Chapter 15, Lesson 1 Industrial Revolution: changed the way goods were made Goods were no longer made by hand at home…now they were made by machines in factories. Great Britain was the fastest at making cloth. Keep profit in their country Illegal to export machines or machine plans Workers not allowed to leave country Samuel Slater: brought industry to U.S. English engineer who made water powered spinning wheel in the U.S. Eli Whitney: inventor of cotton gin Francis Cabot Lowell: built first power loom in U.S. to turn fibers into cloth. It was powered by the Charles River Interchangeable Parts: standard sized parts that would fit any musket. (Later worked for other goods) Increased speed of production and repair. Reaper: machine using very sharp blades to cut and harvest grain. Invented by Cyrus McCormick. John Deere: steel plow Entrepreneur: a person who starts and owns a business. Chapter 15, Lesson 2 Stagecoach: large, horse-drawn carriage that carried passengers, baggage, and mail. National Road: stretched from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois. Linked East to what was the West Huge improvement in travel Steam engine: uses the energy from steam for power River travel was also cheap; log rafts, flat bottomed boats, canoes Robert Fulton: inventor of a boat that used a steam engine and two large paddle wheels Steamboat was called the Clermont (Fulton’s Folly) Proved steamboats could move things quickly & cheaply Canal: human-built waterway DeWitt Clinton: wanted to link Hudson River with Lake Erie (350 miles) People called it “Clinton’s Ditch” Erie Canal: hard to find enough workers; hired immigrants Lock: a water elevator; moves boats from different levels of elevation Erie Canal completed after 8 years Cut cost and time to ship significantly Peter Cooper: brought the first “iron horse” to this country Used steam power to pull railroad cars instead of horses Tom Thumb: one of the first steam locomotives Lost first race due to problem, but proved they could work. Chapter 15, Lesson 3 Texas was part of the Spanish territory of Mexico. When Mexico won their independence from Spain they were worried more of their people needed to live in Texas so they would not lose it. Stephen Austin: brought about 300 families to Texas G.T.T. “Gone to Texas” Woodlands and plains were great for corn, cotton, & cattle Mexico agreed to allow slavery in Texas to encourage American immigration You had to become a Mexican citizen, become Catholic, and speak Spanish to settle in Texas Americans outnumbered Tejanos (Mexicans living in Texas) Mexico stopped all American immigration and ended slavery Americans wanted Texas to be separate from Mexico Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna: appointed himself president of Mexico for life. Now he wanted to take over Texas Tejanos and Americans were against his taking over, so they joined together to fight against him and his troops Juan Seguin: organized volunteers for Texas army David Crockett, Jim Bowie, and William Travis all helped On February 23, 1836 Mexican troops attacked the Alamo. Texan army and their families were inside. Battle of the Alamo lasted 13 days, Texans lost April 21, 1836, Sam Houston surprise attacks Santa Anna Battle of San Jacinto lasted 18 minutes “Remember the Alamo” shouted by Texans Santa Anna was captured, defeated and war ended. Santa Anna asked his government to grant independence to Texas in exchange for his freedom. Samuel Houston: 1st president of Republic of Texas Lorenzo de Zavala: 1st vice president Americans and Tejanos shared power for a short time Many Americans moved in and basically took over President Jackson would not let Texas become a state for fear of Mexican retaliation. He also knew they would want slavery and this would hurt his reputation with northerners. James Polk promised Texas would be a state if he became president December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state Chapter 15, lesson 4 The U.S. and Mexico were arguing about where the Texas border should be. We thought the border should be the Rio Grande We offered 30 million for the Mexican territories of California and New Mexico. …Mexico refused. Polk ordered troops to take control of the border at the Rio Grande. We blocked Mexican boats from using it. April 1846, Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande. Congress declared war Mexican War lasted from1846-1848 Zachary Taylor- “Old Rough and Ready” Battle of Buena Vista- our troops outnumbered theirs and Taylor defeated Santa Anna’s army. Mexico still claimed California, but that changed quickly as well. The Californios surrendered in January 1847. General Winfield Scott landed on Mexico’s coast and fought his way to Mexico City. Attacked castle of Chapaltepec… .Santa Anna did not send extra help to defend the fort, so the U.S. was able to move into Mexico City. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: ended the war. Rio Grande would be the border of Texas Mexico also gave up half of its territory in exchange for 15 million dollars People had the choice to remain Mexican citizens or become U.S. citizens. Only 2,000 chose to stay with Mexico Mexican Americans were guaranteed the same rights, but many lost their land due to language issues. Chapter 15, lesson 5 Oregon Territory Shared by the U.S. and Great Britain Reasons for moving west Religious freedom Gold Cheap land for farmers/ranchers Oregon Trail: largest share of travelers; almost 300,000 Narcissa Whitman: missionary whose letters were published and encouraged more people to move west Mormons: religious group; Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; originated in Nauvoo, Illinois, but moved west on Mormon Trail Brigham Young: leader of the Mormons Mormons settled near the Great Salt Lake of Utah…Salt Lake City was one of 1st Mormon settlements. California Trail: through the Rocky Mountains to Sutter’s Mill (place where Marshall first saw gold) Gold Rush: many people “rushing” to CA for gold Forty-Niners: nickname for the people who went to CA in 1849 Most 49ers did not succeed. The price of goods rose. People selling goods to the 49ers made more money by charging high prices California became a state in 1850