T A S M A N I A N
C E R T I F I C A T E
O F
Modern World History
E D U C A T I O N
COURSE GUIDE
This guide must be read in conjunction with the accredited course document. It contains advice to assist
teachers delivering the course and can be modified as required.
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Modern World History
TQA 3
SCOPE OF COURSE
Scope of course content to be studied - students will study six (6) units in all:
Number of Units
Section
2 Units from
Section A - Conflict/Resolution
2 Units from
Section B - Revolutions and/or Dictatorship
2 Units from
Section C - Contemporary Issues and Peace
1 Unit from How and why do people struggle
for independence?
AND
1 Unit from ‘Where are we today?’
EITHER
1 Unit* from
*this unit can be student
selected as an individual
research project/topic.
A
Section A
OR
Section B
OR
Section C
OR
Section D
CONFLICT/RESOLUTION
What causes war and how do wars end?
Students must study two (2) units from:

Origins of WWI

Origins of WWII

Origins and course of the Cold War

Origins and course of the Gulf War/Iraq (1990 onwards)

Paris Peace Treaties

World War II – victory and consequences
Example: World War II and the Ending of Conflict
Course of the War
-
Nazi success in Europe 1939-1941, Britain alone
The Pacific War
The turning points 1942 – El Alamein, Midway, Stalingrad
1943-1945 Allied advance
Reasons for Allied Victory
-
American industrial and economic resources
Soviet and Chinese manpower
Hitler as war leader
Overconfidence and limitations of Axis etc
Total Victory
-
Berlin 1945
A-Bombs
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War Crimes
-
Definition and rationale
Nuremburg
Tokyo
Denazification and Occupation
-
Germany 1945-1949 – military governments, refugees, starvation, exploitation,
punishment deserved (?)
Japan 1945-1951 – US and allied army of occupation, MacArthur, Hirohito, reform, purges
Comparison with 1919
-
B
Economic reform
UN
Cold War
Blame on individuals
Total victory
REVOLUTIONS AND/OR DICTATORSHIP
Why do revolutions occur?
What is the nature of a dictatorship?
Students must study two (2) units from:

Russia 1917 – 1953*

Nazi Germany 1933 – 1945*

Japan 1919 – 1951

China 1911 - 1976

A modern Revolution (Cuba or Iran or Afghanistan)
* Basic background information relating to the Revolution and/or Dictatorship, prior to
the given dates, is expected.
Examples of Modern Revolution Issues
The Cuban Revolution
Background
-
Spanish colony since 1492, growth of resistance in 19th C
Spanish - American war 1898
Cuban Republic from 1902, but continued US intervention
Social/economic conditions of Cuban peasants
Overthrow of Grau government by Batista, 1934
Succession of puppet presidents
Batista regime
-
military coup by Batista, 1952
Increasing repression, corruption
Growth of resistance, emergence of Castro and associates
July 26, 1953 attack, outcomes
Castro and others to Mexico, 1955, Che Guevara
Castro and 80 others return in Granma, most revolutionaries killed
12 set up guerrilla base in mountains
Revolutionary attacks in Central Cuba from late 1958
Batista flees Jan 1, 1959
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Post Revolution
-
Castro did not campaign as a communist, but as a socialist
Castro nationalises US property in Cuba, US impose trade embargo
Castro turns to USSR
The Iranian Revolution
Background
- Persia in history – Darius, Xerxes etc
- Rise of Islam
- Shia Islam
Situation c.1900
- Nasir al-Din Shah (1848-1896) and attempted reform
- British-Russian influence and competition
- 1907 zones of influence (Britain and Russia) plus the Constitutional Revolt (1905 -11)
- The end of the Qajars – why?
Reza Khan and the Pahlavis
- 1921 coup
- 1925 power
- 1930s Westernisation and Secularisation
- Middle class and industrial working class
World War II
- Links to Germany
- British/Soviet invasion 1941
- Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
- Personality/weaknesses
Shah
-
vs. Mosaddeq
AIOC
Open political system
Mosaddeq – rise and fall 1953 (CIA)
Shah
-
– 1960s and early 1970s
White Revolution 1963 – votes for women, land reform, literacy
Opposition – religious leaders plus intellectuals and democrats
Increasing arbitrary rule by the 1970s – dissolution of political parties 1975
SAVAK
Opposition
- Khomeini and Islamic revolutionary thinking
- Domestic opposition (Bazaaris, students etc)
Reasons for 1979
- US influence
- Oil price rise and impact
- Inflexibility of Shah
- Repression of dissent
- Wealth and poverty – middle class disenfranchisement
- Opposition to Westernisation
- SAVAK
- 1978 – cycle of violence
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1979-1981
- Shah flees, Khomeini returns
- Islamic Republic – new Constitution
- US Embassy hostages
- Iran-Iraq War
- Theocratic state 1981
Revolution
- Nature of theocracy
- Autocracy and repression
- Khomeini’s vision – gharbzadigi etc (Westoxification)
Post 1990
- Young impatient with theocracy
- Khamenei – Rafsanjani – Khatami
- Now – gradual democracy and reform vs. conservatives
Afghanistan
History of Afghanistan
1839-1842
First Anglo-Afghan War
1873
Russia established a fixed boundary between Afghanistan and it's
new territories.
Russia promises to respect Afghanistan's territorial integrity.
1878
Start of second Anglo-Afghan War.
The British invade and the Afghans quickly put up a strong
resistance.
1880
Battle of Maiwand
1893
The Durand line fixes borders of Afghanistan with British India,
splitting Afghan tribal areas, leaving half of these Afghans in what is
now Pakistan.
1895
Afghanistan's northern border is fixed and guaranteed by Russia
1907
Russia and Great Britain sign the convention of St. Petersburg, in
which Afghanistan is declared outside Russia's sphere of influence.
Habibullah is assassinated, and succeeded by his son Amanullah
(The reform King)
1921
Third Anglo-Afghan war.
Once again, the British are defeated, and Afghanistan gains full
control of her foreign affairs.
1934
The United States of America formally recognizes Afghanistan
1940
Zahir Shah proclaims Afghanistan as neutral during WW2
1949
Afghanistan's Parliament denounces the Durand Treaty and refuses
to recognize the Durand line as a legal boundary between Pakistan
and Afghanistan.
1953
Prince Mohammad Daoud becomes Prime Minister.
1955
Daoud turns to the Soviet Union (Russia) for military aid.
1956
Close ties between Afghanistan and USSR.
1959
The Purdah is made optional, women begin to enrol in the University
which has become co-educational.
Women begin to enter the workforce, and the government.
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C
1972
Mohammad Moussa becomes Prime Minister.
1973
July 17th: Zahir Shah is on vacation in Europe, when his
government is overthrown in a military coup headed by Daoud Khan
and PDPA (Afghan Communist Party).
Daoud Khan abolishes the monarchy, declares himself President.
Republic of Afghanistan is established.
1978
June: Afghan guerrilla (Mujahideen) movement is born.
1978
Communist Government came to power – military coup
1979
Soviets took power to avoid
1989
Soviets withdrew. USSR, Afghanistan and Pakistan signed accords
to end fighting.
Pro-soviet government in place.
Government overthrown.
Mujarhaddeen – resistance movement gained support
1992
Civil War.
Taliban gains support in the south
1998
September – Taliban spreads North and leads a coup in Kabul,
declared new governing body.
Mohammad Omar – Leader of the Faithful
2001
Allied Forces support Northern Alliance to defeat Taliban – new
President named
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES AND PEACE
Students must study two (2) units:
one (1) unit from:
How and why do people struggle for independence?
AND
one (1) unit from:
Where are we today?
HOW AND WHY DO PEOPLE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE?
Students must study one (1) unit from:





Israel and Palestine
Ireland
Indonesia
India
Vietnam
(up to present day)
(1949)
(1965)
(1950)
(1975)
Israel and Palestine
A) Introduction




Three nationalisms: Zionism, Arab nationalism, Palestinian nationalism
A brief overview of the Pre-nineteenth century history of the region
Growth of Zionist movement: Herzl, Basle 1896/7, Rothschild and land acquisition in
Palestine
Situation pre-1914: Arab/Jewish tensions
B) The much too Promised Land


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The Sykes – Picot Agreement
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
The Balfour Declaration
C) The Mandate Years
1.
Zionist strategies

Building a state – the yishuv

International pressure: lobbying US Congress, Weizmann

Origins of Jewish terrorism: Jabotinski
2.
Arab response : beginnings of Palestinian nationalism

Riots 1920; 1929

Failure of lobbying – why?

Arab revolt 1937-1939 – failure?
3.
British Policy: whose side?

1922 White Paper

Investigation into riots of 1929

Arab revolt and the Peel Commission

1939 White Paper
4.
1939-47 World War II and the Post War Crisis

The Holocaust

Illegal immigration

Jewish terrorism

International pressure (Baltimore Conference; post war US pressure)

The end of the Mandate

UNSCOP and the Resolution on the Future Government of Palestine (Partition
Resolution)
D) The State of Israel: 1948-Present
1.
The problems of building a Jewish state

Demographic composition of the new state

Disunity within Israel: Jew vs. Palestinian; Jew vs. Jew
2.
Maintaining the Jewish state

Wars: 1948, 1956, 1967, 1973, Lebanon 1978 and 1982, Gulf War 1991

Financial burdens

International lobbying

Superpower involvement

Occupied territories
E) Palestinian Nationalism
1.
How and when did Palestinians emerge as a distinct entity?

The twenties and thirties

The Arab revolt

The Catastrophe
2.
The Palestinian Voice

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Refugees and emerging nationalism
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Modern World History
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The PLO: Palestinian nationalism vs. Arab nationalism

Strategies: terrorism, persuasion

Occupied territories
F) The Current Situation: Cover from Press

Death of Arafat

Role of Yasser Arafat’s Fatah movement

Hamas – or the Islamic Resistance Movement
Suggested Resources:
Bickerton and Pearson: 1991 The Arab- Israeli Conflict, Longman Cheshire
Bleaneyand Lawless: 1990 The Arab-Israeli Conflict 1947-1967, Batsford
Brooman: 1989 Conflict in Palestine, Longman 20th C History Series
Carroll: 1983 The Palestine Question, Impact
Cossali: “Whose Promised Land?”, The Geographical Magazine
Dimbleby and McCullin: 1979 The Palestinian, Quartet Books
Dixon: 1991 Whose Promised Land?, Heinemann
Gilmour: 1982 Dispossessed, Sphere Books
Hirst: 1984 The Gun and the Olive Branch, Faber and Faber
Houston: The Arab- Israeli Conflict, Longman
McDowall: 1986 The Palestinians, Franklin Watts
McKarzel: “The Middle East since 1945”, World Review March ‘91 (State Library)
Oppenheim: 1989 The Middle East, Blackwell
Said: 1992 The Question of Palestine, Vintage Books
Scott-Baumann: Conflict in the Middle East, Edward Arnold 1984
Shaw: “Suffering Under David’s Star”, New Internationalist No199, September 1989
“A survey of the Middle East”, The Economist September / October 1991
Ireland

Chronology, Terms and Maps

Background Information (19th Century Ireland, the growth of Irish Nationalism, Home Rule
and the reaction of Ulster to it)

“We Ourselves” (Irish nationalism, Sinn Fein and the failure of Home Rule, 1900 – WWI)

The Easter Rising and the results

“War and Bloody Mayhem” 1918 – 1921 (1918 elections, IRA, Collins, Irish Declaration of
Independence, Anglo-Irish War) Government of Ireland Act

The Irish Free State and Civil War ( Anglo -Irish truce, IFS, division between
moderates and republicans, Civil War, death of Griffiths and Collins, results)

The inspirations: Redmond, Griffiths, Collins, deValera

A nation needing a breath of life: 1923 – 1945 (Fianna Fail and deValera, Depression,
Trade with England, Eire, WWII, Republic of Ireland)
Suggested Resources:
Websites:
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REVhistoryIreland.htm
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/ireland_1848_to_1922.htm
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http://islandireland.com/Pages/history.html
http://www.templehistory.dna.ie/index.htm
http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/eurodocs/ireland.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1038669.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/troubles/
http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/
Books:
Finn & Lynch, Ireland & England, Macmillan, 1995
Power, E.G. Modern Ireland, Longman, 1988
Rea & Wright, Ireland: A Divided Island, OUP, 1993
Films:
Cal
Michael Collins
Indonesia
Indonesian Struggle for Independence
The post-independence years provide an appropriate, brief closure for this topic. The years beyond
1965 will not be examined externally.
Background
Dutch consolidate control 1815, local resistance
Growth of nationalism in 20th C
1926 PKI uprising
Sukarno, Hatta and Sjahir and the PNI
World War
-
II and independence
Japanese take over in 1942, resistance
Declaration of independence, 17 Aug. 1945
Return of the Dutch, continued resistance
Dutch withdraw, Indonesia as a federation Dec. 1949
Republic declared 17 Aug. 1950
The Sukarno years
- Economic issues, the search for political stability
Guided democracy
Confrontation with Malaya
West Irian
PKI, coup attempt of 1965
Sukarno discredited, Suharto takes over
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Modern World History
TQA 3
India
India 1900-1950
For most of 19th Century, India was ruled by the British. (The post -independence years
provide a good, brief closure for this topic. Note that 1948-1950 will not be assessed
externally).
1885
Indian National Congress (INC) founded – aim to get greater say in
the way India was governed.
1909
Morley-Minto reforms were introduced. Each province to have its
own governor and Indian nationals were allowed to sit on the
councils which advised these governors.
After 1918
Nationals pushed for greater reform. Woodrow Wilson emphasised
the importance of self-determination
1919
Government of India Act was introduced.
National Parliament with two houses for India.
5 million of the wealthiest Indians were given the right to vote.
Ministers in provinces could now be Indian national.
British still controlled central government.
Concerns over self-rule and the possible fragmentation of Empire.
Amritsar Massacre – 379 unarmed protestors shot dead by British
soldiers – in response increased support for INC.
1920
Gandhi transformed Indian National Congress into main movement
against British Colonial Rule. Promoted parliamentary, non-violent
resistance and non-cooperation to achieve independence.
1922
Imprisoned by civil disobedience
1928/30
Simon Commission – self-government only for the provinces, this
was not accepted by the INC.
1930
Salt March
1930 and 1931
Lord Irwin, Viceroy to India, held two Round Table conferences in
London. No INC members present.
1933
Gandhi fasting to end British rule
1935
Government of India Act
1937
Provincial elects Hindu Congress Party under Nehru dominated
elections. Muslim League under Jinnah demanded a separate state
of their own to be called Pakistan. Both Gandhi and the Congress
party were determined to preserve unity.
1939-45
World War 2
Indians provided military assistance. The British promised dominion
status for India once the war had ended.
1945
British Labour Government wanted to settle the “Indian problem”
1946
Nehru invited to form an interim government.
Civil War – Muslim/ Hindu
1947
New Viceroy – Lord Mountbatten – appointed and he concluded that
peace could only be achieved if partition was introduced.
1947
August – Indian Independence Act was signed. This separated the
Muslim majority areas from India to create the independent state of
Pakistan.
Great movement of peoples and violence occurred.
India became a dominion within the Commonwealth.
Nehru as Prime Minister
1948
Gandhi assassinated
1950
India became a Republic
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TQA 3
Vietnam
Vietnam to 1975
Background

Chinese Influence / French colonialism (18-19th Centuries)

Rise of nationalist parties and communist parties
1940-45
Effect of World War II on Vietnam

Occupation by Japanese and administration by Vichy France

Formation of Vietminh

U.S. support for nationalist/communist parties

End of French rule in Indochina in 1945

Potsdam Conference and its effect on Vietnam

Effect of Japanese surrender - August 1945

Ho Chi Minh’s Declaration of Independence - September, 1945

Temporary occupation of Vietnam by British and Chinese forces

French reoccupation and Fontainebleau
1945-54
First Vietnam War

Elysee Agreement / Reasons for initial outbreak of fighting

French strategy / Vietminh strategy

Role of U.S.A.

Dien Bien Phu

Reasons for the loss by the French and victory of the Vietminh
1954-64
Geneva Conference and results

Internal affairs in the North – the introduction of a communist society

Internal affairs in the South – the policies and problems connected with the Ngo regime

Increasing US involvement

Eisenhower’s and Kennedy’s reasons

Formation of the NLF, build up of North Vietnamese Forces
1964-75
Second Stage of the Vietnam War

Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution / Escalation of US involvement

Tet offensive and results

USSR/Chinese involvement

Peace talks

Growing opposition to War and disillusionment with American administration

The Nixon Doctrine / U.S. withdrawal

Reasons for the victory of Vietnamese Communists
Suggested Resources:
Cowie, HR, 1983 Revolutions in the Modern World, Revised Edition, Nelson
Higgins, Hugh 1982 Vietnam 2nd Edition Heinemann
Karnow, Stanley 1983 Vietnam: A History – Penguin
Sutherland, Ian 1990 Conflict in Indochina – Thomas Nelson
Wood, John 1990 Vietnam and the Indochina Conflict – Macmillan
(plus many others available on internet, although be aware of bias)
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Modern World History
TQA 3
‘WHERE ARE WE TODAY?’
Students must study one (1) unit from:

Diplomacy: The United Nations

Terrorism
Essential Unit of Study
Suggested time for this unit is a minimum of 10 hours. This topic is an ideal individual or group
research project.
This topic is an ideal individual or group research project.
1. DIPLOMACY: THE UNITED NATIONS

Formation

Structure, roles and branches

Peacekeeping Operations

Future of the Organisation
2. TERRORISM

Definition of terrorism. Some examples from past and current groups (The Jacobins, the KKK,
Basque terror through ETA etc.)

Motives and Strategies of Terrorist groups

1960s and 1970s – Red Brigades, Bader Meinhof

Alternatives (different examples): South America, Northern Ireland, the Middle East

Dangers of anti – terrorism

The War against Terror

Changing nature of terrorism

State sponsored terror
This unit of study should be illustrated with recent examples. An outline is provided below for
Yugoslavia and The Gulf Region. Other examples may be appropriate as they arise.
YUGOSLAVIA

Nationalism after World War I

Serb/Croat tension

Divisions during WWII

Tito’s Yugoslavia

The Bosnian Crisis 1991-1996 and the breakup of Yugoslavia

Foreign Involvement by the UN and NATO

Kosovo

War Crimes Trial
THE GULF REGION

The Islamic Revolution in Iran 1978-1979

The Iraqi claims against Kuwait

Invasion

Operation Desert Shield - Desert Storm

Consequences
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TQA 3
D
SOCIAL HISTORY
Topics studied in Section D will not be externally assessed. The following are examples of topics that might be
taught in this Unit, depending on the interests of teachers and learners.

USA in the 1920s/the Great Depression

Changes in the role of women over the last century

Civil Rights movements

1960s/70s Youth Culture
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