for a prestigious university to expel the student. Of
course, there are netizens who disagree with the argument. They argue
that we cannot believe in all that Chanel Girl said in her blog, for
it would take time for the university to make the decision. As the
latter revealed the truth, it indicated the girl had lied. In this
sense, people will learn to figure out the truth in the Internet
sensationalization and hence become more rational.
Undoubtedly, there are some negative impacts of Internet
sensationalization. For example, those involved in the
sensationalization may be unfairly criticized. Anyway, Internet
sensationalization can be used by grass-root people to make a name
overnight, if they do not have malicious intentions.
听力原稿
PART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION
SECTION A
MINI-LECTURE
Critical Reading Towards Critical Writing
Good morning, every one. Today we will discuss about critical
reading and critical writing.
First, I'd like to tell you that critical writing depends on
critical reading. Most of the papers you write will involve
reflection on written texts—the thinking and research that has
already been done on your subject. (1) In order to write your own
analysis of this subiect, you will need to do careful critical
reading of sources and to use them critically to make your own
argument. The judgments and interpretations you make of the texts you
read are the first steps towards formulating your own approach.
Then the problem comes: what is critical reading?
(2) To read critically is to make judgments about how a text is
argued. This is a highly reflective skill requiring you to "stand
back" and gain some distance from the text you are reading. You might
have to read a text through once to get a basic grasp of content
before you launch into an intensive critical reading. THE KEY IS THIS:
(3) don't read looking only or primarily for information; do read
looking for ways of thinking about the subject matter.
When you are reading, highlighting, or taking notes, avoid
extracting and compiling lists of evidence, lists of facts and
examples. Avoid approaching a text by asking "What information can I
get out of it?" Rather ask "How does this text work? How is it argued?
How is the evidence, the facts, examples, etc. used and interpreted?
How does the text reach its conclusions?"
Next, how do we read looking for ways of thinking?
(4) 1. Determine the central claims or purpose of the text, that
is its thesis. A critical reading attempts to assess how these
central claims are developed or argued.
2. Begin to make some judgements about context. What audience is
the text written for? Who is it in dialogue with? This will probably
be other scholars or authors with differing viewpoints. In what
historical context is it written? All these matters of context can
contribute to your assessment of what is going on in a text.
(5) 3. Distinguish the kinds of reasoning the text employs. What
concepts are defined and used? Does the text appeal to a theory or
theories? Is any specific methodology laid out? If there is an appeal
to a particular concept, theory, or method, how is that concept,
theory, or method then used to organize and interpret the data? You
might also examine how the text is organized: how has the author
analyzed or broken down the material? Be aware that different
discipline, i. e. history, sociology, philosophy, biology, will have
different ways of arguing.
(6) 4. Examine the evidence, the supporting facts, examples, etc.
the text employs. Supporting evidence is indispensable to an argument.
Having worked through steps 1—3, you are now in a position to grasp
how the evidence is used to develop the argument and its controlling
claims and concepts. Steps 1—3 allow you to see evidence in its
context. Consider the kinds of evidence that are used. What counts as
evidence in this argument? Is the evidence statistical? literary?
historical? etc. From what sources is the evidence taken? Are these
sources primary or secondary?
5. Critical reading may involve evaluation. Your reading of a
text is already critical if it accounts for and makes a series of
judgments about how a text is argued. However, (7) some essays may
also require you to assess the strengths and weaknesses of an
argument. If the argument is strong, why? Could it be better or
differently supported? Are there gaps, leaps, or inconsistencies in
the argument? Is the method of analysis problematic? Could the
evidence be interpreted differently? Are the conclusions warranted by
the evidence presented? What are the unargued assumptions? Are they
problematic? What might an opposing argument be?
At the end, I'd like to give you some practical tips.
(8) 1. Critical reading occurs after some preliminary processes
of reading. Begin by skimming research materials, especially
introductions and conclusions, in order to strategically choose where
to focus your critical efforts.
2. When highlighting a text or taking notes from it, teach
yourself to highlight argument: those places in a text where an
author explains her analytical moves, the concepts she uses, how she
uses them, how she arrives at conclusions. Don't let yourself
foreground and isolate facts and examples, no matter how interesting
they may be. First, look for the large patterns that give purpose,
order, and meaning to those examples. The opening sentences of
paragraphs can be important to this task.
3. When you begin to think about how you might use a portion of a
text in the argument you are forging in your own paper, try to remain
aware of how this portion fits into the whole argument from which it
is taken. Paying attention to context is a fundamental critical move.
(9) 4. When you quote directly from a source, use the quotation
critically. This means that you should not substitute the quotation
for your own articulation of a point. Rather, introduce the quotation
by laying out the judgments you are making about it, and the reasons
why you are using it. Often a quotation is followed by some further
analysis.
(10) 5. Critical reading skills are also critical listening
skills. In your lectures, listen not only for information but also
for ways of thinking. Your instructor will often explicate and model
ways of thinking appropriate to a discipline.
OK, today we have had a brief look about critical reading towards
critical writing. If you have any question, please call me or send me
an e-mail. Thank you for your time!
SECTION B
INTERVIEW
M: This morning we've got kicking off a new series, New Year, New
You. Every January, millions of Americans resolve to stick with diet
and get healthy. But research shows more than 80% never follow
through. How to beat the odds? Today nutritionist and author of Your
Inner Skinny Joy Bauer is here. Happy New Year.
W: Happy New Year. And I'll tell you as a guide and health coach.
This is my absolute favorite time of the year, (1) because people
have ambitious health intentions they believe in their capabilities,
and to believe in that you can do something is the key ingredient to
success.
M: So then what happens?
W: What happens is we feel overwhelmed at the task. No one likes
to feel overwhelmed, so they are kind of going to state of denial. I
don't really need it and what is a big factor is a lot of dieting is
emotional and if you don't understand the unconscious motivation for
eating, or for not exercising for being generally healthy, it's very
hard to move forward.
M: (2) So, what's the first step?
W: (2) You really need to deal with the issue of do I need this
or don't I need this to not go into denial. That's to say, it's not
just that I like this, I want this, but I really need this for me to
take a look at what the unconscious motivations might be for eating
and try to address those as well not just what your diet will be, but
you know, am I sad, am I angry, am I having difficulty in some arena
that propels me to eat. As you know that sometimes it's gonna be
uncomfortable to sit with those feelings without numbing it with food.
M: So we want to get started, Joy you say one of the first thing
you do is a copycat?
W: Right, because you want to copy the characteristics of
successful losers so to speak, so this is what we know, thanks to the
National Weight Control Registry, (3) 78% of successful dieters eat
healthy breakfasts every single day. (3) They also weigh themselves
at least once a week as a sort of reality check and they watch less
than…
M: Or like me once a day?
W: (3) They watch less than ten hours of TV per week and on
average they exercise about an hour a day. And I realize that 60
minutes seems daunting to a lot of people, but remember that 30
minutes of exercise is more than zero minutes of exercise and that
doesn't have to be continuous. It can be bite size pieces, ten
minutes in the morning, ten minutes in the afternoon and ten minutes
in the evening.
M: So, but Joy, a lot of people I think when they look at this,
they will start to panic, like I can't handle it.
W: Correct. Correct.
M: How do you deal with it?
W: You know, what you need to do is to break it into bite size
pieces. So, you have your long term goal.
M: No pun intended?
W: No pun intended, exactly. (4) I'm so glad you have said that,
because I would've kept going, but you have your long term goal, but
you also want to have sort of weekly goal, or maybe even a daily goal
and a really useful thing is to write it down, because it's very easy
to fudge with yourself later, say, it's too scary, never mind, forget
it. And I love the idea of making both. Short-term weekly goals and
the long-term goals, the long-term goal might be I wanna lose 60
pounds. But the weekly goal could be, you know what, I'm not gonna
eat after a dinner every night this week.
M: I think that for a lot of people to look at 60 pounds is such
a big number, but if you average it out, that's a little bit more
than a pound a week, maybe.
W: Right, and that can be another short-term goal. I wanna lose
one pound this week.
M: And Joy you also say, become a fidgety person?
W: Right, you just wanna move more in general, we are talking
about form of exercise, so in other words, walk when you talk, (5)
pace around the kitchen when you are on the phone. Instead of having
your kids be the errand boys, so to speak, fetch the phone, the mail,
the remote control yourself.
M: Apart a little from the mall parking.
W: (5) Yes, and don't be so efficient with your groceries.
Instead of bundling five or six, you know, big bags in your arms,
take one or two into the house from the drive way at a time. You know,
it's gonna make you walk a little more so it's gonna extend the time
getting the grocery into the house. But you are going to burn
calories and also (5) while you flop on the couch watching TV during
those commercial breaks, get up and move, march in place, do some
jumping jacks, we've got this TV workout for free on our website from
which people can download.
M: Well, some good advice for people who want more information,
they can also go on our website, and get that information. Joy Bauer,
thanks so much.
W: Well, my pleasure.
SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Question 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the news
item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen
to the news.
(6) Rescuers will use machines Sunday to try to reach 33 workers
trapped in a caved-in mine in Chile, emergency officials said. The
miners have been trapped since late Thursday, the country's National
Emergency Office said. Their conditions are unknown. Rescuers faced a
significant setback Saturday when another cave-in blocked the path
they were trying to use to reach the miners, the office said. Local
media reported that the workers may be in a shelter inside the mine.
Chilean President Sebastian Pinera traveled to Copiapo, the city
where the mine is located, Saturday night to meet with officials
there. "We are going to do everything humanly possible to rescue
alive the 33 people who are trapped. In this there will be no
hesitation and a total commitment," he said, according to a statement
posted on his office's website.
Questions 7 and 8 are based on the following news. At the end of
the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.
Now listen to the news.
(7) The foreign ministers of India and Pakistan have hailed a
"new era of cooperation", after meeting for the first time since
peace talks between the rival nations resumed earlier this year. The
officials promised to initiate new trade and travel contacts across
their disputed border. (7) The peace dialogue between India and
Pakistan resumed in February, following a two-year freeze after the
2008 terrorist attack on Mumbai. India blamed Pakistan-based Islamist
militants for the three-day siege on the country's financial hub.
Pakistan's Foreign Secretary Salman Bashir, who was also in New Delhi
for the talks, told reporters Wednesday there had been some progress
on the issue in ways that have not been publicized. (8) The foreign
ministers announced India and Pakistan will double the opportunity
for traders to cross the so-called "Line of Control" in disputed
Kashmir, from two to four days a week. Khar and Krishna also promised
to expand travel opportunities for tourism and religious pilgrimages
across the tense border separating the Himalayan region. The two
senior diplomats say they are committed to sustaining dialogue, and
that their next minister-level meeting will take place next year.
Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end
of the news item , you will be given 20 seconds to answer the
questions. Now listen to the news.
(9) For most people, logging into Facebook on your birthday means
feeling like the most popular person in the world. But there's
another group of users who have little use for Facebook birthday
celebrations. A few, such as H.Chung So, even wish they could avoid
Facebook birthdays altogether. "The quality of birthday well-wishes
means way more to me than the quantity of them, which typically
happens on Facebook," he said. "Birthday wishes are very well-meaning.
But if you get flooded with them, it just dilutes the impact. "
It's not clear how many Facebook users actually count the number
of birthday messages they get. But research has found a link between
Facebook activity and feelings of popularity. (10) A recent study
published in the journal "Social Psychological and Personality
Science" found that adults have almost as much need for being popular
on Facebook as teenagers do. And people who crave acceptance are more
likely to share personal updates and post birthday greetings on
friends' walls, said Emily Christofides, lead author of the study.
There's no denying that typing a few words and hitting the
"Enter" key is easier than mailing a card. But Cohen believes the
majority of Facebook users appreciate birthday greetings, no matter
how many potentially annoying alerts they receive.