CAPACITY
WP2100
Derivation of Geophysical Data Requirements from Satelliteborne Platforms and
Ground-Based Networks and Auxilary Data Requirements
DRAFT
Version 4,
21 June 2004
1
Contents
1.
Introduction
2.
Strategy to the Derivation of Geophysical Data Requirements
2.1 Background
2.2 The strategy to the derivation of level 2 data requirements for CAPACITY
2.3 Data Requirements Table Format
2.4 Coverage and Height Ranges
2.5 Uncertainty and Spatial and Temporal Resolution
3.
Theme A: Evolution of the Ozone Layer and Related Changes in Surface UV
3.1 Protocol Monitoring and Treaty Verification
3.1.1
Satelliteborne Observations
3.1.2
Ground-based Observations
3.1.3
Auxilary Data Requirements
3.2 Understanding
3.2.1
Satelliteborne Observations
3.2.2
Ground-based Observations
3.2.3
Auxilary Data Requirements
3.3 Near-real-time Applications
4.
3.3.1
Satelliteborne Observations
3.3.2
Ground-based Observations
3.3.3
Auxilary Data Requirements
Data Requirement Tables Theme B: Atmospheric Composition Changes with Effects on
Climate
4.1 Protocol Monitoring and Treaty Verification
4.1.1
Satelliteborne Observations
4.1.2
Ground-based Observations
4.1.3
Auxilary Data Requirements
4.2 Understanding
4.2.1
Satelliteborne Observations
4.2.2
Ground-based Observations
4.2.3
Auxilary Data Requirements
4.3 Near-real-time Applications
5.
4.3.1
Satelliteborne Observations
4.3.2
Ground-based Observations
4.3.3
Auxilary Data Requirements
Data Requirement Tables Theme C: Air Quality Degradation
5.1 Protocol Monitoring and Treaty Verification
5.1.1
Satelliteborne Observations
5.1.2
Ground-based Observations
5.1.3
Auxilary Data Requirements
2
5.2 Understanding
5.2.1
Satelliteborne Observations
5.2.2
Ground-based Observations
5.2.3
Auxilary Data Requirements
5.3 Near-real-time Applications
6.
Summary
7.
References
5.3.1
Satelliteborne Observations
5.3.2
Ground-based Observations
5.3.3
Auxilary Data Requirements
3
1. Introduction
The geophysical data requirements are based on the user requirements that are
documented in the WP1000 user requirements document. Other pieces of input
information include:





IGACO Theme report
Reports from earlier ESA studies: ACE requirements, Kyoto
Reports from earlier Eumetsat studies, including the NWP Position Paper on
Observational Requirements for Nowcasting and Very Short Range
Forecasting in 2015-2025
Research mission proposals including ACECHEM, GeoTrope and TROC
GCOS Implementation Plan (draft March 2004)
4
2. Strategy for the derivation of data requirements
2.1 Background
A short summary of the structure in the WP1000 report.
Environmental Themes
Operational Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring will contribute to three major
environmental themes:
 The Evolution of the Ozone Layer and Related Changes in Surface UV
 The Effects of Changes in Atmospheric Composition on Climate and the
Effects of Climate Change on Atmospheric Composition
 The Degradation of Air Quality on Local, Regional, Continental and Global
Scale
Drivers and added value
Three overall drivers have been identified for operational spaceborne observations of
atmospheric composition. These overall drivers are:
(1) The provision of information on treaty verification and protocol
monitoring
(2) The contribution to scientific understanding and knowledge acquisition to
support policy
(3) The facilitation and improvement of operational applications and services,
including forecasts, with near-real time information on the atmospheric
composition
Each of the three overall drivers contributes to policy support. The first bullet with
direct delivery of required information, the second via scientific assessments and their
summaries for policy makers, and the third with applications and services using actual
information and forecasts on the atmospheric state for warning systems and to support
real-time decision making.
In addition to the three overall drivers, spaceborne operational monitoring of
atmospheric composition will be valuable:
 To promote scientific research with unique long-term consistent data products
 To contribute to climate monitoring, and, in broader perspective, Earth system
monitoring
 To improve atmospheric correction for surface remote sensing
 To strengthen public awareness on environmental themes
User Categories and Levels of Information
Different levels of information will be needed which can be associated with different
user categories.
- On a first level of information are the users that are involved in the monitoring
of protocols and directives (Compliance User), e.g. governmental institutes
on different administrative levels and international organisations associated
with international treaties and protocols.
5
-
-
On a second level are scientists assessing the technical basis for abatement
strategies, typically summarised in scientific assessment reports (Technical
User) and further the scientists using the information for fundamental
scientific research (Research User).
On a third level of information are users that would apply the available
information for operational applications and services, e.g. meteorological
institutes, to improve warning systems and to increase public awareness.
The requirements set by the compliance user, the technical user and for the near-real
time applications and services will guide the derivation of data requirements for
operational missions. At the same time, the operational missions will provide unique
data to the research user. Services can serve different user categories, e.g., they may
be directed to support policy makers for control strategies and security, health and
environmental law enforcement, e.g. on measures to be taken in air pollution
episodes. The services can also be directed to the general public for health warnings
(concentrations exceeding standards, UV radiation levels) and planning of out-door
activities (e.g. a Marathon in Athens) as well as for general awareness. Scientists
could use actual information on the atmospheric composition for campaign planning
and climate monitoring. Further several specific organisations could use the data, e.g.
to improve safety of air and road transport by provision of warnings on environmental
hazards (volcanic eruptions, extreme forest fires, etc.).
6
2.2 The strategy to data requirements for CAPACITY
A reference for the strategy to derive quantitative requirements from high-level user
requirements for CAPACITY has been the compilation of data requirements made for
the IGACO theme report. Here, the strategy of IGACO is shortly evaluated.
IGACO
The overall objective of IGACO is to define a feasible strategy for deploying an
Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry Observation System (IGACO), by
combining ground-based, airborne and satellite observations with suitable data
archives and global models. The purpose of the system is therefore to provide
representative, reliable and accurate information about the changing atmosphere to
those responsible for environmental policy development and to weather and
environmental prediction centres. IGACO will also improve scientific understanding
of the changing atmosphere.
The IGACO system includes the following components:
 Networks of ground-based instrumentation to measure ground concentrations
and vertical profiles of atmospheric constituents and UV radiation on a regular
basis.
 Regular aircraft measurements of chemical and aerosol species in the entire
troposphere, and in the upper-troposphere / lower-stratosphere (UTLS) layer,
which is sensitive to climate change.
 Satellite based instruments preferably mounted on a combination of LEO
(low-Earth orbit) polar and GEO (Geo-stationary) equatorial orbiting satellite
platforms, for obtaining the required spatial and temporal resolution of the
data produced.
 Data assimilation systems capable of integrating the measurements derived
from different sources at different times and locations and able to assess the
quality and consistency of the measurements.
In IGACO four main atmospheric chemistry themes have been identified:
 Air Quality: the Globalisation of Air Pollution
 Oxidising Efficiency: the Atmosphere as a Waste Processor
 Stratospheric Ozone Shield
 Chemistry-Climate Interaction
For each of these themes a set of required observables has been established including
spatial and temporal resolution, trueness and precision. Taking into account financial
and logistic constraints a group 1 set of observables has been identified that can be
measured by existing or approved observation systems with some limited
improvement, mainly in the integration of data. A group 2 set of observables would
require development of a next generation of satellites, reinforcement of routine
ground and airborne measurement and the development and implementation of a data
assimilation system.
CAPACITY
From the IGACO report it can be concluded that for most practical applications
satellite measurements are most profitable when these are assimilated into integrated
observing systems, such that the satellite measurements are supported by surface-base
and airborne observations, and such to create an integrated 4-dimensional view of the
7
state of the atmosphere, using atmospheric numerical models which include the best
knowledge of analysed or forecasted meteorological and surface fields.
This approach will be followed in CAPACITY as well.
Based on the themes and user categories that have been identified in WP1000 we are
able to define application areas for which data requirements can be derived. In Table 1
an overview is given of these areas; each area corresponds to one of the cells in the
table. Some keywords for the application area are given. These keywords are not
necessarily complete. The IGACO theme on changes in the oxidising efficiency is in
the CAPACITY structure integrated in the themes on Climate-Chemistry Interactions
and Air Quality.
CAPACITY
Environmental Theme
Level
of information
A
B
C
The Evolution of
the Ozone Layer
and Related
Changes in Surface
UV
The Effects of
Changes in
Atmospheric
Composition on
Climate
The Degradation of
Air Quality on
Local, Regional,
Continental and
Global Scale
UN/ECE CLRTAP
convention; EMEP and
Goteborg protocols; EU
NEC- and Framework
Directives, CAFE
Monitoring of
Protocols and
Directives
Compliance
User
UNEP Vienna
Convention and Montreal
Protocol + Amendments
and Adjustments
UNFCCC convention;
Kyoto Protocol;
EU environmental action
programme (ECCP; PostKyoto)
Scientific
Understanding
and Scientific
use
Technical and
Research User
WMO O3 assessments;
The sciences of strat.
chemistry, UV radiative
transfer and UV effects;
Source attribution
IPCC Assessments; The
sciences of climatechemistry interaction
processes and, in general,
the Earth system; Source
attribution
Near-Real
Time Use and
Public
Awareness
Services to
various endusers
Ozone Layer and surface
UV forecasting (polar
ozone reports); mediumrange and seasonal
numerical weather
forecasting
Climate monitoring;
atmospheric composition
monitoring;
NWP analysis; NWP
reanalyses
UNEP and EU environ.
assessments; The
sciences of tropospheric
chemistry and air quality
impacts; Source
attribution
Chemical weather
forecast and monitoring
Health and safety
warnings and Air traffic
management
Reference
code
1
2
3
Table 1. User Applications Table. Each cell in the user applications table is called an
application area and can be referred to with a code: A1, A2, …, B1, …, C3
Data requirement tables are given per user category, i.e., for compliance users (A1,
B1, C1), technical and research users (A2, B2, C2) and for near-real time applications
and services (A3, B3, C3). For some application areas the requirements may need
distinction within these user categories. In these cases additional tables with data
requirements are to be given for this application area, sub-divided into different
groups within this user category.
[to be included:
More text on the separation of requirements from satelliteborne platforms, groundbased networks and the auxiliary (model) data requirements
]
8
2.3 Data Requirements Table Format
The data requirements tables per application area have the following format:
Reference code
Requirement
Data
Product
Environmental Theme
Driver
Height
Range
Horizontal
resolution
Vertical
resolution
Temporal
resolution
Uncertainty
Table 2. Format of the data requirements tables
The tables summarise the data requirements from satelliteborne platforms (S), groundbased networks (G) and the auxiliary (model, observational) data requirements per
application area and for Theme A, B and C, respectively.
In each table first the mandatory products are listed (Priority A), followed by the
desired products (Priority B). We distinguish per data product either the relevant
height range (for a profile) or a total column, or a partial column (e.g. tropospheric
column). Further the required horizontal, vertical and temporal resolutions are given,
for which the first value is a target requirement and the second value is the threshold
requirement. In the last column the overall uncertainties that can be allowed for the
given (threshold) resolution requirements are presented.
2.4 Coverage and Height Ranges
In general,
Target is always global coverage, unless stated otherwise.
For Theme C threshold coverage is Europe, incl. Balkan and Turkey and coastal
waters.
For the height range reference is made to the compartments of the atmosphere that are
commonly distinguished in atmospheric research: In the troposphere distinction is
made between the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL), the Free Troposphere (FT), the
Upper Troposphere (UT) and the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL). In the
stratosphere distinction is made between the lowermost stratosphere (LS), the middle
stratosphere (MS), and the upper stratosphere (US). The mesosphere is denoted with
(M).
Atmospheric
compartments
PBL
FT
UT
Tropics
Eq. – 30°
(km)
Mid-Latitude
30° – 60°
(km)
Surface – 2
2 – 12
6 – 16
Surface - 2
2 – 12
6 – 12
9
Polar Region
60° – Pole
(km)
Surface - 1
1–8
6–8
12 – 16
--TTL
16 – 20
12 – 20
8 – 20
LS
20
–
35
20
–
35
20
– 35
MS
35 – 80
35 – 80
35 – 80
US+M
Table 3. The atmospheric compartments that are distinguished for the height-range
specifications in the data requirement tables. The boundaries have been set at fixed
altitudes and latitudes for simplicity and only represent an approximation to the mean
state neglecting atmospheric variability.
[Figure to be included: A latitude-height figure with atmospheric domains]
The PBL typically extends up to less than 2 km above the Earth’s surface. The PBL is
usually thicker above continents than above oceans. The FT is defined as the region
between the top of the PBL and the tropopause. The tropopause in polar regions is
typically at an altitude of ~8 km, and at tropical latitudes near ~16 km. The TTL is
located in the FT between about 12 and 16 km at tropical latitudes. The UT refers to
tropospheric air above about ~6 km altitude. The LS refers to stratospheric air below
~20 km altitude. The MS represents the middle stratosphere between ~20 km (i.e.
excluding the lowermost stratosphere) and ~35 km. The upper stratosphere plus
mesosphere are defined to extent from ~35 km up to ~80 km altitude globally.
2.5 Uncertainty and Spatial and Temporal Resolution
In data assimilation systems it is in the first place the (assumed) uncertainty of the
measurement that determines the potential impact on the outcome of the assimilation
system. Therefore, the requirements on uncertainty are typically the most quantitative
requirements, at least in comparison to the requirements on spatial and temporal
resolution. However, a complicating factor for the assessment of the uncertainty
requirements is that this number contains both a random and a systematic component,
of which the latter is should be established by a long-term validation with independent
measurements.
Prolonged data sets with stable retrievals and limited instrumental drift during the
mission lifetime may allow a larger uncertainty on individual retrievals, because in the
end the large number of available observations will help to reduce systematic and
random errors. Also enhanced temporal or spatial sampling may allow a larger
uncertainty on individual retrievals. However, the extent to which enhanced sampling
could reduce the uncertainty will depend on the relative contribution of the random
component to the overall uncertainty and on the error correlation lengths in time and
space (see below). Sampling requirements are not specified in the data requirement
tables. Instead we derive spatial and temporal resolution requirements. The resolution
requirements typically reflect the variability of this parameter in time and space,
together with the time- and spatial scale of the atmospheric processes relevant for this
parameter. To a certain extent the sampling is constrained by the uncertainty and
resolution requirements.
10
An advantage of satelliteborne observations over in-situ measurements is that the
representation error is typically smaller. We estimate that for satellite measurements
the representation errors will likely contribute less to the uncertainty because the
satellite pixel sizes and model grid sizes are typically of the same order of magnitude.
For in-situ measurements the representation error will contribute more to the overall
uncertainty.
It is noted here that the impact of observations with a certain uncertainty on a data
assimilation system will also depend on the (assumed) model uncertainties. These will
typically vary from time to time and place to place. This is a complicating factor that
has not been taken into account in the derivation of the uncertainty requirements. It
can be anticipated however that at locations and times with small model uncertainty
(e.g. because in-situ observations are available) the sampling requirements can be
relaxed to a certain extent.
The horizontal resolution requirements are somewhat less quantitative than the
uncertainty requirements and are typically at least a factor 2-3 smaller than the error
correlation length in the model that is used in the assimilation of the observable. In
fact, the assimilation will combine the available observations within the area defined
by the model error correlation length. These error correlation lengths are typically a
function of altitude in the atmosphere and are mainly determined by the spatial scales
of the relevant atmospheric processes and by the resulting spatial variabilities in the
observables. Typically, the correlation length decreases from several hundreds of
kilometers in the stratosphere to several tens of kilometers in the lower troposphere
and even smaller in the PBL. However, in some cases the observation of smaller
scales than as those defined by the model error correlation length might be very useful
as well, e.g. , to validate the model on the cascade of processes as a function of spatial
scale.
The vertical resolution requirements are mostly related to the gradients of the
observable in the vertical direction. In the middle and upper stratosphere the
distributions of the observables vary rather smoothly. In contrast, in the UTLS the
vertical gradients (and thus error correlation lengths) can be very steep and highly
variable in time, leading to much more stringent requirements. The vertical gradients
in the troposphere typically depend on the synoptic situation and are mainly
controlled by convective events. Note that, in contrast to turbulent mixing, convection
can either steepen or smooth gradients.
Temporal resolution requirements can in principle be determined from examination of
the anomaly correlations that can be calculated in an assimilation system. One could
argue that if the anomaly correlation drops below a certain predefined threshold, the
time evolution as described by the model is not sufficiently adequate and a new
analysis based on observations, is needed. Following this argument the required
update frequency would determine the required temporal resolution for an observable.
However, it is difficult to estimate the extent to which future (and likely improved)
models are able to describe the time evolution of the atmosphere. Current assimilation
models have already proven skill for the prediction of stratospheric transport up to
more than a week ahead. Model skill to describe the evolution of tropospheric
transport is likely much more limited because of the intermittent nature of several
processes. Note that often the predictability of the meteorological variables (wind,
temperature) is limiting model skills.
11
Here, instead of using extensive studies on the anomaly correlation or the model error
growth per time step, the temporal resolution requirements for the observables are
derived from the expected variability in time of the observable. For example, at the
higher altitudes the observables with a diurnal cycle should be observed at least twice
daily (e.g. day/night, etc.), while for the other observables daily to weekly
observations would probably suffice. The temporal variability typically increases in
the lower troposphere and planetary boundary layer, as does the complexity of models
to describe the time evolution of the atmosphere. Therefore, the temporal resolution at
which the observations are needed increases at lower altitudes. Depending on the
relevant atmospheric processes and the geographic location the required temporal
resolution in the PBL will vary from several times daily to less than one hour.
Finally it is noted that the spatial and temporal resolutions that are or will be used in
present-day and future atmospheric models play only a (minor) role for the resolution
requirements, as the requirements are determined in the first place by the scales of
atmospheric processes. These processes may be either resolved or sub-grid in a
model.
In conclusion, the uncertainties given for each of the observables should be read as the
maximum uncertainty that is allowed in order to obtain information on the observable
on the specified spatial and temporal resolution. If the uncertainty is reached with a
single retrieval or with a combination of retrievals will depend on the sampling and
measurement techniques used. Requirements for these have not been specified.
12
3. Theme A: Evolution of Stratospheric Ozone and Related Changes in Surface UV
3.1 Protocol Monitoring and Treaty Verification A1
Main driving user requirements A1
 Monitoring of the thickness of the ozone layer and its evolution in time
 Monitoring of the trends in the levels of surface UV radiation
 Monitoring of the trends in the concentrations of ozone depleting substances (ODS)
 Concentration monitoring for the derivation of ODS emission trends
 Not yet included: Concentration monitoring for the detection of ODS emissions(operational or research?)
 Monitoring of ozone profile trends
 Attribution of total ozone changes to stratospheric ozone changes
 Attribution of stratospheric ozone changes to ‘Equivalent Chlorine’ loading changes
 Attribution of UV changes to stratospheric ozone changes
Notes:
- Based on experience with GOME it is assumed that a 3%(?) uncertainty (mainly systematic errors) on individual total ozone columns
available every 3 days will be sufficient to arrive at a 1%/yr trend monitoring (zonally averaged monthly-means).
- Zonal averages suffice except for ozone and UV itself and for the detection of ClO and BrO enhancements
- It is assumed that weekly representative surface measurements per 10 deg latitude band, together with weekly total columns, suffice for
the determination of total (equivalent) organic chlorine in the atmosphere and the derivation of trends in CFC concentrations and trends in
their emissions. Typically zonally averaged values of ~2% are needed for the CFCs and other long-lived ODS, and ~5% for the HCFCs
which are subject to larger downward trends in the 2010-2020 time period.
- In fact, all ODS that are mentioned in the protocols should be monitored with priority A (Full lists are given in the WMO ozone assessment
reports). In the data requirement tables we have restricted ourselves so far to the most abundant ODS, and also priority has been given to
those ODS for which surface-based historical records are already available (proven measurement techniques).
- Ozone profile information is needed in order to be able to make distinction between total ozone changes, tropospheric ozone changes and
LS, MS and/or US+M ozone changes.
- For a selection of chlorine compounds profile information in the LS and MS is needed in order to be able to determine total organic
chlorine.
- Requirements for ClO and BrO are set for enhanced levels because monitoring of these short-lived gases is only relevant for the detection of
events with excessive ozone loss (do we really need BrO here, or only ClO suffices?) which may need reporting
- HNO3 is needed to observe long-term changes in denitrification
13
3.1.1 Satelliteborne Observations A1
Global coverage
A1-S
Protocol Monitoring and Treaty Verification on the Evolution of the Ozone Layer and Related Changes in Surface UV
Radiation
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Data
Product
Priority A
O3
UV Index
UV dose
Priority B
O3
---
24 / 24*3
Daily at noon
UV Trend Monitoring
Surface
50 / 100
--
Daily dose
1%
0.5 ( UVI<=5 )
10% ( UVI > 5)
0.5 kJ.m-2
O3 Monitoring \
Attribution to height ranges
LS
MS
US+M
Troph. column
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
50 / 100
100 / 200
100 / 200
10 / 50
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 200
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 200
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
2
2
3
-1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
24
24
24
24
12
12
12
12
24
24
12
12
12
12
24
24
12
12
20%
20%
20%
20%
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
50%
50%
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
50%
50%
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
Eq. Cl Trend Monitoring
BrO enhanced
HNO3
Uncertainty
50 / 100
50 / 100
ClONO2
BrONO2
Temporal resolution
(hours)
Total column
Surface
Eq. Cl Trend Monitoring
HBr
Vertical resolution
(km)
O3 Trend Monitoring
UV Trend Monitoring
HCl
ClO enhanced
Horizontal resolution
(km)
Attribution (Cl component)
Detection/counting of loss events
Eq. Cl Trend Monitoring
Eq. Cl Trend Monitoring
Attribution (Br component)
Denitrification
14
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ 3
/ 3
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*3
24*7
3.1.2 Ground-based Observations A1
Global representative network for source gases;
Network for the validation of the satelliteborne observations; ZA : zonal average
Protocol Monitoring and Treaty Verification on the Evolution of the Ozone Layer and Related Changes in
A1-G
Surface UV Radiation
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Data
Product
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal
resolution
(hours)
Uncertainty
3%
0.5 ( UVI<=5 )
10% ( UVI > 5)
0.5 kJ.m-2
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
Priority A
O3
UV Index
Validation
Validation
Total column
Surface
---
UV dose
CFC-11
Validation
Trend
CFC-12
Trend
CFC-113
Trend
HCFC-22
Trend
HCFC-141b
Trend
HCFC-142b
Trend
CCl4
Trend
CH3CCl3
Trend
Halon 1211
Trend
Halon 1301
Trend
Surface
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
-PBL
-PBL
-PBL
-PBL
-PBL
-PBL
-PBL
-PBL
-PBL
-PBL
--
24 / 24*3
Daily at
noon
Daily dose
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
Priority B
O3
Validation
UT
LS
MS
US+M
Troph. column
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
2
2
2
3
-2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
12
12
CFC-11
CFC-12
HCFC-22
CH3Cl
CH3Br
Halon 1211
HNO3
O3 Trend Attribution
ODS Trend / validation
O3 Trend Attribution
ODS Trend / validation
O3 Trend Attribution
ODS Trend / validation
O3 Trend Attribution
ODS Trend / validation
O3 Trend Attribution
ODS Trend / validation
O3 Trend Attribution
ODS Trend / validation
Denitrification /
validation
15
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ part. column
/ 3
/ 3
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*3
24*7
3.1.3 Auxilary Requirements A1
For the ozone trend monitoring additional information is needed on the meteorological state of the stratosphere (temperature, pressure, dynamics).
This information is assumed to be available from the analyses of numerical weather prediction models.
For the attribution of UV changes to O3 changes we need the global distribution and possible changes over time in:
 3-D cloud optical and geometric parameters in UV (optical depth, cloud extent, phase functions)
 3-D aerosol optical parameters in UV (optical depth, single scattering albedo, phase function)
 2-D UV surface albedo
 3-D distribution of minor absorbing gases in UV (mainly NO2 and SO2)
The above parameters are assumed to be derived from the analyses of numerical weather prediction models.
Further, for the attribution of UV changes to ozone the UV extraterrestrial solar spectrum, covering at least the 200-320 nm
spectral range, is needed, including its time-variations.
16
3.2 Scientific Understanding A2
Main driving user requirements A2 (input data to ozone assessments and long-term science questions):
 Understanding of the state of the ozone layer and its evolution in time
 Understanding of the changes in surface UV radiation levels
 Understanding of the distribution of the ozone depleting substances and the trends in their concentrations
 Concentration monitoring for the detection of (remaining) emissions of ozone depleting substances (or these reqs to A1?)
Notes:
 The requirements are partly based on ACE requirements study: requirements for ‘ozone recovery’ for the chemical and radiative processes
and requirements for ‘chemistry-climate interactions’ for the dynamical effects on ozone layer evolution
 The short-lived compounds such as HOx and NOx radicals are excluded for operational monitoring (process studies are typically excluded)
and it is assumed here that the available chemistry schemes are of sufficient quality to be able to derive concentrations of short-lived species
from observations of the long-lived compounds.
 CH3CCl3 is neglected (it is assumed to be of minor relevance after 2010 for ozone depletion), even with the possibility of small ongoing
emissions in Europe as have been reported by Krol et al. (2003).
 The possibility to monitor the effects of volcanic eruptions on the ozone layer evolution is included (SO2 enhanced, aerosol type)
 Temporal resolution threshold in LS is 3*24 hours and not weekly to better resolve synoptic variability, weekly is the threshold for MS, US
and M.
 Spatial resolution threshold is typically ~100 km in LS (< 20 km altitude). This mainly reflects the need to observe horizontal variability in
the tropopause region. A few kilometers bove the actual tropopause the spatial requirement can typically be relaxed to the MS requirement
of ~200 km.
 HNO3 is needed to observe possible long-term changes in denitrification
17
3.2.1 Satelliteborne Observations A2
Global coverage
A2-S
Scientific Understanding of the Evolution of the Ozone Layer and Related Changes in Surface UV Radiation
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Horizontal resolution
(km)
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution (hours)
Uncertainty
UT
LS
MS
US+M
Troph. column
Total column
Surface
20 / 100
50 / 100
100 / 200
100 / 200
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 100
1
1
2
3
----
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*7
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
Daily at noon
Surface
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
50 / 100
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
Data
Product
Priority A
O3
Ozone column trend
Ozone profile trend
UV Index
UV response to O3
UV dose
CFC-11
UV response to O3
Trend
CFC-12
Trend
HCFC-22
Trend
ClO enhanced
O3 loss
BrO enhanced
O3 loss
N2O
Ozone-Climate / Tracer
H2O
Ozone-Climate
CH4
Ozone-Climate / Tracer
HNO3
Dinitrification changes
Aerosol surface density
O3 loss
PSCoccurrence
Priority B
CFC-113
O3 loss
Trend
HCFC-123
Trend
HCFC-141b
Trend
HCFC-142b
Trend
CCl4
Trend
HCl
Trend
18
/
/
/
/
3
3
3
5
-1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
3
3
5
3
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
Daily dose
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
20%
10%
20%
20%
20%
10%
0.5 ( UVI<=5 )
10% ( UVI > 5)
0.5 kJ.m-2
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
50%
50%
50%
50%
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
100%
100%
< 10% mis-assignments
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
ClONO2
Trend
CH3Cl
Trend
CH3Br
Trend
Halon 1211
Trend
Halon 1301
Trend
Halon 2402
Trend
SO2 enhanced
O3 loss
Aerosol type
O3 loss
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
19
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
50%
50%
< 10% mis-assignments
3.2.2 Ground-based Observations A2
Global representative network for monitoring of the ODS source gases;
Network for the validation of the satelliteborne observations in A2-S
A2-G
Scientific Understanding of the Evolution of the Ozone Layer and Related Changes in Surface UV Radiation
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Horizontal resolution
(km)
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution (hours)
Uncertainty
UT
LS
MS
US+M
Troph. column
Total column
Surface
20 / 100
50 / 100
100 / 200
100 / 200
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 100
1
1
2
3
----
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*7
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
Daily at noon
Surface
Surface
Total column
LS
MS
Surface
Total column
LS
MS
Surface
Total column
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
50 / 100
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat
50 / 100
100 / 200
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat
50 / 100
100 / 200
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
-PBL
-1 / 3
2 / 3
PBL
-1 / 3
2 / 3
Daily dose
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
24 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
20%
10%
20%
20%
20%
10%
0.5 ( UVI<=5 )
10% ( UVI > 5)
0.5 kJ.m-2
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
50%
50%
50%
50%
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
10% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
100%
100%
< 10% mis-assignments
Surface
Total column
LS
MS
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat
50 / 100
100 / 200
PBL
-1 / 3
2 / 3
24
24
12
12
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
Data
Product
Priority A
O3
validation
UV Index
validation
UV dose
CFC-11
validation
Validation / Trend
monitoring
CFC-12
Validation / Trend
monitoring
HCFC-22
Validation / Trend
Monitoring
ClO enhanced
Validation
BrO enhanced
Validation
N2O
Validation
H2O
Validation
CH4
Validation
HNO3
Validation
Aerosol surface density
Validation
PSCoccurrence
Priority B
CFC-113
Validation
Validation / Trend
Monitoring
-1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
20
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
3
3
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
3
3
5
3
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
/
/
/
/
24*7
24*7
24*3
24*7
HCFC-123
HCFC-141b
HCFC-142b
Validation / Trend
Monitoring
Validation / Trend
Monitoring
Validation / Trend
Monitoring
CCl4
Validation / Trend
Monitoring
HCl
Validation / Trend
Monitoring
Validation / Trend
Monitoring
Validation / Trend
Monitoring
ClONO2
CH3Cl
CH3Br
Validation / Trend
Monitoring
Halon 1211
Validation / Trend
Monitoring
Halon 1301
Validation / Trend
Monitoring
Halon 2402
Validation / Trend
Monitoring
SO2 enhanced
Validation / Trend
Monitoring
Validation / Trend
Monitoring
Aerosol type
Surface
Total column
LS
MS
Surface
Total column
LS
MS
Surface
Total column
LS
MS
Surface
Total column
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
Surface
Total column
LS
MS
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
LS
MS
Surface
Total column
LS
MS
Surface
Total column
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat
50 / 100
100 / 200
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat
50 / 100
100 / 200
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat
50 / 100
100 / 200
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat
50 / 100
100 / 200
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat
50 / 100
100 / 200
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat
50 / 100
100 / 200
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat
50 / 100
100 / 200
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
100 / 200
-1 / 3
2 / 3
-1 / 3
2 / 3
-1 / 3
2 / 3
PBL
-1 / 3
2 / 3
1 / 3
2 / 3
1 / 3
2 / 3
PBL
-1 / 3
2 / 3
PBL
-1 / 3
2 / 3
PBL
-1 / 3
2 / 3
PBL
-1 / 3
2 / 3
PBL
-1 / 3
2 / 3
1 / 3
2 / 3
1 / 3
2 / 3
24
24
12
12
24
24
12
12
24
24
12
12
24
24
12
12
12
12
12
12
24
24
12
12
24
24
12
12
24
24
12
12
24
24
12
12
24
24
12
12
12
12
12
12
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
24*7
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*7
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
24*3
24*7
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
20% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
5% (ZA)
50%
50%
< 10% mis-assignments
3.2.3 Auxililary Requirements A2
3-D meteorological variables on temperature, pressure, wind, cloud parameters, surface albedo and radiative fluxes, (more?) to be delivered by
analyses of numerical weather prediction models
21
3.3 Near-Real Time Use
Main driving user requirements A3:


Ozone Layer and surface UV radiation forecasting; unpredictable events (mini-holes, polar vortex break-up etc), polar ozone reports
Better representation of the stratospheric transport, chemistry and radiation budgets in numerical weather prediction models to improve
weather predictions, especially on medium-range and longer time scales.
Notes:
 O3, H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O: radiatively active gases, aerosol extinction
 2 CH4 + H2O:
conserved quantity in the stratosphere
 CO2, SF6, N2O and CH4:
tracers suitable for stratospheric transport
 (not all of them are needed at the same time)
 CO and HNO3 in UTLS:
use of O3-CO and O3-HNO3 correlations.
 HCl in LS:
idem, use of O3-HCl correlations (LS only)
 PSC occurrence
(parameterised) heterogeneous ozone loss
 Specific NRT requirements for polar ozone reports are not yet included. These are according to John Remedios: HNO3, ClO, PSCs.
22
3.3.1 Satelliteborne Observations A3
Global coverage
A3-S
Near-Real Time Use of Information on the Evolution of the Ozone Layer and Related Changes in Surface UV Radiation
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Horizontal resolution
(km)
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution (hours)
Uncertainty
UT
LS
MS
US+M
Troph. column
Total column
Surface
20 / 100
50 / 100
100 / 200
100 / 200
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 100
0.5
0.5
2 /
3 /
----
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
Daily at noon
Surface
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
50 / 100
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 200
100 / 200
50 / 200
100 / 200
50 / 200
100 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
-1 /
2 /
1 /
2 /
1 /
2 /
1 /
2 /
1 /
2 /
3 /
0.5
1 /
Daily dose
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
10%
0.5 ( UVI<=5 )
10% ( UVI > 5)
0.5 kJ.m-2
20%
20%
20%
20%
10%
10%
10%
10%
20%
20%
20%
100%
100%
LS
LS
UT+LS
LS
Co-located with O3
Co-located with O3
Co-located with O3
50 / 100
Co-located with O3
Co-located with O3
Co-located with O3
0.5 / 2
Co-located with O3
Co-located with O3
Co-located with O3
6 / 24*3
20%
20%
20%
< 10% mis-assignments
Data
Product
Priority A
O3
Forecast
UV Index
Forecast
UV dose
H2O
Forecast
Strat H2O
CH4
Tracer / Strat H2O
CO2
Tracer
SF6
Tracer
N2O
Tracer
Aerosol extinction coef.
Potential ozone loss
Priority B
HCl
HNO3
CO
PSC occurrence
ST exchange
ST exchange
ST exchange
Potential ozone loss
23
/ 2
/ 2
3
5
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
5
/ 2
3
3.3.2 Ground-based Observations
Network for the validation of each of the satelliteborne observations
Ozone sondes NRT data from ground-based networks could be useful to improve ozone and UV predictions
Network for NRT delivery of stratospheric profiles of H2O, N2O, CH4, CO2 and tracer (SF6, HDO, HF)
UTLS operational aircraft measurements of O3, H2O, CO, HNO3 and HCl for ST exchange processes
A3-G
Near-Real Time Use of Information on the Evolution of the Ozone Layer and Related Changes in Surface UV Radiation
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Data
Product
Priority A
O3
Forecast / Validation
UV Index
Forecast / Validation
UV dose
H2O
Forecast / Validation
Forecast / Validation
CH4
Validation
CO2
Validation
SF6
Validation
N2O
Validation
Aerosol extinction coef.
Validation
HCl
HNO3
CO
PSC occurrence
ST exchange
ST exchange
ST exchange
Potential ozone loss
UT
LS
MS
US+M
Troph. column
Total column
Surface
Surface
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
LS
LS
UT+LS
LS
Horizontal resolution
(km)
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution (hours)
Uncertainty
20 / 100
50 / 100
100 / 200
100 / 200
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 100
0.5
0.5
2 /
3 /
----
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
Daily at noon
50 / 100
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 200
100 / 200
50 / 200
100 / 200
50 / 200
100 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
Co-located with O3
Co-located with O3
Co-located with O3
50 / 100
-1 / 2
2 / 3
1 / 2
2 / 3
1 / 2
2 / 3
1 / 2
2 / 3
1 / 2
2 / 3
3 / 5
0.5 / 2
1 / 3
Co-located with O3
Co-located with O3
Co-located with O3
0.5 / 2
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
10%
0.5 ( UVI<=5 )
10% ( UVI > 5)
0.5 kJ.m-2
20%
20%
20%
20%
10%
10%
10%
10%
20%
20%
20%
100%
100%
20%
20%
20%
< 10% mis-assignments
/ 2
/ 2
3
5
Daily dose
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
Co-located with O3
Co-located with O3
Co-located with O3
6 / 24*3
3.3.3 Auxililary Requirements
3-D meteorological variables on temperature, pressure, wind, cloud parameters, surface albedo and radiative fluxes, (more?) to be delivered by
analyses of numerical weather prediction models
24
4. Theme B: Composition Changes with Effects on Climate
4.1 Protocol Monitoring and Treaty Verification
Main driving user requirements B1:
 The radiative forcing of climate and the changes in forcing over time (trends in GHGs and aerosols)
 The abundance and, if relevant, the spatial distribution of the forcing agents (or their precursors in the case of tropospheric ozone)
 Concentration monitoring for the detection and attribution of the emissions of the forcing agents
Notes:
 No differences in priorities have been identified
 The surface measurements are principally used for trend monitoring, which require high precisions, although on the zonal (monthly) means.
Weekly-representative observations of long-lived compounds typically suffice to arrive at monthly means
 For the selection of ozone depleting halogen compounds we have limit ourselves to the three Montreal gases that are responsible for the
majority of climate forcing by halogenated compounds (CFC-11, CFC-12 and HCFC-22)
 The six gases that are regulated under the unratified Kyoto protocol are CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC-134a, CF4 and SF6. All regulated gases
need monitoring from a surface-based network.
 Emissions from combined surface-based and spaceborne observations only for the somewhat more variable gases CO2, CH4, CO, NO2, and
aerosols. Other emissions (N2O, HFC-134a, CF4 and SF6) solely derived from surface-based network because of the very limited
variability in their concentrations. Driving the latter requirements is the determination of the emission trend, not the operational detection
and attribution of emissions from surface data.
 For tropospheric aerosols we only consider radiative properties and then we mainly need to distinguish between the extinction and
absorption optical depth. Monitoring of the height distribution of tropospheric aerosols is considered of minor relevance. Enhanced aerosol
in the stratosphere is required for the detection of volcanic plumes and their decay in time.
 For the ozone forcing we distinguish between (trends in) tropospheric and total ozone.
 Tropospheric NO2 and CO (tropospheric columns and profiles) are included as the two major ozone precursor gases whose emissions (NOx
and CO) may become subjected to regulation in the future if climate policy measures are to be taken to reduce the radiative forcing by
tropospheric ozone. Surface-based concentrations of short-lived NO2 and aerosols are considered insufficient to be representative for global
scale monitoring.
 The vertical resolution in the troposphere of 5 km means: three points in the tropics and two points outside
 Threshold temporal resolution of CO2 columns is 12 hours (target 6h) in order to resolve diurnal cycle (‘breathing of the vegetation’). The
horizontal resolution requirement for the CO2 and CH4 total columns is similar to the tropospheric aerosol, CO and NO2 column
requirements. These spatial requirements are related to emission detection and attribution, not to sampling.
 …
25
4.1.1 Satelliteborne Observations B1
Global coverage
B1-S
Protocol Monitoring and Treaty Verification of Composition Changes with Effects on Climate and Climate Change
affecting Atmospheric Composition
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Data
Product
Priority A
CO2
CH4
O3
Emissions
Emissions
Radiative forcing
NO2
Emissions
CO
Emissions
Aerosol OD
Aer. Extinction (enhanced)
Radiative forcing
Aer. absorption OD
Radiative forcing
Total column
Total column
FT
Troposph column
Total column
FT
Troposph column
FT
Troposph column
Troposphere
LS
MS
Troposphere
Horizontal resolution
(km)
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution
(hours)
Uncertainty
10
10
10
10
50
10
10
10
10
10
50
50
10
--2 / 5
--2 / 5
-2 / 5
6
24
12
12
24
12
12
12
12
6
12
12
6
0.5%
2%
20%
25%
10% or 2% (ZA)
50%
1.3·(10)15 cm-2
20%
25%
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.01
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
50
50
50
50
100
50
50
50
50
50
100
200
50
-1 / part. column
2 / part. column
--
26
/ 12
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
4.1.2 Ground-based Observations B1
Network for the monitoring of GHGs and aerosols; Network for the validation of the satelliteborne observations specified in B1-S
Next to validation is the main driver the trend in the concentrations and emissions and not the operational detection and attribution of emissions on
the basis op surface measurements.
- Surface-based measurements of surface concentrations and total columns of Kyoto gases, O3, CO and CFC-11, CFC-12 and HCFC-22.
- For O3 and NO2 a tropospheric profile. Tropospheric column threshold for NO2.
- Aerosol network: Distinction between tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol is required in the presence of significant volcanic aerosol.
B1-G
Protocol Monitoring and Treaty Verification of Composition Changes with Effects on Climate and Climate Change
affecting Atmospheric Composition
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Data
Product
Priority A
CO2
CH4
N2O
SF6
CF4
HFC-134a
O3
NO2
CO
CFC-11
CFC-12
HCFC-22
Aerosol OD
Aer. Extinction (enhanced)
Aer. absorption OD
Trend
Trend / validation
Trend
Trend / validation
Trend
Trend
Trend
Trend
Trend
Trend
Trend
Trend
Trend
Radiative forcing
Trend / validation
Trend / validation
Emission / validation
Emission / validation
Trend
Emission / validation
Emission / validation
Trend
Trend
Trend
Trend
Trend
Trend
Emis./ Rad. forcing / valid.
Radiative forcing
Radiative forcing
Radiative forcing
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
Surface
FT
Troposph column
Total column
FT
Troposph column
Surface
FT
Troposph column
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
Surface
Total column
Troposphere
LS
MS
Troposphere
Horizontal resolution
(km)
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution
(hours)
Uncertainty
Per 10° lat.
Per 10° lat.
Per 10° lat.
Per 10° lat.
Per 10° lat.
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat.
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat.
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat.
Per 10° lat
Per 5° lat.
10 / 50
10 / 50
50 / 100
10 / 50
10 / 50
Per 5° lat.
10 / 50
10 / 50
Per 10° lat.
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat.
Per 10° lat
Per 10° lat.
Per 10° lat
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 200
10 / 50
-------------2 / 5
--2 / 5
--2 / 5
24
6
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
12
12
12
24
12
12
12
12
12
24
24
24
24
24
24
6
12
12
6
2% (ZA)
0.5%
2% (ZA)
2%
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
2% (ZA)
20%
25%
10% or 2% (ZA)
50%
1.3·(10)15 cm-2
2% (ZA)
20%
25%
2% (ZA)
2%
2% (ZA)
2%
5% (ZA)
5%
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.01
-------1 / part. column
2 / part. column
--
/ 24*7
/ 12
/ 24*7
/ 24*3
/ 24*7
/ 24*7
/ 24*7
/ 24*7
/ 24*7
/ 24*7
/ 24*7
/ 24*7
/ 24*7
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*7
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*7
/ 24*7
/ 24*7
/ 24*7
/ 24*7
/ 24*7
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
/ 24*3
4.1.3 Auxililary Requirements B1
3-D meteorological variables on temperature, pressure, wind, cloud parameters, surface albedo and radiative fluxes, (more?) to be delivered by
analyses of numerical weather prediction models
27
4.2 Scientific Understanding
Main driving user requirements B2:
 Understanding the radiative forcing of climate and the changes in forcing over time, including possible volcanic eruptions
 Understanding the stratospheric water vapour budget and monitoring of the H2O trend in the UTLS and above.
 Understanding the abundance, evolution, and, if relevant, spatial distribution of the forcing agents
 Understanding the role of the ozone layer evolution on climate change
 Understanding the role of changes in the oxidising capacity of the troposphere for climate change
 Understanding the role of possible changes in the Brewer-Dobson circulation on climate change
 Concentration monitoring for the detection and attribution of (changes in) the emissions of the forcing agents and their precursors
Notes:
- Different species have been added to the tables with driver ‘ tracer’. In fact not all tracers are needed. Typically needed is the tracer that can
be observed most accurately.
- [much more notes to be added]
28
4.2.1 Satelliteborne Observations B2
Global coverage
Scientific Understanding of Composition Changes with Effects on Climate and Climate Change affecting Atmospheric
B2-S
Composition
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Data
Product
Priority A
O3
H2O
Rad. forcing /Ox. Capacity /
Tracer / O3 recovery
Rad. forcing /Ox. Capacity /
Tracer / O3 recovery / Strat.
H2O budget
CO2*
Rad forcing / tracer
CH4*
Rad. forcing /ox. Capacity /
Tracer / Strat H2O budget
N2O*
Rad forcing / tracer / N
budget
CO
O3 and CO2 precursor
NO2 (NOx)
CH2O
HNO3
O3 and aerosol precursor
Ox. Capacity
N budget
HCl
CH3Cl
Ozone recovery
Ozone recovery
CH3Br
Ozone recovery
SF6*
Tracer
PBL
FT
UT
LS
MS
US+M
PBL
FT
UT
LS
MS
US+M
MS
Total Column
LS
MS
Total Column
LS
MS
US
Total Column
PBL
FT
UT
LS
PBL
FT
UT
LS
MS
PBL
FT
UT
PBL
FT
UT
LS
MS
LS
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
Horizontal resolution
(km)
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution
(hours)
Uncertainty
5 / 10
10 / 50
20 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 100
100 / 200
1 / 10
10 / 50
20 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 100
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 100
10 / 50
5 / 50
10 / 50
20 / 100
50 / 100
5 / 10
10 / 50
20 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 200
5 / 10
10 / 50
20 / 100
5 / 50
10 / 50
20 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
-1 /
0.5
0.5
1 /
3 /
-1 /
0.5
0.5
1 /
3 /
1 /
-1 /
1 /
-1 /
1 /
1 /
--1 /
1 /
1 /
-1 /
1 /
1 /
1 /
-1 /
1 /
-1 /
1 /
1 /
1 /
1 /
1 /
1 /
1 /
1 /
1 /
1 /
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
1 / 12
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24
12 / 24
12 / 24
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
30%
25%
20%
10%
20%
20%
50%
30%
20%
10%
20%
20%
10%
0.5%
20%
20%
2%
20%
20%
20%
2%
30%
30%
20%
20%
30%
30%
50%
50%
30%
30%
30%
30%
30%
30%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
10%
10%
29
column
/ 2
/ 2
3
5
3
/ 2
/ 2
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
HDO*
Tracer
HF*
Tracer
CFC-11
Rad. Forcing
CFC-12
Rad. Forcing
HCFC-22
Rad. Forcing
Cirrus OD
Aerosol OD
Rad. Forcing
Rad. Forcing
Aer. Extinction (enhanced)
Aerosol absorption OD
Rad. Forcing
US
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
LS
MS
UT
LS
MS
UT
PBL
Troposphere
LS
MS
PBL
Troposphere
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
20 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 200
10 / 100
5 / 20
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 200
5 / 20
10 / 20
3 / 5
1 / 3
1 / 3
3 / 5
1 / 3
1 / 3
3 / 5
1 / 3
1 / 3
1 / 3
1 / 3
1 / 3
1 / 3
1 / 3
---1 / part. column
2 / part. column
---
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
100%
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.01
PBL
FT
UT
PBL/FT
UT
LS
MS
PBL/FT
UT
PBL/FT
UT
PBL/FT
UT
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
PBL
FT
LS
MS
PBL
Troposphere
UT
5 / 10
10 / 50
20 / 100
5 / 50
20 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 200
5 / 50
20 / 100
5 / 50
20 / 100
5 / 50
20 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
5 / 10
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 200
5 / 20
10 / 20
10 / 100
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-1
1
1
----
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
30%
30%
30%
30%
30%
50%
50%
30%
30%
30%
30%
50%
50%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
50%
50%
50%
50%
?
?
?
Priority B
H2O2
N2O5
PAN
Ox. Capacity
N budget
N budget
CH3COCH3
Ox. Capacity
C2H6
Ox. Capacity
ClO enhanced
Ozone Recovery
ClONO2
Ozone Recovery
BrO enhanced
Ozone Recovery
SO2 enhanced
Volcanoes
Aerosol phase function
Cirrus phase function
Volcanoes
Rad. Forcing
*tracers (only the ones are needed that are most accurately observed)
30
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
4.2.2 Ground-based and In-Situ Observations B2
Network for the validation of the satelliteborne observations mentioned in B2-S, including:
Ozone sonde/LIDAR network
Stratospheric profiles of long-lived trace gases
Radiosonde and other networks for H2O (GPS?) and temperature
Aerosol network (AERONET)
UTLS operational aircraft measurements of O3, CO, NOx and H2O
B2-G
Scientific Understanding of Composition Changes with Effects on Climate and Climate Change affecting Atmospheric
Composition
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Data
Product
Priority A
O3
H2O
Rad. forcing /Ox. Capacity /
Tracer / O3 recovery
Rad. forcing /Ox. Capacity /
Tracer / O3 recovery / Strat.
H2O budget
CO2*
Rad forcing / tracer
CH4*
Rad. forcing /ox. Capacity /
Tracer / Strat H2O budget
N2O*
Rad forcing / tracer / N
budget
CO
O3 and CO2 precursor
ST exchange
NO2 (NOx)
CH2O
HNO3
O3 and aerosol precursor
Ox. Capacity
N budget
ST exchange
PBL
FT
UT
LS
MS
US+M
PBL
FT
UT
LS
MS
US+M
MS
Total Column
LS
MS
Total Column
LS
MS
US
Total Column
PBL
FT
UT
LS
PBL
FT
UT
LS
MS
PBL
FT
UT
PBL
FT
UT
Horizontal resolution
(km)
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution
(hours)
Uncertainty
5 / 10
10 / 50
20 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 100
100 / 200
1 / 10
10 / 50
20 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 100
100 / 200
50 / 100
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 100
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 100
10 / 50
5 / 50
10 / 50
20 / 100
50 / 100
5 / 10
10 / 50
20 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 200
5 / 10
10 / 50
20 / 100
5 / 50
10 / 50
20 / 100
-1 /
0.5
0.5
1 /
3 /
-1 /
0.5
0.5
1 /
3 /
1 /
-1 /
1 /
-1 /
1 /
1 /
--1 /
1 /
1 /
-1 /
1 /
1 /
1 /
-1 /
1 /
-1 /
1 /
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
1 / 12
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24
12 / 24
12 / 24
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
30%
25%
20%
10%
20%
20%
50%
30%
20%
10%
20%
20%
10%
0.5%
20%
20%
2%
20%
20%
20%
2%
30%
30%
20%
20%
30%
30%
50%
50%
30%
30%
30%
30%
30%
30%
20%
31
column
/ 2
/ 2
3
5
3
/ 2
/ 2
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
HCl
CH3Cl
Ozone Recovery / ST
exchange
Ozone recovery
CH3Br
Ozone recovery
SF6*
Tracer
HDO*
Tracer
HF*
Tracer
CFC-11
Rad. Forcing
CFC-12
Rad. Forcing
HCFC-22
Rad. Forcing
Cirrus OD
Aerosol OD
Rad. Forcing
Rad. Forcing
Aer. Extinction (enhanced)
Aerosol absorption OD
Rad. Forcing
LS
MS
LS
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 100
1 / 3
1 / 3
1 / 3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
20%
20%
20%
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
LS
MS
UT
LS
MS
UT
PBL
Troposphere
LS
MS
PBL
Troposphere
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
20 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 200
10 / 100
5 / 20
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 200
5 / 20
10 / 20
1 / 3
1 / 3
1 / 3
1 / 3
1 / 3
1 / 3
3 / 5
1 / 3
1 / 3
3 / 5
1 / 3
1 / 3
3 / 5
1 / 3
1 / 3
1 / 3
1 / 3
1 / 3
1 / 3
1 / 3
---1 / part. column
2 / part. column
---
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
20%
20%
20%
20%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
100%
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.01
PBL
FT
UT
PBL/FT
UT
LS
MS
PBL/FT
UT
PBL/FT
UT
PBL/FT
UT
LS
MS
LS
MS
LS
MS
PBL
FT
LS
MS
PBL
Troposphere
UT
5 / 10
10 / 50
20 / 100
5 / 50
20 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 200
5 / 50
20 / 100
5 / 50
20 / 100
5 / 50
20 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
5 / 10
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 200
5 / 20
10 / 20
10 / 100
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-1
1
1
----
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
6 / 24
6 / 24
30%
30%
30%
30%
30%
50%
50%
30%
30%
30%
30%
50%
50%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
50%
50%
50%
50%
?
?
?
Priority B
H2O2
N2O5
PAN
Ox. Capacity
N budget
N budget
CH3COCH3
Ox. Capacity
C2H6
Ox. Capacity
ClO enhanced
Ozone Recovery
ClONO2
Ozone Recovery
BrO enhanced
Ozone Recovery
SO2 enhanced
Volcanoes
Aerosol phase function
Cirrus phase function
Volcanoes
Rad. Forcing
32
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
/ 3
/ 3
/ 3
4.2.3 Auxilary Requirements B2
3-D meteorological variables on temperature, pressure, wind, cloud parameters, surface albedo and radiative fluxes, (more?) to be delivered by
analyses of numerical weather prediction models
33
4.3 Near-Real Time Use
Main driving user requirements B3:
 Climate monitoring
 The assimilation of satellite observations in NWP models and GCMs for improved representation of the stratosphere (needed for seasonal
forecasts) and for the inclusion of stratospheric composition in reanalyses and present-day climate runs
 Validation of climate and NWP models for present-day atmospheric conditions to confidently use these models for scenario studies on
future climate
Notes:
 Near-real time in the order of hours only needed for the assimilation in NWPs; For climate monitoring and validation the delivery
constraints can be relaxed to weeks/months.
 In the PBL aerosols, H2O, CO2 and O3 are required to perform climate simulations
 In the free troposphere the H2O profile is required with priority A, together with the column of tropospheric ozone (threshold) and the
aerosol and cirrus optical depths
 On the long-lived gases total column information is required to determine their long-term evolution
 Stratospheric profiles are required for H2O, O3, CH4, N2O
 SF6/HDO/HF are included as tracers, not as radiative active compounds. Either one of them could do the job. The most accurate
observations need to prevail.
34
4.3.1 Satelliteborne Observations B3
Global coverage
B3-S
Near-Real Time Use of Information on Composition Changes with Effects on Climate and Climate Change affecting
Atmospheric Composition
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Horizontal resolution
(km)
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution
(hours)
Uncertainty
UT
5 / 50
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
5 / 50
10 / 50
10 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
5 / 50
50 / 200
50 / 200
1 / 20
50 / 100
50 / 200
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
5 / 10
5 / 50
5 / 10
5 / 50
10 / 100
--0.5
1 /
3 /
-0.5
0.5
0.5
1 /
3 /
-1 /
1 /
-1 /
1 /
-1 /
1 /
3 /
-1 /
1 /
3 /
1 /
1 /
3 /
1 /
1 /
3 /
------
6 / 24
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*7
6 / 24*7
1 / 6
1 / 6
1 / 6
3 / 24
6 / 24*7
6 / 24*7
6 / 12
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
1 / 12
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
1 / 6
3 / 24
1 / 6
3 / 24
6 / 24
30%
25%
10%
20%
20%
50%
30%
30%
20%
20%
20%
10%
10%
10%
2%
20%
20%
2%
20%
20%
20%
2%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.01
100%
PBL
Troposphere
LS
MS
UT
5 / 10
5 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 200
10 / 100
--1 / 3
1 / 3
--
1 / 6
3 / 24
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
?
?
?
?
?
Data
Product
Priority A
O3
Aerosol OD
Radiation
PBL
Troph column
LS
MS
US+M
PBL
FT
UT
LS
MS
US
PBL
MS
US
Total column
LS
MS
Total column
LS
MS
US
Total Column
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
US
PBL Troposphere
Aerosol absorption OD
Radiation
PBL Troposphere
H2O
CO2
Radiation / dynamics
Radiation / (thermo-)
dynamics
Radiation
CH4
Radiation / Tracer
N2O
Radiation / Tracer
SF6*
Tracer
HDO*
Tracer
HF*
Tracer
Cirrus OD
Priority B
Aerosol phase function
Radiation
Aerosol extinction
Volcanoes
Cirrus phase function
Radiation
*tracers (only the ones are needed that are most accurately observed)
35
/ 2
3
5
/ 2
/ 2
/2
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
3
3
5
3
3
5
3
3
5
4.3.2 Ground-based and In-Situ Observations B3
Networks for the validation of the satelliteborne observations in B3-S
- Radiosonde and other networks (GPS?) for H2O and temperature profiles in PBL and FT.
- Ozone sonde/ LIDAR network for ozone profiles in FT, UT, LS.
- Aerosol network (AERONET)
- UTLS operational aircraft measurements of at least O3, NOx and H2O, (+cirrus?)
Network for the determination of the long-term evolution in GHGs and (H)CFCs (surface concentrations + total columns)
B3-G
Near-Real Time Use of Information on Composition Changes with Effects on Climate and Climate Change affecting
Atmospheric Composition
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Data
Product
Priority A
O3
H2O
CO2
Radiation / dynamics
Radiation / (thermo-)
dynamics
Radiation
CH4
Radiation / Tracer
N2O
Radiation / Tracer
SF6*
Tracer
HDO*
Tracer
HF*
Tracer
PBL
Troph column
LS
MS
US+M
PBL
FT
UT
LS
MS
US
PBL
MS
US
Total column
LS
MS
Total column
LS
MS
US
Total Column
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
US
LS
MS
Horizontal resolution
(km)
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution
(hours)
Uncertainty
5 / 50
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
5 / 50
10 / 50
10 / 100
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
5 / 50
50 / 200
50 / 200
1 / 20
50 / 100
50 / 200
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
10 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
50 / 200
50 / 100
50 / 200
--0.5
1 /
3 /
-0.5
0.5
0.5
1 /
3 /
-1 /
1 /
-1 /
1 /
-1 /
1 /
3 /
-1 /
1 /
3 /
1 /
1 /
3 /
1 /
1 /
6 / 24
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*3
6 / 24*7
6 / 24*7
1 / 6
1 / 6
1 / 6
3 / 24
6 / 24*7
6 / 24*7
6 / 12
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
1 / 12
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
12 / 24*7
30%
25%
10%
20%
20%
50%
30%
30%
20%
20%
20%
10%
10%
10%
2%
20%
20%
2%
20%
20%
20%
2%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
36
/ 2
3
5
/ 2
/ 2
/2
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
3
3
5
3
3
5
3
3
Aerosol OD
Radiation
US
PBL Troposphere
Aerosol absorption OD
Radiation
PBL Troposphere
Cirrus OD
Priority B
Aerosol phase function
Radiation
Aerosol extinction
Volcanoes
Cirrus phase function
Radiation
UT
50 / 200
5 / 10
5 / 50
5 / 10
5 / 50
10 / 100
3 / 5
------
12 / 24*7
1 / 6
3 / 24
1 / 6
3 / 24
6 / 24
10%
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.01
100%
PBL
Troposphere
LS
MS
UT
5 / 10
5 / 50
50 / 100
50 / 200
10 / 100
--1 / 3
1 / 3
--
1 / 6
3 / 24
12 / 24*3
12 / 24*3
6 / 24
?
?
?
?
?
4.3.3 Auxilary Requirements B3
3-D meteorological variables on temperature, pressure, wind, cloud parameters, surface albedo and radiative fluxes, (more?) to be delivered by
analyses of numerical weather prediction models
In fact the requirement is on all data that are needed to perform NWP analyses, NWP reanalyses, and GCM calculations.
37
5 Theme C: Air Quality Degradation
5.1 Protocol Monitoring and Treaty Verification
Main driving user requirements C1:
 EU Framework Directive and Daughter Directives on ambient Air Quality Standards for surface concentration levels of regulated
compounds (O3, SO2, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, CO, C6H6, PAH, Pb, Ni, As, Cd, Hg) [not for NH3]
 National Emissions Ceiling (NEC) Directive on Emission Standards for regulated emissions: SO2, NOx, VOCs, NH3 and fine particulate
matter
 UN/ECE CLRTAP convention (Europe, Russia, US, Canada), particularly the EMEP protocol (European Emissions: SO2, NOx, VOCs) and
the Gothenburg protocol (emission ceilings for SO2, NOx, VOCs and NH3) to abate acidification, eutrofication and ground-level ozone.
Atmospheric composition measurement for acidification and eutrofication are not considered, except for NH3 measurements in PBL that are
needed to derive NH3 emissions.
 Boundary layer concentrations are required for the detection and attribution of the regulated emissions, free tropospheric concentrations
only for the longer lived emitted compounds (FT only up to ~5 km)
 Measurements over coastal waters are important for ship emissions
Notes:
 All ground-based observations have same priority (A) because all compounds are regulated.
 Satellite data act as boundary conditions in FT; PBL data for interpolation between observations ground-based network
 The temporal reolution requirements are for daytime only (this is the threshold requirement). The extension to full 24h coverage, i.e.,
including the nighttime evolution is a target requirement.
 Given relative uncertainties do not pertain to very clean or socalled background levels. However, it is still needed to measure in the
background atmosphere and to assign these pixels as being background or below the detection limit.
 Uncertainties required for surface PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations have been fixed in absolute terms at two times the measured background
concentration in Europe (van Dingenen et al., Atmos Environ., 38, 2561-2577, 2004)
 NO2 measurements are assumed to suffice for verification of the regulations on the NOx emissions and NOx ambient levels
 Ozone surface concentration levels are needed for the Gothenburg protocol. Boundary layer and free tropospheric ozone is needed in order
to differentiate between local to regional ozone production and background tropospheric ozone to the attained surface level ozone
concentrations (AQ model boundary conditions, also reason for CO in FT)
 CH2O is assumed needed in PBL for the VOC emissions and to monitor the photochemical activity
38
5.1.1 Satelliteborne Observations
C1-S
Protocol Monitoring and Treaty Verification of Air Quality Degradation on the Local to Regional Scale
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Data
Product
Priority A
O3
NO2
CO
SO2
CH2O
Aerosol OD
Interpolation of Surface network
Boundary condition
Interp. of Surface network / Emissions
Boundary condition
Interp. of Surface network / Emissions
Boundary condition
Interp. of Surface network / Emissions
Boundary condition
Interp. Of Surface network / VOC emissions
Boundary condition
Interp. of Surface network / Emissions
Boundary condition
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT
Horizontal resolution
(km)
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution
(hours)
Uncertainty
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
---
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
10%
20% / 25%
10%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
20% / 25%
20%
20% \ 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
20% \ 1.3e15 molec cm-2
0.05
0.05
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
39
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
6
6
3
3
6
6
3
/ trop column
0.5 / 3
/ trop column
0.5 / 3
0.5 / 6
5.1.2 Ground-based Observations
C1-G
Protocol Monitoring and Treaty Verification of Air Quality Degradation on the Local to Regional Scale
Requirement
Driver
Data
Product
Priority A
O3
Concentration levels
CO
Concentration levels
Emissions
NO2
Concentration levels
Emissions
Concentration levels
Emissions
Concentration levels
Emissions
Concentration levels
Emissions
Concentration levels
Emissions
Concentration levels
Emissions
Concentration levels
Emissions
Concentration levels
Emissions
VOC Emissions
SO2
VOCs
C6H6
PAHs
PM10
PM2.5
Heavy metals
NH3
CH2O
Height
Range
Surface
PBL
FT
Surface
PBL
FT
Surface
PBL
Surface
PBL
Surface
PBL
Surface
PBL
Surface
PBL
Surface
PBL
Surface
PBL
Surface
PBL
PBL
Horizontal resolution
(km)
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution
(hours)
Uncertainty
3
3
5
3
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
-0.2 /part.column
2/5
-0.2 /part.column
2/5
-0.2 /part.column
-0.2 /part.column
-0.2 /part.column
-0.2 /part.column
-0.2 /part.column
-0.2 /part.column
-0.2 /part.column
-0.2 /part.column
0.2 /part.column
0.25 / 1
0.5 / 2
0.5 / 2
0.25 / 1
0.5 / 2
0.5 / 2
0.25 / 1
0.5 / 2
0.25 / 1
0.5 / 2
0.25 / 1
0.5 / 2
0.25 / 1
0.5 / 2
0.25 / 1
0.5 / 2
0.25 / 1
0.5 / 2
0.25 / 1
0.5 / 2
24 / 24
0.5 / 2
0.5 / 2
10%
10%
20%
10%
10%
20%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
14 g m-3
10%
10 g m-3
10%
10%
10%
10%
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
10
10
20
10
10
20
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
C6H6=Benzene;
PAHs = Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Regulated Heavy Metals include: Lead, Nickel, Arsenic, Cadmium and Mercury (Pb, Ni, As, Cd, Hg).
VOCs = Volatile Organic Compounds (these need further specification)
PM10 = Fine Particulate Matter with diameters smaller than 10 microns (g .m-3)
PM2.5 = Fine Particulate Matter with diameters smaller than 2.5 microns (g .m-3)
European surface concentrations network for: O3, CO, NO2, SO2, VOCs, C6H6, PAHs, PM10, PM2.5 (PM1?), Heavy metals and NH3
Coastal water monitoring by operational ship measurements of surface concentrations
Network of Lidars and Towers for boundary layer profiling.
Network for the validation of the satelliteborne observations
5.1.3 Auxilary Requirements
3-D meteorological variables on temperature, pressure, wind, cloud parameters, surface characteristics, boundary layer height, boundary layer
mixing, etc. to be delivered by analyses of numerical weather prediction models.
40
5.2 Scientific Understanding
Main driving user requirements C2:
 Understanding of surface concentrations and boundary layer air pollution. Most important are situations with enhanced levels (episodes)
 Measurement of possible changes in the composition of the tropospheric ‘background’ and oxidising capacity
 Source detection and attribution of the emissions of ozone precursors and their effects on atmospheric composition
Source detection and attribution of the emissions of aerosols and aerosol precursors such as SO2, NO2 and secondary organic compounds, and their
effects on atmospheric composition
Notes:
 The temporal resolution requirements are for daytime only (this is the threshold requirement). The extension to full 24h coverage, i.e.,
including the nighttime evolution is a target requirement.
 Measurements of NO2, O3 and UV act flux can be used to convert NO2 to NOx under polluted conditions (photostationary state)
 Above the PBL typically tropospheric column observations suffice, except for the UV-VIS spectral actinic flux for which the effect of
clouds is very important for the profile
 H2O needed for relative humidity in the PBL
 The aerosol types to distinguish include at least: Sulphate, Dust, Sea Salt, OC, BC, Mixed
 Isotopes of C for CO and CH4 (12C, 13C, 14C) could be used to distinguish between, e.g., fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions
 N2O5 measuments are useful during the night.
41
5.2.1 Satelliteborne Observations
Target: Global coverage
Threshold:
Coverage in the PBL: Western and Central European countries + coastal waters, including Balkan countries and Turkey.
Coverage above the PBL: Northern Hemisphere, at least Europe and the Northern Atlantic region.
C2-S
Scientific Understanding of Air Quality Degradation
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Horizontal resolution
(km)
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution
(hours)
Uncertainty
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT
PBL
FT
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
PBL
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
10
-1
-1
-1
-----1
-1
-1
---
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
10%
20% / 25%
10%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
20% / 25%
0.05
0.05
< 10% misassignments
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
PBL
FT
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
10
50
10
50
10
50
50
-1 / trop column
-1 / trop column
--1 / 3
0.5
0.5
1 /
3 /
1 /
0.5
1 /
/ 6
/ 6
6
6
6
/ 3
3
Data
Product
Priority A
O3
NO2
CO ( + isotopes)
Aerosol OD
Aerosol Type
H2O
SO2
CH2O
Isoprene
Terpenes
Priority B
HNO3
Phot. Acitivity / Ox. Capacity /
increasing background
Emissions / Phot. Acitivity / Ox.
Capacity
Ox. Capacity / Emissions /
increasing background
Emissions
Emissions
Ox. Capacity
Emissions
Phot. Activity / VOC emissions
Emissions / Ozone levels
Emissions / Ozone levels
Ox. Capacity
N2O5 (night)
Ox. Capacity
Org. Nitrates
UV-VIS spectral actinic flux
Ox. Capacity
Phot. Activity
Ox. Capacity
42
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
6
6
3
3
6
6
3
6
6
12
6
6
3
3
3
3
3
3
10%
20% / 10%
20%
20% \ 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
30%
30%
20%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
30%
30%
30%
5.2.2 Ground-based Observations
European surface concentrations network for: O3, CO, NO2, SO2, VOCs, C6H6, PAHs, PM10, PM2.5 (PM1?), Heavy metals and NH3
Coastal water monitoring by operational ship measurements of surface concentrations
Network of Lidars and Towers for boundary layer profiling.
Network for the validation of the satelliteborne observations in C2-S
Networks for the determination of possible background concentration changes in O3, CO and CH4.
C2-G
Scientific Understanding of Air Quality Degradation
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution
(hours)
Uncertainty
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT
PBL
FT
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
PBL
-1
-1
-1
-----1
-1
-1
---
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
10%
20% / 25%
10%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
20% / 25%
0.05
0.05
< 10% misassignments
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
PBL
FT
-1 / trop column
-1 / trop column
--1 / 3
0.5
0.5
1 /
3 /
1 /
0.5
1 /
/ 6
/ 6
6
6
6
/ 3
3
Data
Product
Priority A
O3
NO2
CO ( + isotopes)
Aerosol OD
Aerosol Type
H2O
SO2
CH2O
Isoprene
Terpenes
Priority B
HNO3
Phot. Acitivity / Ox. Capacity / increasing
background
Emissions / Phot. Acitivity / Ox. Capacity
Ox. Capacity / Emissions / increasing
background
Emissions
Emissions
Ox. Capacity
Emissions
Phot. Activity / VOC emissions
Emissions / Ozone levels
Emissions / Ozone levels
Ox. Capacity
N2O5 (night)
Ox. Capacity
Org. Nitrates
UV-VIS spectral actinic flux
Ox. Capacity
Phot. Activity
Ox. Capacity
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
6
6
3
3
6
6
3
6
6
12
6
6
3
3
3
3
3
3
10%
20% / 10%
20%
20% \ 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
30%
30%
20%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
30%
30%
30%
5.2.3 Auxililary Requirements
3-D meteorological variables on temperature, pressure, wind, cloud parameters, surface albedo and radiative fluxes, (more?) to be delivered by
analyses of numerical weather prediction models
Geographical and temporal distribution of natural emissions from vegetation, natural fires, wild animals, oceans, volcanoes, lightning, etc.
43
5.3 Near Real Time Use
Main driving user requirements C3:
 Local surface and boundary layer air quality forecasting
 Chemical weather, including air quality forecasting from regional to global scale, prediction and monitoring of plume transport and plume
dispersion, e.g. related to hazards of natural (e.g. volcanic eruption) or anthropogenic (e.g. biomass burning forest fires) origin.
 Air traffic management, air routing and early warning for unpredictable events
Notes:
 Except for N2O5 the temporal resolution requirements are for daytime only (this is the threshold requirement). The extension to full 24h
coverage, i.e., including the nighttime evolution is a target requirement.
 For tropospheric O3 and CO above the PBL also coverage over the Northern Atlantic is required (as boundary condition for limited area AQ
models)
 For SO2 and aerosol in the free troposphere global coverage is required for air traffic management.
 The aerosol types to distinguish include at least: Sulphate, Dust, Sea Salt, OC, BC, Mixed
 For air quality H2O in the PBL and a profile above is required to include the effect of relative humidity on aerosol and for pinning of the
primary OH formation
 Possibly important reservoir species for N to take into account include N2O5, HNO3 and PAN.
44
5.3.1 Satelliteborne Observations
C3-S
Near Real Time Use of Information on Air Quality Degradation
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Horizontal resolution
(km)
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution
(hours)
Uncertainty
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT
PBL
FT
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
-1
-1
-1
-----1
-1
-1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
6
6
3
3
6
6
3
6
6
6
6
6
3
3
3
3
10%
20% / 25%
10%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
20% / 25%
0.05
0.05
< 10% mis-assignments
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
10
50
10
50
10
50
50
50
-1
-1
-1
-1
0.5
0.5
1 /
3 /
0.5
0.5
0.5
1 /
/ 6
/ 6
6
6
/ 6
/ 6
/ 3
3
20%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
50% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
30%
30%
Data
Product
Priority A
O3
Chem Weather
NO2
Chem Weather
CO
Chem Weather
Aerosol OD
Chem Weather
Aerosol Type
Chem Weather
H2O
Chem Weather
SO2
Chem Weather
CH2O
Chem Weather
Priority B
HNO3
Chem Weather
N2O5 (night)
Chem Weather
PAN
Chem Weather
UV-VIS spectral actinic flux
Chem Weather
45
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ trop column
/ 3
10%
20% / 10%
20%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
5.3.2 Ground-based Observations
Network for NRT observations of surface concentrations and total column data.
Network for NRT observations of ozone profiles
Network for the temporal evolution of CH4
Near Real Time Use of Information on Air Quality Degradation
C3-G
Requirement
Driver
Height Range
Vertical resolution
(km)
Temporal resolution
(hours)
Uncertainty
PBL
FT
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT
PBL
FT
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT
Surface
-1
-1
-1
-----1
-1
-1
-1
-1
--
0.5 / 6
0.5 / 6
0.5 / 3
0.5 / 3
0.5 / 6
0.5 / 6
0.5 / 3
0.5 / 6
0.5 / 6
0.5 / 6
0.5 / 6
0.5 / 6
0.5 / 3
0.5 / 3
0.5 / 3
0.5 / 3
0.5 / 6
0.5 / 6
0.5 / 3
1 / 3
24 / 24*7
10%
20% / 25%
10%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
20% / 25%
0.05
0.05
< 10% mis-assignments
PBL
FT / trop. column
PBL
FT / trop. column
-1 /3
-1 /3
1 /
3 /
0.5
0.5
20%
50% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
Data
Product
Priority A
O3
Chem Weather
NO2
Chem Weather
CO
Chem Weather
Aerosol OD
Chem Weather
Aerosol Type
Chem Weather
H2O
Chem Weather
SO2
Chem Weather
CH2O
Chem Weather
HNO3
Chem Weather
UV-VIS spectral actinic flux
Chem Weather
CH4
Priority B
N2O5 (night)
Chem Weather
PAN
Chem Weather
Chem Weather
/3
/ 3
/3
/3
/ 3
/3
/3
/ 3
6
6
/ 6
/ 6
10%
20% / 10%
20%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
20%
20% / 1.3e15 molec cm-2
30%
30%
2% (ZA)
5.3.3 Auxililary Requirements
3-D meteorological variables on temperature, pressure, wind, cloud parameters, surface albedo and radiative fluxes, (more?) to be delivered by
analyses of numerical weather prediction models
Natural emissions inventory, more?
NRT vegetation data
46
6. Summary
7. References
47