A&P II—Study Objectives
Reproductive System
1. Describe the anatomy and functions of each of the following male/female
reproductive structures/organs. Include key cells, tissue layers and structural terms as
required.
Male
Testes: :tunics, lobules seminiferous tubules,interstitial cells of Leydig,
Sertoli/Nurse cells
Epididymis
Vas Deferens and Spermatic Cord
Seminal Vesicles
Ejaculatory Duct
Prostate Gland
Urethra: prostatic, membranous, urethral
Bulbouretral Glands/Cowper’s glands
Penis: corpus spongiosum, corpus cavernosum
Scrotum
Female
Ovaries
Fallopian Tubes/ Oviducts: fimbrae, ciliated columnar ET lining
Uterus: fundus ,body, myometrium, endometrium
Cervix
Vagina: vaginal orifice
External Genitals: vulva, labia major and minor, vestibule, vestibular glands,
clitoris
Ligaments: ovarian, round, broad
Mammary Glands: lobules ,areola, nipple, lactiferous glands, lactiferous ducts,
lactiferous sinuses
2. Describe the process and purpose of meiosis. Compare and contrast Division I and
Division II, compare it to mitosis.
3. Describe the process of spermatogenesis in the male testes. Include the following
terms in your discussion: spermatognnium, primary spermatocyte, secondary
spermatocyte, spermtids ,mature spermatozoa (sperm), Sertoli cells, haploid, diploid,
meiosis I, meiosis II, differentiation.
4. Describe the structure and function of a mature sperm cell.
5. Describe the production and function of the three major hormones which control male
reproductive capacity: FSH, LH, and testosterone
6. Describe the secondary sex traits which develop in the male with the onset of puberty.
7. Describe male sexual arousal, erection, and ejaculation. Include the role of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic system in your discussion.
8. Describe oogenesis in the ovary . Use the following terms in your discussion:
primordial follicles, primary oocyte/follicle, secondary oocyte/follicle, polar bodies,
Meiosis I , Meiosis II, haploid, diploid, corpus luteum, corpus albicans
9. Describe the four phases of the menstrual cycle describing the roles of the dominant
hormones in each phase: menses, preovulatory(follicular, ovulation, post-ovulatory
(luteal, secretory).
10. Discuss the ovarian cycle versus the uterine cycle, coordinating the timing and
hormonal influences controlling each process.
11. Describe female sexual arousal and orgasm; include the role of the
parasympathetic/sympathetic systems.
A&P II Study Objectives
Embryonic/Fetal Development, Pregnancy, Childbirth, Lactation
1. Describe the changes in the menstrual cycle which occur with pregnancy.
Describe the timing and role of HCG.
2. List and describe the development of the extra-embryonic membranes; describe
their functions.
3. Describe the formation and roles of the placenta.
4. Describe placental blood circulation and exchange, naming the structures
involved.
5. Outline the fetal circulatory pathway from the placenta to and through the fetus
and back to the placenta.
6. Describe the process of fertilization using the following terms: capacitation,
acrosome, corona radiate, zona pellucida, barrier membrane, and nuclear fusion.
7. Define and describe the phases of early embryonic development: zygote,
cleavage, morula, blastula, gastrula.
8. Describe the process of implantation.
9. Describe the formation of the three germ layers in gastrulation and list the major
organ systems to develop from each layer: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
10. Describe the process which occurs in weeks 0-8, months 1-2, characterized as
embryogenesis. Use the terms organogenesis and morphogenesis in your
discussion.
11. Describe the processes which occur in fetal development, months 3-9, weeks 938.
12. Describe the hormonal control of labor.
13. Discuss the three stages of labor.
14. Describe the hormonal control of lactation including milk production and the
“suckling “ and “let-down” reflexes.
15. Discuss the method of action of oral contraceptive pills and Norplant, etc.
16. Describe post-birth and lactation effects on the menstrual cycle.