Chapter 15, Lesson 1
Industrial Revolution: changed the way goods were made
Goods were no longer made by hand at home…now
they were made by machines in factories.
Great Britain was the fastest at making cloth.
Keep profit in their country
Illegal to export machines or machine plans
Workers not allowed to leave country
Samuel Slater: brought industry to U.S.
English engineer who made water powered spinning wheel in the U.S.
Eli Whitney: inventor of cotton gin
Francis Cabot Lowell: built first power loom in U.S. to turn fibers into cloth. It was
powered by the Charles River
Interchangeable Parts: standard sized parts that would fit any musket. (Later worked
for other goods)
Increased speed of production and repair.
Reaper: machine using very sharp blades to cut and harvest grain.
Invented by Cyrus McCormick.
John Deere: steel plow
Entrepreneur: a person who starts and owns a business.
Chapter 15, Lesson 2
Stagecoach: large, horse-drawn carriage that carried
passengers, baggage, and mail.
National Road: stretched from Cumberland, Maryland
to Vandalia, Illinois.
Linked East to what was the West
Huge improvement in travel
Steam engine: uses the energy from steam for power
River travel was also cheap; log rafts, flat bottomed boats, canoes
Robert Fulton: inventor of a boat that used a steam engine and two large paddle wheels
Steamboat was called the Clermont (Fulton’s Folly)
Proved steamboats could move things quickly & cheaply
Canal: human-built waterway
DeWitt Clinton: wanted to link Hudson River with Lake Erie (350 miles)
People called it “Clinton’s Ditch”
Erie Canal: hard to find enough workers; hired immigrants
Lock: a water elevator; moves boats from different levels
of elevation
Erie Canal completed after 8 years
Cut cost and time to ship significantly
Peter Cooper: brought the first “iron horse” to this country
Used steam power to pull railroad cars instead of horses
Tom Thumb: one of the first steam locomotives
Lost first race due to problem, but proved they could work.
Chapter 15, Lesson 3
Texas was part of the Spanish territory of Mexico.
When Mexico won their independence from Spain they were worried more of their
people needed to live in Texas so they would not lose it.
Stephen Austin: brought about 300 families to Texas
G.T.T. “Gone to Texas”
Woodlands and plains were great for corn, cotton, & cattle
Mexico agreed to allow slavery in Texas to encourage American immigration
You had to become a Mexican citizen, become Catholic, and speak Spanish to settle in
Texas
Americans outnumbered Tejanos (Mexicans living in Texas)
Mexico stopped all American immigration and ended slavery
Americans wanted Texas to be separate from Mexico
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna: appointed himself president of Mexico for life.
Now he wanted to take over Texas
Tejanos and Americans were against his taking over, so they joined together to fight
against him and his troops
Juan Seguin: organized volunteers for Texas army
David Crockett, Jim Bowie, and William Travis all helped
On February 23, 1836 Mexican troops attacked the Alamo. Texan army and their
families were inside.
Battle of the Alamo lasted 13 days, Texans lost
April 21, 1836, Sam Houston surprise attacks Santa Anna
Battle of San Jacinto lasted 18 minutes
“Remember the Alamo” shouted by Texans
Santa Anna was captured, defeated and war ended.
Santa Anna asked his government to grant independence to Texas in exchange for his
freedom.
Samuel Houston: 1st president of Republic of Texas
Lorenzo de Zavala: 1st vice president
Americans and Tejanos shared power for a short time
Many Americans moved in and basically took over
President Jackson would not let Texas become a state for fear of Mexican retaliation.
He also knew they would want slavery and this would hurt his reputation with
northerners.
James Polk promised Texas would be a state if he became president
December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state
Chapter 15, lesson 4
The U.S. and Mexico were arguing about where the Texas border should be.
We thought the border should be the Rio Grande
We offered 30 million for the Mexican territories of California and New Mexico.
…Mexico refused.
Polk ordered troops to take control of the border at the Rio Grande.
We blocked Mexican boats from using it.
April 1846, Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande.
Congress declared war
Mexican War lasted from1846-1848
Zachary Taylor- “Old Rough and Ready”
Battle of Buena Vista- our troops outnumbered theirs and Taylor defeated Santa Anna’s
army.
Mexico still claimed California, but that changed quickly as well.
The Californios surrendered in January 1847.
General Winfield Scott landed on Mexico’s coast and fought his way to Mexico City.
Attacked castle of Chapaltepec…
.Santa Anna did not send extra help to defend the fort, so the U.S. was able to
move into Mexico City.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: ended the war.
Rio Grande would be the border of Texas
Mexico also gave up half of its territory in exchange for 15 million dollars
People had the choice to remain Mexican citizens or become U.S. citizens.
Only 2,000 chose to stay with Mexico
Mexican Americans were guaranteed the same rights, but many lost their land due
to language issues.
Chapter 15, lesson 5
Oregon Territory
Shared by the U.S. and Great Britain
Reasons for moving west
Religious freedom
Gold
Cheap land for farmers/ranchers
Oregon Trail: largest share of travelers; almost 300,000
Narcissa Whitman: missionary whose letters were published and encouraged more
people to move west
Mormons: religious group; Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; originated in
Nauvoo, Illinois, but moved west on Mormon Trail
Brigham Young: leader of the Mormons
Mormons settled near the Great Salt Lake of Utah…Salt Lake City was one of 1st
Mormon settlements.
California Trail: through the Rocky Mountains to Sutter’s Mill (place where Marshall
first saw gold)
Gold Rush: many people “rushing” to CA for gold
Forty-Niners: nickname for the people who went to CA in 1849
Most 49ers did not succeed. The price of goods rose. People selling goods to the 49ers
made more money by charging high prices
California became a state in 1850