AP Biology Study Guide Chapter 18: The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity Opening Essay 1. Describe the predatory and defensive strategies of the blue-ringed octopus and the mimic octopus. Animal Evolution and Diversity 2. Describe the defining characteristics of animals. 3. Describe the general animal life cycle and the basic animal body plan. 4. Describe the five-stage hypothesis for the evolution of animals from protists. 5. Describe the Cambrian “explosion” of animal diversity and two hypotheses that have been advanced to explain its occurrence. 6. Explain how a hydrostatic skeleton helps an animal keep its shape and move. 7. Characterize the nine animal phyla discussed in this chapter in terms of the following traits: (a) presence or absence of true tissues, (b) no symmetry, radial symmetry, or bilateral symmetry, (c) no coelom, a pseudocoelom, or a true coelom, and (d) protostomes or deuterostomes. Invertebrate Diversity 8. Describe the characteristics of and distinguish between each of the following phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda,Echinodermata, and Chordata. Note several examples of each phylum. 9. Define segmentation, explain its functions, and note the animal phyla where it occurs. Compare the characteristics of the four major arthropod lineages. Give examples of each. 10. Describe the common characteristics of insects. Describe the process and significance of complete metamorphosis. Animal Phylogeny and Diversity Revisited 11. Compare the phylogenetic relationships in Figures 18.4 and 18.15, noting similarities and differences. 12. Explain what we have learned about the evolution of life from the study of “evo-devo.” C. Gay 1/5/09 Steamboat Springs High School AP Biology Key Terms amoebocyte annelid anterior arachnid arthropod bilateral symmetry bilaterian bivalve blastula body cavity centipede cephalopod chelicerate choanocyte circulatory system closed circulatory system cnidarian cnidocyte coelom complete digestive tract complete metamorphosis crustacean cuticle dorsal dorsal, hollow nerve cord deuterostome echinoderm ectoderm endoderm endoskeleton eumetazoan exoskeleton flatworm fluke foot free-living flatworm gastropod gastrovascular cavity gastrula C. Gay 1/5/09 horseshoe crab hydrostatic skeleton incomplete metamorphosis ingestion invertebrate lancelet larva (plural, larvae) leech mantle medusa (plural, medusae) mesoderm metamorphosis millipede mollusc molting nematode notochord open circulatory system pharyngeal slit polychaete polyp post-anal tail posterior protostome pseudocoelom radial symmetry radula segmentation sessile sponge suspension feeder tapeworm tunicate ventral visceral mass water vascular system Steamboat Springs High School AP Biology