Irregular Verbs (Explanation)
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Verb Forms An English verb may take only five forms. Simple or infinitive form Third person singular form Present participle form Past tense form Past participle form work works working worked worked give gives giving gave given sing sings singing sang sung The verb work is representative of the great majority of verbs in English. It is a regular verb. Regular verbs all follow the same pattern in their changes of form. The verbs give and sing represent the comparatively few verbs that differ in the formation of their past tense and past participle forms. They are called irregular verbs. All English verbs, regular and irregular, form the third person singular by adding –s or –es. They form their present participles by adding –ing. Irregular Verbs As we stated above, most verbs form the past tense and past participle by simply adding –d or –ed to the infinitive, or simple, form. I live in New York. I lived in New York. I have lived in New York. I work there. I worked there. I have worked there. The limited numbers of verbs that have irregular past tense and past participle forms fall into the following categories. Rather complete list of examples are given for reference purposes. Verbs whose simple, past tense, and the past participle forms are all alike: Bet Bet Bet Apostar Quit Quit Quit Burst Burst Burst Cast Cast Cast Cost Cost Cut Hit Rid Rid Rid Set Set Set Cost Reventar, Romper Arrojar, Echar Costar Shed Shed Shed Cut Hit Cut Hit Cortar Golpear Shut Split Shut Split Shut Split Hurt Hurt Hurt Spread Spread Spread Let Let Let Thrust Thrust Thrust Put Beat Put Beat Put Beat Wet Beset Wet Beset Wet Beset Mojar Acosar Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Lastimar, Doler Permitir, Dejar Poner Vencer, Derrotar Transmitir Conjuntar, Colocar Mudar (piel) Clausurar Dividir, Separar Propagar, Esparcir Empujar Fit Fit Fit Knit Knit Knit Slit Slit Slit Spit Spit Spit Bid Bid Bid Bordar, Tejer Escupir Renunciar, Desistir Deshacer Encajar, Ajustar Rajar, Cortar Ordenar, Mandar Verbs which have the same form in the past and the past participle: Bend Build Lend Spend Mean Dig Win Cling Fling Spin Sting String Wring Hang Strike Sit Feed Meet Read Bleed Lead Speed Hold Get Shoot Fight Breed Dream Kneel Plead Send Slide Shoe Bent Built Lent Spent Meant Dug Won Clung Flung Spun Stung Strung Wrung Hung Struck Sat Fed Met Read Bled Led Sped Held Got Shot Fought Bred Dreamt Knelt Pled Sent Slid Shod Bent Built Lent Spent Meant Dug Won Clung Flung Spun Stung Strung Wrung Hung Struck Sat Fed Met Read Bled Led Sped Held Got Shot Fought Bred Dreamt Knelt Pled Sent Slid Shod Doblar Construir Prestar Gastar Significar Cavar Ganar Aferrar Arrojar Girar Picar Encordar Escurrir Colgar Golpear Sentar Alimentar Conocer Leer Sangrar Dirigir Acelerar Sostener Obtener Disparar Pelear Criar Soñar Arrodillarse Abogar Enviar Resbalar Calzar Stand Find Bind Wind Grind Deal Feel Creep Keep Sleep Sweep Weep Sell Tell Leave Lose Bring Buy Catch Stick Seek Teach Think Have Make Hear Pay Flee Lay Say Shine Sling Stood Found Bound Wound Ground Dealt Felt Crept Kept Slept Swept Wept Sold Told Left Lost Brought Bought Caught Stuck Sought Taught Thought Had Made Heard Paid Fled Laid Said Shone Slung Stood Found Bound Wound Ground Dealt Felt Crept Kept Slept Swept Wept Sold Told Left Lost Brought Bought Caught Stuck Sought Taught Thought Had Made Heard Paid Fled Laid Said Shone Slung Parar Encontrar Atar Desalentar Moler Repartir Sentir Arrastrar Conservar Dormir Barrer Llorar Vender Decir Dejar Perder Traer Comprar Atrapar Clavar Buscar Enseñar Pensar Tener Hacer Escuchar Pagar Huir Poner Decir Brillar Hondear Verbs which have the same vowel in the past and the past participle, but which add a variant of –n (-n, -en, -ne) to the past participle: Bear Bite Break Choose Forget Freeze Lie down Tread Bore Bit Broke Chose Forgot Froze Lay Trod Borne Bitten Broken Chosen Forgotten Frozen Lain Trodden Portar Morder Quebrar Escoger Olvidar Congelar Mentir Caminar Speak Steal Swear Tear Wear Weave Shear Wake Spoke Stole Swore Tore Wore Wove Shore Woke Spoken Stolen Sworn Torn Worn Woven Shorn Woken Conversar Robar Jurar Rasgar Vestir Tejer Esquilar Despertar Sank Sprang Swam Flew Sunk Sprung Swum Flown Hundir Soltar Nadar Volar Verb that have different vowels in each of three parts: Begin Drink Ring Shrink Sing Began Drank Rang Shrank Sang Begun Drunk Rung Shrunk sung Empezar Beber Sonar Disminuir Cantar Sink Spring Swim Fly Verbs which have the same written vowel in the past participle and the present tense but which change vowel pronunciation in the past participle and add –n, -en, or -ne: Drive Ride Rise Write Strive Drove Rode Rose Wrote Strove Driven Ridden Risen Written Striven Conducir Montar Subir Escribir Forzar Be Go Do Hide Was/Were Went Did Hid Been Gone Done Hidden Ser / Estar Ir Hacer Esconder Verbs which have the same shape vowel in the simple form and in the past participle except that the past participle adds –n or –en: Blow Grow Know Throw Shake Take Smite Blew Grew Knew Threw Shook Took Smote Blown Grown Known Thrown Shaken Taken Smitten Soplar Crecer Saber Lanzar Agitar Tomar Golpear Draw Give See Fall Eat Slay Drew Gave Saw Fell Ate Slew Drawn Given Seen Fallen Eaten Slain Dibujar Dar Mirar Caer Comer Asesinar Verbs whose simple form and past participle form are alike Come Become Came Became Come Become Llegar Convertir Run Ran Run Correr Verbs that have the same form in the past and the past participle, but that also have a regular past and/or past participle form: Burn Prove Burned Burnt Leaped Leapt Spilled Spilt Dived Dove Proved Sew Sewed Mow Mowed Sow Sowed Thrive Thrived Throve Leap Spill Dive Burned Burnt Leaped Leapt Spilled Spilt Dived Proved Proven Sewed Sewn Mowed Mown Sowed Sown Thrived Quemar Dream Saltar Learn Derramar Spell Sumergir Light Probar Saw Dreamed Dreamt Learned Learnt Spelled Spelt Lighted Lit Sawed Coser Shave Shaved Show Showed Swell Swelled Sembrar Prosperar Dreamed Dreamt Learned Learnt Spelled Spelt Lighted Sawed Sawn Shaved Shaven Showed Shown Swelled Swollen Soñar Aprender Deletrear Iluminar Aserrar Afeitar Mostrar Hinchar Verbs formed with a prefix which have the same written vowel in the past participle and the present tense but which change vowel pronunciation in the past participle and add – n, -en, or -ne: Forbid Forgive Mistake Overdo Overthrow Forbade Forgave Mistook Overdid Overthrew Forbidden Forgiven Mistaken Overdone Overthrown Prohibir Perdonar Equivocar Excederse Derrocar Forgo Forsake Overcome Overtake Awake Forwent Forsook Overcame Overtook Awoke Forgone Forsaken Overcome Overtaken Awoken Renunciar Traicionar Superar Alcanzar Despertar Uphold Withhold Upheld Withheld Understand Understood Upheld Withhold Understood Defender Retener Entender Upset Withstand Upset Withstood Upset Withstood Enfadar Resistir
