Week #1 - Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Concepts: Bonding Rules, Organic Structures (variety of forms), Functional Groups
(general name and structure), Isomers
Lecture # 1 & 2 - Functional Groups
Bonding Rules: Memorize - C = 4 bonds, H = 1 bond, O = 2 bonds, N = 3 bonds (4 if
with a + charge), halogens = 1 bond, S = 2 bonds, P = 5 bonds
Ques. 1: Write possible atom arrangements for 4 carbons and whatever H's necessary.
Identify the following: alkane, alkene, alkyne, and ring structures.
Ques. 2: Write possible atom arrangements for 3 carbons, 1 oxygen, and whatever H's
necessary. Identify the following: alcohol, ether, aldehyde, and ketone.
Ques. 3: Write possible atom arrangements for 3 carbons, 2 oxygen, and whatever H's
necessary. Identify the following: ester and acid
Ques. 4: Write possible atom arrangements for 3 carbons, 1 nitrogen, and whatever H's
necessary. Identify the following: 3 types of amines.
Ques. 5: Write possible atom arrangements for 3 carbons, 1 oxygen, 1 nitrogen, and
whatever H's necessary. Identify the following: amide
Ques. 6: Identify the functional groups in the following structures:
Ques. 7: Identify the functional groups in the following structures:
Ques. 8: Identify the functional groups in the following structures:
Ques. 9: What are the general properties of organic compounds vs. inorganic
compounds?
Bonding Polarity -
Melting and Boiling points Solubility in water -
QUES. 10 : Functional Groups - Structures and Molecular Geometry
Name
Structure
Examples & isomers Geometry
Alkanes
C-C (all
single bonds)
C4H10
Alkenes
C=C (double
bonds)
C3H6
Alkynes
C
C
C3H4
(triple bonds)
Alcohols
C-OH
Thiol and
Disulfides
C-SH
C-S-S-C
Ethers
C-O-C
Aldehydes
O
C4H10O
C4H10S
C4H10S2
C4H10O
C4H8O
HC
H
Ketones
O
C4H8O
R-C-R
Acids
O
C4H8O2
R - C - OH
Esters
O
C4H8O2
R - C - OR
Amines
C3H9N (three types)
R-NH2
Amides
O
R - C - N-H2
C3H7NO (two types)
3-D Structure
Salts
O
R - C - O -M+
Hemiacetal
& Acetal
C4H7O2-M+,C3H10N+A-
O
R - C - N-H3+A-
C4H10O2
OH
H2C
O
CH3
H2C
O
CH3
O
CH3
Week # 1 - Lecture # 3 - Nomenclature - How to Name Organic Compounds
Memorize root names of alkanes associated with the number of carbons present:
1 = methane; 2 = ethane; 3 = propane; 4 = butane; 5 = pentane; 6 = hexane; 7= heptane;
8 = octane; 9 = nonane; 10 = decane.
WRITE NAMES, given the structure
1. Root Name: Identify the longest
continuous carbon chain and assign a root
name. (A ring requires the prefix "cyclo-".
2. Functional group: Identify the functional
group and determine the appropriate
ending for the root.
3. Number the carbons, so that the carbon
with the functional group (or branch) will
have the lowest number. In front of the
root name, write the position of the carbon
with the functional group, if necessary.
WRITE STRUCTURES, given the name
1. Root Name: Write the number of
carbons according to the root name (A ring
is indicated by the prefix "cyclo-".
2. Number the carbons: Assign a number
to each carbon of the root (most of the
time - left to right)
3. Functional group: Write the functioinal
group as indicated by the endingof the
rootname at the appropriate position.
(Indicated by the nature of the functional
groups or the position number given front
of the name.
4. Hydrocarbon Branches: Identify and
4. Hydrocarbon Branches: Write any
write any hydrocarbon branches with "-yl"
hydrocarbon branches at the appropriate
endings and their position numbers, if any. position number, if any.
5. Inorganic Groups: Identify and write any 5. Inorganic Groups: Write any inorganic
inorganic groups and their positions, if any. groups at the appropriate positions, if any.
6. Final Name: In the names, hyphens
6. Complete the structure by adding the
separate numbers and names; commas
appropriate numbers of hydrogens to each
separate two or more numbers, and word
carbon. (Carbon must have four bonds)
parts are NOT separated except in ethers
and esters.
QUES. 11 - Functional Groups - Structures and Nomenclature
Name
Alkanes
Alkenes
Structure
Examples & isomers Name
Ending
C4H10
Root
name
C3H6
-ene
Alkynes
C3H4
-yne
IUPAC Name
Alcohols
C4H10O
-ol
Thiol and
Disulfides
C4H10S
C4H10S2
Ethers
C4H10O
Aldehydes
C4H8O
-thiol,
disulfid
e
-yl
ether
-al
Ketones
C4H8O
-one
Acids
C4H8O2
-oic
acid
--yl
Esters
C4H8O2
Amines
C3H9N (three types)
-oate
-yl
amine
Amides
C3H7NO (two types)
-yl
Salts
C4H7O2-M+,C3H10N+A-
amide
-ate,
ammon
ium
Ques.12. COMMON COMPOUNDS AND USES
For all compounds which follow, write the name or structure, whichever is missing.
IUPAC NAME
STRUCTURE
COMMON NAMES/USES
a. Propane
If liquefied, called LP gas
b. Trichloromethane
Chloroform; solvent,
general anesthetic
c. Chloroethane
d. Tetrachloroethene
e.
HC  C-H
f.
H2C = CH2
g.
CH3OH
h.
CH3CH2OH
i. 2-propanol
j.
Local anesthetic for minor
surgery (freeze technique)
Dry cleaning fluid, metal
degreasing
Acetylene; combustion
produces hot flame for
cutting and welding steel
Ethylene; plasticpolyethylene, raw material
for many organic reactions
Methyl alcohol or wood
alcohol, basic raw material,
can cause blind
Ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol,
alcohol, sprits
Isopropyl alcohol, rubbing
alcohol, hand lotions, after
shave lotions
CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3
Ether, anesthetic
k.
HCOOH
Formic acid, sharp smelling
liquid responsible for sting
of certain
l.
CH3COOH
Acetic acid, vinegar
m. Butanoic acid
Odor of rancid butter
n. Hexanoic acid
Caproic acid, smell of goats
o. Methyl butanoate
Scent of apples
p. Butylbutanoate
Pineapple essence
q. Ethyl butanoate
Artificial peach flavor
r. Ethyl ethanoate
s.
t. methanal
(CH3) 2NH
Ethyl acetate, nail polish
remover
Constituent in herring
brine-used to manufacture
fungicides and rubber
Formaldehyde, formalin,
preservative for biological
specimens, basic raw
material
Acetone, basic raw
material, solvent, diabetics
produce
Solvent for lacquers, finger
nail polish
Acetaldehyde,
paraldehyde, hypnotic and
sedative, basic raw material
u. 2-propanone
v. butanone
w. ethanal
Ques. 13: Write the IUPAC name of each of the following:
Ques. 14. List the number of allowable bonds for: H, N, O, C and Cl.
Ques. 15. Write the structures for compounds with 5 carbons and the correct number
of O, H, and/or N for: acid, amine, aldehyde, ketone, ester and ether.
Ques. 16. Write the general name for the functional group in the following compounds
and write the IUPAC name for each.
a) CH3CH2COOH
b) CH3-O-CH2CH3
c) CH3OH
d) CH3CCCH3
e) CH3CH=CHCH3
f) CH2CH2 NH2
Ques.17. A compound contains 5 carbons and one “double bond oxygen”. The oxygen
is not on an “end” carbon, but there are equal numbers of carbons on either side of
it. What is the structure of the compound?
Ques. 18: Write the IUPAC name of each of the following:
Ques. 19: Write the IUPAC name of each of the following
Ques. 20: Write the IUPAC name of each of the following:
Ques. 21: Write the IUPAC name of each of the following:
Ques. 22: Write the IUPAC name of each of the following:
Ques. 23. Name the following compounds:
CH3
H3C
CH3
H2C
H2
C
C
H2C
H2C
C
H2
CH3
H2
C
CH
OH
CH
C
H2
CH3
H2
C
H
C
H3C
CH2
CH2
C
H
H3C
H3C
CH2
C
CH2
CH
CH3
Ques. 24. Write a structure for each of the following:
a) 1-heptyne
b) 2-methylpropanal
c) 3-ethyl-3-methylhexanoic acid
d) 5-isopropyl-1-nonanol
CH3
e) 2,3,5-trimethyloctanal
f) ethyl propanoate