Chapter 4 Cornell Notes
Describe the situation with gray wolves prior to their reintroduction into Yellowstone National
Park in 1995.
Draw a web or diagram showing the effects of introducing the wolves into Yellowstone. Use all species mentioned!
Species
Evolution
Adaptation
Natural selection
Describe each component/observation about evolution.
What evidence supports evolution?
Prokaryotic
What is the six-kingdom classification system?
What is the difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria?
Eukaryotic
What is contained in the Protista kingdom?
How do fungi, plantae, and animalia differ?
Community
What does it mean that communities are nested within one another?
Ecosystem
Succession
Do communities ever reach a stable and persistent community? Explain.
Primary Succession
Pioneer community
In what sequence does succession occur?
Secondary Succession
Where does secondary succession occur?
In what sequence does secondary succession on abandoned farmland occur?
What is the sequence of animal life during secondary succession?
How do primary and secondary succession differ?
Symbiosis
Coevolution
How have plants evolved to bring pollinators to their flowers?
How did the animal pollinators evolve to aid in pollination and receive nectar and pollen?
Mutualism. Define and provide at least one example.
Commensalism. Define and provide at least one

example.
Parasitism. Provide at least one example.
Pathogen
Predation
What are some examples of the pursuit and ambush tectic?
What are some examples of plant defenses again herbivores?
What are some examples of defensive adaptations of animals?
Competition
Intraspecific competition
Interspecific competition
What do we need to know to give a complete ecological description of a species?
Ecological niche
Why is a niche difficult to define?
How is a habitat different from a niche?
Fundamental niche
Realized niche
Limiting resource.
Provide examples of limiting resources.
Competitive exclusion
What did G.F. Gauses’s experiment show?
Resource partitioning
What are some examples of resource partitioning?
How do the five North American Warbler species partition their resources?
Keystone species
What are some examples of keystone species?
Species richness
What factors determine the number of species in a community?
Ecotone
What is species richness greater in the margins of communities? i.e. edge effect
What is the isolation effect?
What does it mean that “species richness is inversely related to the environmental stress of a habitat”?
How does geological history affect species richness?
Ecosystem services
How do community stability and community complexity relate?
Describe the situation which occurred and continues in Lake Victoria. (Bullet the events.)