Chapter 6 UNIVERSALS OF VERBAL AND NONVERBAL MESSAGES
THE INTERACTION OF VERBAL AND NONVERBAL MESSAGES
Contradict
Control
Repeat
Substitute
MEANING PRINCIPLES
Meanings Are In People
Meanings Are More Than Words And Gestures
Meanings Are Unique
Meanings Are Context-Based
Metacommunication
MESSAGE PRINCIPLES
Packaged
Rule Governed
Vary in Abstraction
Vary in Politeness
Netiquette
Vary in Inclusion
Vary in Directness
Advantages of Indirect
Disadvantages of Indirect
Gender and Cultural Differences in Directness
Vary in Assertiveness
Nonassertiveness, Aggressiveness, Assertiveness
Principles for Increasing Assertive Communication
Analyze Assertive Communications
Rehearse Assertive Communications
Communicate Assertively
Lying
Get gain or avoid punishment
When one person intents to mislead another, doing so deliberately, without prior notification of this
purpose and without having been explicitly asked to do so by the target.
Ethical:
Ethical and Required:
Unacceptable and Unethical:
Chapter 7 VERBAL MESSAGES
LANGUAGE SYMBOLIZES REALITY
Intensional Orientation
Cultural Identifiers
(black, white, Hispanic, Indian, Muslim, Orientals)
Allness
Six blind men and the elephant
LANGUAGE EXPRESSES BOTH FACTS AND INFERENCES
Factual – Inferential Statements
LANGUAGE EXPRESSES BOTH DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
Denotation:
Connotation:
LANGUAGE CAN CRITICIZE AND PRAISE
Criticize
Focus on Event or Behavior
State Criticism Positively
Own Thoughts and Feelings
Be Clear
Avoid Ordering or Directing the Other Person to Change
Consider Context of Criticism
Praise
Use I-messages
Affect Communicates Positive Feelings
Name Behavior You’re Praising
Take Culture Into Consideration
LANGUAGE CAN OBSCURE DISTINCTIONS
Indiscrimination
Ethnocentrism
Polarization
Static Evaluation
LANGUAGE CAN CONFIRM AND DISCONFIRM
Disconfirmation/Rejection
Confirmation
Talking with Grief Stricken
Sexism
Generic Man
Generic He/She
Sex-role Stereotyping
Heterosexism
Racism
Ageism
(stereotypes in St George)
Sexist, Heterosexist, Racist and Ageist Listening
Chapter 8 NONVERBAL MESSAGES
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS
Impression Formation and Management
Forming and Defining Relationships
Structuring Conversation and Social Interaction
Influence
Emotional Expression
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
Body Communication
Body Gestures (kinesics)
Emblems
Illustrators
Affect Displays
Regulators
Adaptors
Self-adaptors/alter adaptors/object adaptors
Body Appearance
Scale from 1 to 10
Facial Communication
Facial Management
Eight emotions
Intensify/deintensify/neutralize/mask/simulate
Facial Feedback
Eye Communication
Eye Contact
Monitor Feedback
Secure Attention and Interest
Regulate and Control
Signal Nature of Relationship
Eye avoidance
Civil Inattention
Pupil dilation
Belladonna
Touch Communication
Haptics
Meaning of Touch
Positive Emotions
Playfulness
Control
Ritualistic
Task-Related
Touch Avoidance
Paralanguage and Silence
Paralanguage
Is this the face that launched a thousand ships?
Rate/volume/pitch
People Perception and Paralanguage
Persuasion and Paralanguage
Words Per Minute 130-150
Silence
Function of Silence
Time to Think
Weapon
Response to Personal Anxiety
Prevent Communication
Communicate Emotional Response
Achieve Special Effects
Nothing to Say
Spatial Messages
Proxemics Distances
Intimate
Personal
Social
Public
Theories about space
Protection
Equilibrium
Expectancy Violation
Territoriality
Primary
Secondary
Public
Home Field Advantage
Markers
Central
Boundary
Ear
Territorial Encroachment
Artifactual Communication
Space Decoration
Color Communication
Clothing and Body Adornment
Scent
Olfactory Communication
Attractants
Taste
Memory
Identity
Temporal Communication
Chronemics
Psychological Time
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE
Culture and Facial Expression
Culture and Color
Some Cultural Meanings of Color
Culture and Touch
Culture, Paralanguage, and Silence
Culture and Time
Formal and Information Time
Monochronism and Polychromism
Chapter 9 MESSAGES AND CONVERSATION
THE CONVERSATION PROCESS
Opening
Feedforward
Business
Feedback
Closing
CONVERSATIONAL MANAGEMENT
Initiating Conversation
Self references
Other references
Relational references
Context references
Openers
Cute-flippant
Innocuous
Direct
Maintaining Conversations
Principle of Cooperation
Conversational Maxims
Quantity
Quality
Relation
Manner
Principle of dialogue
Monologue/dialogue
Principle of Turn Taking
Speaker cues
Turn maintaining
Turn yielding
Listener cues
Turn requesting
Turn denying
Back channeling
Interruptions
Closing Conversations
Reflect back on conversation
State desire to end conversation
Refer to future interaction
Ask for closure
State that you enjoyed interaction
CONVERSATIONAL PROBLEMS: PREVENTION AND REPAIR
Preventing Conversational Problems:
The Disclaimer
Hedging
Credentialing
Sin License
Cognitive Disclaimer
Suspension of Judgment
Repairing Conversational Problems:
The Excuse
Motives for Excuse Making
Types of Excuses
I didn’t do it
It wasn’t so bad
Yes, but
Good and Bad Excuses
GOSSIP AND THE GRAPEVINE
Gossip
Cultural Rules
The Grapevine
Messages
Understand Purposes
Generally Accurate….
Tap into Grapevine
Communication May be Repeated