A.P. PSYCHOLOGY FLASH CARD LIST
 Concept on one side, explanation on other side (include limitations, components, etc.) – e.g.
Naturalistic Observation = observe subject in natural context + behavior likely more
natural – observer bias (observer looks for specific behaviors with prejudice)
 For theories,
 Name of theory on one side
 area of study, name of psychologist(s), specifics of theory (stages, reason for study,
etc) additional issues involved with the theory (ethics, limitations, etc) and
application to today’s psychology
 For People
 Name on one side
 Issue & Significant Event on other side
Ch 1 & Appendix A History &
Research
Concepts
Scientific method
Case study
Survey
Naturalistic observation
Observer bias
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Experimental group
Control group
Correlational research
Experimental method
Research ethics
Naturalistic observation
Ethics of research
Central tendency
Mean
Median
Mode
Normal curve
Skewed distribution
Range
Standard deviation
Scatter plot
Correlation coefficient
Significance
Theories
Developmental psychology
Physiological psychology
Experimental psychology
Personality psychology
Clinical and counseling psychology
Social psychology
Industrial/Organizational psychology
Functionalism
Structuralism
Psychodynamic psychology
Behaviorism
Gestalt psychology
Humanistic psychology
Cognitive psychology
Evolutionary psychology
People
Wilhelm Wundt
Edward Bradford Titchener
William James
B.F. Skinner
Stanley Milgram
Mary Whiton Calkins
Charles Darwin
Dorothea Dix
Sigmund Freud
G. Stanley Hall
Charles Darwin
Dorothea Dix
Ivan Pavlov
Jean Piaget
Carl Rogers
Margaret Floy Washburn
John B. Watson
Ch 2 Biological Bases of Behavior
Concepts
Neurons
Dendrites
Axon
Nerve
Myelin sheath
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons
Interneurons
Glial cells
Resting potential
Action potential
Threshold of excitation
All-or-none law
Absolute refractory period
Relative refractory period
Synaptic cleft
Terminal button
Synapse
Neurotransmitters
Neural plasticity
Neurogenesis
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Hindbrain
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Limbic system
Endocrine System
Corpus Callosum
CAT/CT Scan
MRI
EEG
PET Scan
fMRI
People
Paul Broca
Charles Darwin
Michael Gazzaniga
Roger Sperry
Carl Wernicke
1
Ch. 3 Sensation & Perception
Concepts
Sensation
Perception
Receptor cell
Absolute threshold
Adaptation
Light/Dark Adaptation
Just noticeable difference
Weber’s Law
Subliminal perception
Extrasensory perception
Telepathy
Clairvoyance
Precognition
Drawing + functions of eye
Afterimage
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Frequency
Pitch
Amplitude
Drawing + functions of ear
Olfactory epithelium
Olfactory bulb
Pheromones
Papillae
Kinesthetic senses
Vestibular senses
Placebo effect
Figure-ground
Perceptual constancy
Monocular cues
Binocular cues
Retinal disparity
Convergence
Theories
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
Gate control theory
Biopsychosocial theory
Gestalt psychology
People
Gustav Fechner
David Hubel
Ernst Weber
Torsten Wiesel
Ch. 4 Consciousness
Concepts
Waking consciousness
Altered consciousness
Circadian rhythms
Jet lag
Stages 1-4
REM
Sleeptalking, sleepwalking and night
terrors Insomnia
Apnea
Narcolepsy
Treatment of sleep disorders
Manifest content
Latent content
Psychoactive drugs
Depressants (foldable?)
Stimulants (foldable?)
Hallucinogens (foldable?)
Meditation
Hypnosis
Extinction in C.C. and O.C.
Spontaneous Recovery in C.C. and
O.C.
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
Response generalization
Higher-order conditioning
Primary reinforcers
Secondary reinforcers
Contingencies
Fixed-interval schedule
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-interval schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Latent learning
Theories
Cognitive map
Psychoanalysis explanation of dreams Insight
Dreams and Information processing
Vicarious learning
Dreams and neural activity
Theories
People
Law of effect
William James
Social learning theory
Sigmund Freud
Ernest Hilgard
People
Albert Bandura
John Garcia
Ch. 5 Learning
Concepts
Ivan Pavlov
Learning
Robert Rescorla
Conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Cognitive learning
Edward Thorndike
Classical conditioning
Edward Tolman
CS
John B. Watson
US
UR
Ch. 6 Memory
CR
Concepts
Desensitization therapy
Memory
Preparedness
Sensory registers
Contrapreparedness
Attention
Taste aversion
Short-term memory (STM) (include
Operant conditioning
capacity)
Operant response
Chunking
Consequence
Long-term memory (LTM) (include
Reinforcer
capacity)
Punisher
Serial position effect
Positive reinforcement
Rote rehearsal
Negative reinforcement
Elaborative rehearsal
Punishment
Schema
Avoidance training
Episodic memory
Superstitious behavior related to O.C. Semantic memory
Learned helplessness
Procedural memory
Biofeedback
Emotional memory
Neurofeedback
Explicit memory
Response acquisition in C.C.
Implicit memory
Response acquisition in O.C.
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Skinner Box
Memory storage
Shaping
Retrograde amnesia
2
Retroactive interference
Proactive interference
Mnemonics
Childhood amnesia
Eidetic imagery
Flashbulb memory
How to reduce forgetting
Theories
Information-processing model
Decay Theory
Ch. 7 Cognition & Language
Concepts
Cognition
Language
Displacement
Phonemes
Morphemes
Grammar
Syntax
Semantics
Surface structure
Deep structure
Transformations
Concepts
Prototype
Linguistic determinism
Telegraphic speech
Steps to problem solving
Trial and error
Information retrieval
Algorithms
Heuristics
Hill climbing
Subgoals
Means-end analysis
Working backward
Mental set
Functional fixedness
Compensatory model of decision
making
Confirmation bias
Hindsight bias
Counterfactual thinking
People
Noam Chomsky
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Wolfgang Köhler
Elizabeth Loftus
George A. Miller
Ch 8 Testing and Intelligence
Concepts
Intelligence
Intelligence tests
Analytical intelligence
Creative intelligence
Practical intelligence
Binet-Simon scale
Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale
IQ
WAIS-III
Group tests
Performance tests
Culture-fair tests
Reliability
Split-half reliability
Correlation coefficients
Validity
Mental retardation
Giftedness
Creativity
Theories
Triarchic theory
Theory of multiple intelligences
Emotional intelligence
People
Alfred Binet
Francis Galton
Howard Gardner
Charles Spearman
Robert Sternberg
Louis Terman
David Wechsler
Ch 9 Motivation and Emotion
Concepts
Instincts
Drive
Homeostasis
Primary drive
Secondary drive
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Incentives
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Hunger drive
Thirst drive
Sexual motivation
Sexual response cycle
Sexual orientation
Stimulus motives
Aggression
Why are people aggressive (different
perspectives)
Achievement motive
Affiliation motive
Basic emotions
Theories
Drive-reduction theory
Arousal theory
James-Lange theory of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Cognitive theory of emotion
People
William James
Alfred Kinsey
Abraham Maslow
Stanley Schachter
Hans Selye
Ch 10 Life Span Development
Concepts
Cross-sectional study
Cohort
Longitudinal study
Biographical study
Prenatal development
Embryo
Placenta
Teratogens
Critical period
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Rooting reflex
Sucking reflex
Swallowing reflex
Stepping reflex
Temperament (4 types)
Visual cliff
Developmental norms
Babbling
Holophrases
Imprinting
Attachment
Autonomy
Socialization
Authoritarian
Permissive-indifferent
Permissive-indulgent
Authoritative
Solitary play
Cooperative play
Parallel play
Gender identity
Gender constancy
Imaginary audience
Personal fable
Identity formation
Identity crisis
Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying
3
Theories
Developmental psychology
Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development
Kohlber’s theory of moral
development
Language acquisition device
People
Mary Ainsworth
Albert Bandura
Diana Baumrind
Erik Erikson
Sigmund Freud
Carol Gilligan
Harry Harlow
Lawrence Kohlberg
Konrad Lorenz
Jean Piaget
Lev Vygotsky
Ch 11 Personality
Concepts
Id
Pleasure principle
Ego
Superego
Reality principle
Ego ideal
Defense mechanisms (foldable?)
Collective unconscious
Archetypes
Persona and shadow
Anima and animus
Compensation
Inferiority complex
Oedipus complex
Electra complex
Actualizing tendency
Unconditional positive regard
Conditioned positive regard
Expectancies
Self-efficacy
Locus of control
Personal interview
Direct observation
Objective tests
Projective tests
Theories
Psychodynamic theory
Psychoanalysis
Humanistic personality theory
Trait theory
Cognitive-social learning theory
People
Alfred Adler
Albert Bandura
Paul Costa
Robert McCrae
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Ch 13 Psychological Disorders
Concepts
Insanity
Depression
Psychotic
Mania
Bipolar disorder
Cognitive distortions
Anxiety disorders
Specific phobia
Agoraphobia
Panic disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD)
Psychosomatic disorder
Somatoform disorders
Somatization disorder
Conversion disorder
Hypochondriasis
Body dysmorphic disorder
Dissociative disorders
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Dissociative identity disorder
Depersonalization disorder
Sexual dysfunction
Erectile disorder or erectile
dysfunction (ED)
Female sexual arousal disorder
Sexual desire disorders
Orgasm
Orgasmic disorder
Premature ejaculation
Vaginismus
Paraphilias
Fetishism
Voyeurism
Exhibitionism
Frotteurism
Transvestic fetishism
Sexual sadism
Sexual masochism
Pedophilia
Gender-identity disorders
Personality disorders
Schizoid personality disorder
Paranoid personality disorder
Dependent personality disorder
Avoidant personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
Schizophrenic disorders
AD/HD
Autism
Theories
Biological model
Psychoanalytic model
Cognitive-behavioral model
Diathesis-stress model
Diathesis
Systems approach
Ch 14 Therapies
Concepts
Psychotherapy
Insight therapies
Free association
Transference
Insight
Client-centered (or person centered)
therapy
Gestalt therapy
Short-term psychodynamic
psychotherapy
Behavior therapies
Systematic desensitization
Aversive conditioning
Behavior contracting
Token economy
Modeling
Cognitive therapies
Stress-inoculation therapy
Rational-emotive therapy (RET)
Cognitive therapy
Group therapy
Family therapy
Couple therapy
Eclecticism
Antipsychotic drugs
Biological treatments
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Psychosurgery
Deinstitutionalization
Prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
4
People
Aaron Beck
Albert Ellis,
Sigmund Freud
Mary Cover Jones
Carl Rogers
B. F. Skinner
Joseph Wolpe
Ch 15 Social Psychology
Concepts
Social psychology
Primary effect
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Stereotype
Fundamental attribution error
Defensive attribution
Just-word hypothesis
Proximity
Exchange
Intimacy
Attitude
Self-monitoring
Prejudice
Discrimination
Frustration-aggression theory
Authoritarian personality
Racism
Cognitive dissonance
Social influence
Cultural truisms
Norm
Conformity
Compliance
Obedience
Deindividuation
Altruistic behavior
Bystander affect
Risky shift
Polarization
Social loafing
Industrial/organization (I/O)
Psychology
Hawthorne effect
Theories
Great person theory
Attribution theory
People
Solomon Asch
Leon Festinger
Stanley Milgram
Philip Zimbardo
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