CVA Lab 6 and 7 – Muscles, Musculature and Comparative Aspects
For this lab study chapter 7. You should be able to identify location of the muscles, attachment
sites, and actions. For mammals (the cat), know the identification of all muscles listed below. If
they are marked with “*”, then know their action, if they are marked with “!”, then know their
attachment sites. For the shark and the pigeon, be able to identify the muscles.
You should also understand the following terms, the majority of which can be found on pages
114-121: Striated muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, muscle body (or belly), endomysium,
perimysium, epimysium, fasciculi, muscle fiber, myofibril, sarcomere, actin, myosin, parallel,
pinnate, segmented, myotome, tendon, ligament, fascia, aponeurosis, origin, insertion, action,
flexion, extension, pronation, supination, adduction, abduction, protraction, retraction, axial
rotation.
Page numbers correspond to Homberger and Walker 2004 - 9/e
Slides
1) Be able to identify cardiac, smooth and striated muscle.
2) Striated muscle: know which bands correspond to actin and which correspond to myosin and
identify a sarcomere.
3) Find an intercalated disk – state its function.
4) Find a nucleus in each muscle cell type.
In lab 7, I will prepare some comparative dissections for you. For lab 6, concentrate on the
muscles of the cat (mammalian system pp. 145 - 183).
MAMMALS
Cutaneous (hyoid) Muscles (pg 145, 180)
Platysma*!
Facial mucles
Branchiomeric (head) muscles (pp 179 –
180, Anatomy in Action 7-3 (p. 182))
Temporal* (fig. 7-40)
Masseter* (fig. 7-40)
Cutaneous Trunk Muscles (pp 146 – 149,
Figures 7-17 and 7-40)
(Hypaxial)
throacolumbar fascia
external oblique*!
internal oblique*!
transverses abdominus*!
rectus abdominus!
(Epaxial)
erector spinae* (fig 7-40)
Pectoral Muscles (pp. 149-162 and figures
on those pages
Pectoralis superficialis*! (general) (figure 718)
Pectoralis profundus*! (figure 7-18)
Trapezius*! (general)
Sternocleidomastoid*! (general) (fig. 7-18,
19)
Latissmus dorsi*! (fig 7-18, 19)
Supraspinatus*! (fig 7-21)
Infraspinatus*! (fig 7-21)
Teres major (fig. 7-21)
Teres minor (see if you can find this one –
but you’re not responsible for it)
Rhomboideus*! (general) (fig. 7-21, 22)
Serratus ventralis*! (fig. 7-21)
Serratus dorsalis (fig. 7-21)
Triceps brachii*! (figs. 7-21, 25, 26)
Bicepts brachii*! (figs. 7-23, 27, 28)
Flexors of the antebrachium*! (figs. 7-23,
25, 26, 27, 28)
Extensors of the antebrachium*! (figs. 7-23,
25, 26, 27, 28)
Pelvic Muscles pp. 162 – 173 and figures on
those pages
Sartorius*! (fig 7-29, 33)
Tensor fasciae latae (fig. 7-29)
Biceps femoris*! (fig. 7-29)
Fascia cruris (fig. 7-29)
Semitendinosus*! (figs 7-29, 30)
Caudofemoral(is)*! (figs 7-29, 30)
Gluteus muscle*! (general) (figs 7-29, 30)
Quadriceps femoris* (figs 7-29, 30, 31)
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Gracilis*! (fig. 7-33)
Semimembranosus*! (figs. 7-29, 33)
Triceps surae
Gastrocnemius*! (fig 7-33, 34, 35)
Soleus*! (fig 7-35)
Shank flexors and extensors*! (fig 7-37)
CHONDRICTHYES
Find these on your sharks
Myoseptum
Myomere
Epaxial muscles
Hypaxial muscles
Horizontal skeletogenous septum
Red fibers (adjacent to horizontal
skeletogenous septum)
White fibers
AVES
I’ll prepare a pigeon for these
Primary flight muscles
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor (Supracoracoideus)
Pelvic musculature
Iliotibialis
Caudofemoralis
Gastrocnemius
Quadriceps femoris
Muscle Functions and Actions
Platysma – facial expression
Masseter – close jaw (see Box 7-3 on page 182)
Temporal – close jaw (see Box 7-3 on page 182)
External oblique – compress tummy
Internal oblique – compress stomach
Transverses abdominus – stomach movement
erector spinae – back movement
Pectoralis superficialis – adduction and retraction of humerus
Pectoralis profundus - adduction and retraction of humerus
Trapezius (general) – adduction, protraction and retraction of scapula
Sternocleidomastoid – move head
Latissmus dorsi – retract humerus
Supraspinatus – protract humerus
Infraspinatus – rotates humerus outward
Rhomboideus (general) – stabilizes scapula
Serratus ventralis – transfers body weight to pectoral girdle
Triceps brachii - extension of forearm
Biceps brachii – flexor of forearm
Flexors of the antebrachium – angle reducers (curl inward)
Extensors of the antebrachium – angle extenders (extend outward)
Sartorius – adduct femur and rotate
Biceps femoris – flex shank and abduct thigh
Semitendinosus – flex shank and retract thigh
Caudofemoral(is) – abducts/retracts thigh and extends shank
Gluteus muscle (general) – abducts thigh
Quadriceps femoris – 1° shank extension
Gracilis – adduct/retract thigh and flex foot
Semimembranosus – retract ghigh and flex shank
Triceps surae
Gastrocnemius – flexor
Soleus – flexor
Shank flexors and extensors – reduce and increase angle of foot respectively
Muscle attachment sites (origins and insertions)
Since origins and insertions are relative depending upon the position of the body and activity of
movement, consider the following as “attachment sites”.
Platysma – hyoid musculature to CT underlying facial features
External oblique – thoracolumbar fascia to linea alba (l. a.)
Internal oblique – same
Transverses abdominus – deep epaxial musculature to l.a.
Rectus Abdominus – pubis to sternum and costal cartilage
Pectoralis superficialis – sternum to humerus
Pectoralis profundus – same
Trapezius (general) – middorsal thorax to scapula
Sternocleidomastoid – manubrium/clavicle to mastoid region
Latissmus dorsi – thoracolumbar fascia to proximal end of humerus
Supraspinatus – supraspinous fossa to greater tubercle of humerus
Infraspinatus – infraspinous fossa to g. tub.
Rhomboideus (general) – cervical and thoracic vertebrae to dorsal scapula
Serratus ventralis – dorsal border of scapula to ribs
Triceps brachii – scapula to olecranon process of ulna
Biceps brachii – glenoid fossa to radial tuberosity
Flexors of the antebrachium – medial condyle to carpals and metacarpals
Extensors of the antebrachium – lateral epicondyle to hand
Sartorius – ilium to patella
Biceps femoris – tuberosity of ischium to aponeurosis of patella
Semitendinosus – caudal biceps femoris to tibia
Caudofemoral(is) – caudal vertebrae to patella
Gluteus muscle (general) – sacral fascia and lateral ilium to greater trochanter
Gracilis – pubis/iscial sympheses to aponeurosis of tibia
Semimembranosus – tuberosity of ischium to medial condyle of femur
Triceps surae
Gastrocnemius – lateral epicondyle to heel bone
Soleus – proximal fibula to calcaneus heel bone
Shank flexors and extensors – caudomedial and craniolateral surfaces (respectively) of shank to
foot parts.