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Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast
It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from
Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between
northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about the
migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching
from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It
was the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that
enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when
paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates
used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued
that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began
its final retreat.
Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin
boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the
Northwest Coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have
enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americans prior to the melting of the continental
glaciers. Until the early 1970s, most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible
migration route into the Americans because geologists originally believed that during the last
Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the
ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental
shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extend into the ocean. This would have
created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and
southward along the Northwest Coast of North America to what is today the state of Washington.
The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist
Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized
unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level.
Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity
in Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans, suggesting that this
region has been settled the longest.
More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas
throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now
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indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not
covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile
coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast
of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along
the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a
coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and
14,000 years ago.
The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains
of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska
dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists
formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the
environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been
enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and others believe that the first human
colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice
Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that
it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf
that were still exposed by the lower sea level between 13,000 and 14,000 ago.
The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing
gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific
Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for
people to move in a southerly direction.
Paragraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of
peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait
between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory
about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor
stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers.
It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that
enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when
paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates
used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued
that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began
its final retreat.
1. According to paragraph 1,the theory that people first migrated to the Americans by way
of an ice-freecorridor was seriously called into question by
A.paleoecologist GlenMacDonald's argument that the original migration occurred much later
than hadpreviously been believed
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B.the demonstration thatcertain previously accepted radiocarbon dates were incorrect
C.evidence that thecontinental ice began its final retreat much later than had previously
beenbelieved
D.research showing that theice-free corridor was not as long lasting as had been widely
assumed
2. The word persuasivelyin the passage is closest in meaning to
A.aggressively
B.inflexibly
C.convincingly
D.carefully
Paragraph 2: Support isgrowing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft,
possibly skin boats,moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward
alongthe Northwest Coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago.This route would
have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americansprior tothe melting of the continental
glaciers. Until the early 1970s, mostarchaeologists did not consider the coast a possible
migration route into theAmericans because geologists originally believed that during the last
Ice Agethe entire Northwest Coast was covered byglacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice
extended westward from theAlaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf,
the flat,submerged part of the continent that extend into the ocean. This would havecreated
a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulfof Alaska and southward
along the Northwest Coast of North America to what istoday the state of Washington.
3. Paragraph 2 begins bypresenting a theory and then goes on to
A.discuss why the theory wasrapidly accepted but then rejected
B.present the evidence onwhich the theory was based
C.cite evidence that now showsthat the theory is incorrect
D.explain why the theory wasnot initially considered plausible
4. The phrase prior tois closest in meaning to
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A.before
B.immediately after
C.during
D.in spite of
5. Paragraph 2 supports theidea that, before the 1970s, the most archaeologists held which
of thefollowing views about the earliest people to reach the Americas?
A.They could not have saileddirectly from Beringia to Alaskaand then southward because,
it was thought, glacial ice covered the entirecoastal region.
B.They were not aware that theclimate would continue to become milder
C.They would have had nointerest in migrating southward from Beringia until after the
continentalglaciers had begun to melt
D.They lacked the navigationalskills and appropriate boats needed long-distance trips.
Paragraph 3: The mostinfluential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian
archaeologistKnut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people
graduallycolonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed bythe lower
sea level. Fladmark's hypothesis received additional supportfrom the fact that the greatest
diversity in Native American languages occursalong the west coast of the Americans, suggesting
that this region has beensettled the longest.
6. Which of the sentencesbelow best expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence inthe passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways to leaveout
essential information.
A.Because this region has beensettled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity
in Native Americanlanguages.
B.Fladmark's hypothesis statesthat the west coast of the Americashas been settled longer
than any other region.
C.The fact that the greatestdiversity of Native American languages occurs along the west
coast of theAmericans lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis
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D.According to Fladmark,Native American languages have survived the longest along the west
coast of theAmericas.
Paragraph 4: More recentgeologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of
ice-free areasthroughout major coastal areas of British Columbia,Canada,by 13,000 years ago.
Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the innercontinental
shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age.One study suggests that except
for a 250-mile coastal area between southwesternBritish Columbia and Washington State,the
Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately16,000 years ago. Vast
areas along the coast may have beendeglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly
providing a coastalcorridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between13,000
and 14,000 years ago.
7. The author's purpose inparagraph 4 is to
A.indicate that a number ofrecent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal
hypothesis
B.indicate that coastal andinland migrations may have happened simultaneously
C.explain why humans may havereached America'snorthwest coast before animals and plants
did
D.show that the coastalhypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaskabut it cannot
explain how people reached areas like modern British Columbia and Washington State
8. The word Vastin the passage is closest in meaning to
A.Frozen
B.Various
C.Isolated
D.Huge
Paragraph 5: The coastalhypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because
the remains oflarge land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found insoutheastern
Alaskadating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in whichmost scientists
formerly believed the area to be inhospitable forhumans. It has been suggested that if the
environment were capable ofsupporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough
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foodresources to support humans. Fladmark and others believe that the first humancolonization
of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during thevery late Ice Age, possibly
as early as 14,000 years ago.
9. According to paragraph 5,the discovery of the remains of large land animals supports
the coastalhypothesis by providing evidence that
A.humans were changing theirhunting techniques to adapt to coastal rather than inland
environments
B.animals had migrated fromthe inland to the coasts, an indication that a midcontinental
ice-free corridorwas actually implausible
C.humans probably would havebeen able to find enough resources along the coastal corridor
D.the continental shelf wasstill exposed by lower sea levels during the period when the
southwardmigration of people began
10. The word inhospitablein the passage is closest in meaning to
A.not familiar
B.not suitable
C.not dangerous
D.not reachable
11. According to paragraph 5,the most recent geologic research provides support for a first
colonization of America datingas far back as
A.16,000 years ago
B.14,000 years ago
C.12,500 years ago
D.10,000 years ago
Paragraph 6: The coastalhypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting,
saltwaterfishing gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to theeast,
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the Pacific Ocean to the west, andpopulated areas to the north, there may have been a greater
impetusfor people to move in a southerly direction.
12. The word impetusin the passage is closest in meaning to
A.chance
B.protection
C.possibility
D.incentive
Paragraph 1: It has long beenaccepted that the Americaswere colonized by a migration of
peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across aland bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait
between northeastern Asiaand Alaska)during the last Ice Age. ■(A)The first water craft theory
aboutthe migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-freecorridor
stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America southof the great northern glaciers.
It was the midcontinental corridor between twomassive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that
enabled the southwardmigration.■(B)But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when
paleoecologistGlen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon datesused
to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. ■(C)He persuasively argued
thatsuch an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continentalice began
its final retreat. ■(D)
13.Look at the four squares [■ that indicate where the following sentencecould be added
to the passage.
Moreover, other evidencesuggests that even if an ice-free corridor did exist, it would have
lacked theresources needed for human colonization.
Where could the sentence best fit?
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices thatexpress the most important ideas
in the passage. Some answer choices do notbelong in the summary because they express ideas that
are not presented in thepassage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2points.
Recentevidence favors a rival to the long-standing theory that the Americas werecolonized
11,000-12,000 years ago by people migrating south from Beringia alonga midcontinental ice-free
corridor
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●
●
●
AnswerChoices
1.Evidencethat an ice-free corridor between two ice sheets developed when the continentalice
first began to melt came primarily from radiocarbon dating.
2.Thereis growing support for the theory that migration took place much earlier, bysea,
following a coastal route along Alaskaand down the northwest coast.
3.Recentgeologic evidence indicates that contrary to what had been believed,substantial
areas along the coast were free of ice as early as 16,000 yearsago.
4.Researchnow indicates that the parts of the inner continental shelf that remainedcovered
with ice were colonized by a variety of early human groups well adaptedto living in extremely
cold environments.
5.Thereis evidence suggesting that areas along the coast may have contained enoughfood
resources between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago to have made humancolonization possible.
6.Eventhough the northern part of the continent allowed for a more varied economy,several
early human groups quickly moved south.
1-5：B C D A A
6-10：C A D C B
11-14： B D D 235
1. According to paragraph 1, the theory that people firstmigrated to the Americans by way
of an ice-free corridor was seriously calledinto question by (Factual Information Question)
A.paleoecologist GlenMacDonald's argument that the original migration occurred much later
than hadpreviously been believed
B.the demonstration thatcertain previously accepted radiocarbon dates were incorrect(√)
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C.evidence that thecontinental ice began its final retreat much later than had previously
beenbelieved
D.research showing that theice-free corridor was not as long lasting as had been widely
assumed
相关原句：
Butbelief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist GlenMacDonald
demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates usedto support the existence
of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. (Paragraph 1)
本题解析：
文中指出，古生态学家发现最初支持无冰走廊存在的放射性元素数据(radiocarbon dates)有误，从而
导致原假说不正确，因此选择 B。
2. The word persuasively in the passage is closestin meaning to (Vocabulary Question)
A.aggressively
B.inflexibly
C.convincingly(√)
D.carefully
相关原句：
He persuasivelyargued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when
thecontinental ice began its final retreat. (Paragraph 1)
本题解析：
Persuasively 意为“令人信服的”，与 convincingly 同义，因此选择 C。
3. Paragraph 2 begins by presenting a theory and then goeson to (Factual Information Question)
A.discuss why the theory wasrapidly accepted but then rejected
B.present the evidence onwhich the theory was based
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C.cite evidence that now showsthat the theory is incorrect
D.explain why the theory wasnot initially considered plausible(√)
相关原句：
Untilthe early 1970s, most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possiblemigration
route into the Americans because geologists originally believed thatduring the last Ice Age
the entire Northwest Coast was covered byglacial ice.(Paragraph 2)
本题解析：
文章第二段在介绍海岸迁徙理论后叙述了为何该理论最初被认为不合理(did not consider the coast
a possible migration route)。因此选择 D。
4. The phrase prior to is closest in meaning to (Vocabulary Question)
A.before(√)
B.immediately after
C.during
D.in spite of
相关原句：
Thisroute would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americans priorto the
melting of the continental glaciers. (Paragraph2)
本题解析：
Priorto 意为“在…之前”，与 before 同义，因此选择 A。
5. Paragraph 2 supports the idea that, before the 1970s, themost archaeologists held which
of the following views about the earliest peopleto reach the Americas?
(Factual Information Question)
A.They could not have saileddirectly from Beringia to Alaskaand then southward because,
it was thought, glacial ice covered the entirecoastal region. (√)
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B.They were not aware that theclimate would continue to become milder
C.They would have had nointerest in migrating southward from Beringia until after the
continentalglaciers had begun to melt
D.They lacked the navigationalskills and appropriate boats needed long-distance trips.
相关原句：
Untilthe early 1970s, most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possiblemigration
route into the Americans because geologists originally believed thatduring the last Ice Age
the entire Northwest Coast was covered byglacial ice.(Paragraph 2)
本题解析：
文中指出，科学家之所以最初觉得海岸迁徙不可行是由于其认为当时整个海岸地区都被冰川覆盖
(during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacialice)，不可通行。因
此选择 A。
6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted
sentence in the passage? (SentenceSimplification Question)
A.Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays thegreatest diversity
in Native American languages.
B.Fladmark's hypothesis statesthat the west coast of the Americashas been settled longer
than any other region.
C.The fact that the greatestdiversity of Native American languages occurs along the west
coast of theAmericans lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis(√)
D.According to Fladmark,Native American languages have survived the longest along the west
coast of theAmericas.
相关原句：
Fladmark'shypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatestdiversity
in Native American languages occurs along the west coast of theAmericans, suggesting that this
region has been settled the longest.(Paragraph 3，highlighted sentence)
本题解析：
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阴影句指出：北美西海岸地区的方言种类最为丰富，这表明该地区人类居住时间最久远，这一事实进
一步证实了 Fladmark 的假说。因此选择 C。
7. The author's purpose in paragraph 4 is to (Factual Information Question)
A.indicate that a number ofrecent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal
hypothesis(√)
B.indicate that coastal andinland migrations may have happened simultaneously
C.explain why humans may havereached America'snorthwest coast before animals and plants
did
D.show that the coastalhypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaskabut it cannot
explain how people reached areas like modern British Columbia and Washington State
相关原句：
Morerecent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-freeareas
throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia,Canada,by 13,000 years ago. Research now
indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the innercontinental shelf were not
covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age.One study suggests that except for a 250-mile
coastal area between southwesternBritish Columbia and Washington State,the Northwest Coast of
North America was largely free of ice by approximately16,000 years ago.(Paragraph 4)
本题解析：
作者在第四段主要列举了一系列近期研究以支持海岸迁徙理论，因此选择 A。
8.The word Vast in the passage is closest in meaning to (Vocabulary Question)
A.Frozen
B.Various
C.Isolated
D.Huge(√)
相关原句：
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Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000years
ago…(Paragraph 4)
本题解析：
Vast 意为“巨大的”，与 huge 同义，因此选择 D。
9. According to paragraph 5, the discovery of the remainsof large land animals supports
the coastal hypothesis by providing evidencethat (Factual Information Question)
A.humans were changing their hunting techniques to adapt to coastal ratherthan inland
environments
B.animals had migrated fromthe inland to the coasts, an indication that a midcontinental
ice-free corridorwas actually implausible
C.humans probably would have beenable to find enough resources along the coastal corridor(√)
D.the continental shelf wasstill exposed by lower sea levels during the period when the
southwardmigration of people began
相关原句：
Ithas been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breedingpopulations
of bears, there would have been enough food resources to supporthumans.
(Paragraph 5)
本题解析：
文中指出阿拉斯加地沿海区大型动物骸骨的发现表明，既然海岸地区可为大型动物提供食物，那麽也
应该可以为人类提供生活来源。因此选择 C。
10. The word inhospitable in the passage is closestin meaning to (Vocabulary Question)
A.not familiar
B.not suitable(√)
C.not dangerous
D.not reachable
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相关原句：
Thisis the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be
inhospitablefor humans.
(Paragraph 5)
本题解析：
Inhospitable 意为“不适宜…居住的”，与 not suitable 近义，因此选择 B。
11. According to paragraph 5, the most recent geologicresearch provides support for a first
colonization of America dating as farback as (Factual Information Question)
A.16,000 years ago
B.14,000 years ago (√)
C.12,500 years ago
D.10,000 years ago
相关原句：
Fladmarkand others believe that the first human colonization of America occurred byboat
along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as earlyas 14,000 years ago.
(Paragraph5)
本题解析：
第五段末指出科学家认为，根据地理证据，人类最初向美洲的迁徙应发生在 14000 年前，因此选择 B。
12. The word impetus in the passage is closest inmeaning to (Vocabulary Question)
A.chance
B.protection
C.possibility
D.incentive(√)
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相关原句：
Becauseof the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Oceanto the west, and populated areas
to the north, there may have been a greaterimpetus for people to move in a southerly direction.
(Paragraph 6)
本题解析：
Impetus 意为“动力，激励”，与 incentive 同义，因此选择 D。
13.Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added
to the passage.
(Insert Text Question)
Moreover, other evidencesuggests that even if an ice-free corridor did exist, it would have
lacked theresources needed for human colonization.
Wherecould the sentence best fit?
It has long been accepted thatthe Americas were colonizedby a migration of peoples from
Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridgecalled Beringia (now the Bering Strait between
northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the lastIce Age. ■(A)The first water craft theory about
the migration was that around11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching
from easternBeringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. Itwas
the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentideto the west-that enabled
the southward migration.■(B)But belief in this ice-freecorridor began to crumble when
paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated thatsome of the most important radiocarbon dates
used to support the existence ofan ice-free corridor were incorrect. ■(C)He persuasively argued
that such anice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental icebegan
its final retreat. ■(D) Moreover, other evidence suggests that even if an ice-free corridordid
exist, it would have lacked the resources needed for human colonization. (√)
本题解析：
插入句指出“即使无冰走廊存在，它也不具备人类迁徙所需要的资源”，这承接之前对无冰走廊当时
不存在的论证，通过让步进一步否认无冰走廊理论的正确性。因此放在本段末尾，选择 D。
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below.
Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices thatexpress the most important ideas
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in the passage. Some answer choices do notbelong in the summary because they express ideas that
are not presented in thepassage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2points.
(ProseSummary Question)
Recentevidence favors a rival to the long-standing theory that the Americas were
colonized11,000-12,000 years ago by people migrating south from Beringia along amidcontinental
ice-free corridor
●
●
●
AnswerChoices
1.Evidencethat an ice-free corridor between two ice sheets developed when the continentalice
first began to melt came primarily from radiocarbon dating.
2.Thereis growing support for the theory that migration took place much earlier, bysea,
following a coastal route along Alaskaand down the northwest coast. (√)
3.Recentgeologic evidence indicates that contrary to what had been believed,substantial
areas along the coast were free of ice as early as 16,000 yearsago. (√)
4.Researchnow indicates that the parts of the inner continental shelf that remainedcovered
with ice were colonized by a variety of early human groups well adaptedto living in extremely
cold environments.
5.Thereis evidence suggesting that areas along the coast may have contained enoughfood
resources between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago to have made humancolonization possible. (√)
6.Eventhough the northern part of the continent allowed for a more varied economy,several
early human groups quickly moved south.
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