ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY IN UGANDA
FACULTY OF LAW
FIRST YEAR SEMESTER 1
ACADEMIC YEAR 2015/2016
FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL LAW 1
READING GUIDE1
BY KAKEETO SIRAJE Esq.
I OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE
The fundamentals of Criminal Law course intends to provide introductory
elements of criminal law, from the principle of Legality to Vicarious Liability. It
also covers the general defenses to criminal offences from the defense of Lack of
Jurisdiction to Necessity. The course will also cover the inchoate/preliminary
offences in brief. The student therefore needs to understand all these principles
in order to adequately appreciate the course. The course is only sub divided into
two (the first part Covered in Semester 1 and the other part for the 2nd
semester) not because the applicable principles are wholly distinct but because
the entire course can’t be covered in one semester. Never the less, the part
covered in the 2nd semester is merely an extension of the introductory part we
are covering in the 1st semester of 1st year otherwise quite a number of legal
principles and practices over lap.
General Textbooks
Note this reading guide is only for the SEMESTER 1. It is does not contain all the authorities
on the relevant aspects. Students are therefore advised and encouraged to read the cases on
the guide and any other relevant authorities. More authorities will be availed in the course of
the lectures. Mr. Kakeeto Siraje will teach the course. The course is intended to introduce
students to the fundamental principles of criminal law in Uganda. The aspects to be covered
are clearly set out under each sub topic and it is hoped that at the end of the course, students
should have substantially appreciated the relevant principles as elucidated in the authorities as
well as the relevant practical considerations.
1.
1. Kenny's Outlines of Criminal Law, 18th edn by W.C.Turner
2. Criminal Law in Uganda, sexual Assaults and offences against morality by
Lillian.T- Ekirikubinza.
3. Homicides and Non-fatal Assaults by Lillian T. Ekirikubinza
4. Criminal Law of East and Central Africa...................Collingwood
5. Sourcebook of Criminal Law of Africa...................Siedman
6. General Principles of Criminal Law............Hall
7. Introduction to Criminal Law....................Cross & Jones
8. Cases on Criminal Law.....................Cross & Jones
9. Cases on Criminal Law.......................Turner
10.Study Guide to Criminal Law.................Lauham
11. Mens Rea in Statutory Offences.....................Edwards
12. Criminal Law & Punishment.........................Fitzgerald
13. Criminal Law -- The General Part...................Glanville William
14. Report on Customary Criminal Offences in Kenya......................Cotran.
15. Leading East African Criminal Law Cases.................A.Kiapi
16. Criminal Law, Cases and Materials..............................Smith & Hogan
17. Criminal Law.............................Elliot & Wood
Law Reports
1. East African Law Reports............................E.A
2. East African Court of Appeal Reports.......................E.A,C. A
3. East African Protectorate Law Reports..........................E.A.P.L.R
4. Kenya Law Reports....................................K.L.R
5. Uganda Law Reports.................................U.L.R
6. Tanganyika Law Reports (Reprint).......................T.L.R (R)
7. Zanzibar Law Reports...............................Z.L.R
8. English Reports,.........................................E.R
9. All England Law Reports..............................All E.R
10. Criminal Appeal Reports............................Cr. App. R
11. Appeal Cases..................................A.C
12. King's Bench................................KB
13. Law Reports of Tanzania.........................L.R.T
14. Criminal Law Review.................Com. L.R
RELEVANT LEGISLATION
1. The 1995 Constitution of Uganda
2. The Penal Code Act cap 120 as amended
3. The Judicature Act cap 13
4. The Magistrates Courts Act cap 16 as amended
5. The Trial on Indictment Act cap 23
6. Any other Laws that may be referred to during the course of study.
II
INTRODUCTION
a) Nature and Sources of Criminal Law
Judicature Act S.16 Penal Code S.3, 17
1. Wallace-Johnson v. R. [1940] 231
2. R. v Luima & Others 16 E.A.C.A
3. Jivraj v Devraj [1969] E.A 268
4. Dohia v National & Grindlays Bank [1970] E.A 195.
5. R. v Zulu & Others [1961] R & N
6. Sawyer & Killer, "The doctrine of PRECEDENT in the Court of Appeal for East
Africa", Chapter 3
b) The Relevance of Customary Law
The Uganda Constitution, Art 28(11)
The Penal Code ss.150, 121, 273; 274.
1. Wawji v The Queen (1956) E.A.C.A 607.
2. Alai v Uganda [1967] E.A 596.
3. Oyat v Uganda [1967] EA 827.
4. Kakiyumu v Uganda [1969] E.A 337
5. Abdulrahaman Bin Mohamed & Another v R. [1963] E.A, 188.
6. Uganda v Michael Naika Cr. Sessions Case No.78 of 1974.
c) Classification of Offences
S.4 Penal Code d)
The Principles of Legality
1. Uganda Constitution Articles 2,20 - 28
2. Kenya Constitution Section 77(4)
3. Tanganyika Magistrates Courts Act S.66
4. Gichina v R [1970] E.A 105;
5. Avone v Uganda [1969] E.A 129
6. Uganda v Solomon [1969] E.A 46
7. R. v Manlcy [1933] K.B 529.
8. Shaw v D.P.P [1961]2 All E.R 462.
9. R. v Knuller [1971J3AU E.R. 314
10. JumsvR. [1934]1T.L.R(R) 195.
11. Gangji & Nasser v R. (R.) 195.
12. R. v Oman & Another [1973] E.A 29.
13. Lawrence Opoya & Another v Uganda Cr, App. No.94 of 1967.
GENERAL READING
1. Read,"Criminal Law in the African of Today and Tomorrow" 1963 ].A.Lpp.5-17
2. Read: "When is Customary Law Relevant?" 1963 J.A.L. pp.57, 59.
3. Read: Some Legal Problems in E.Africa [1966] E.A.LJ. 37.
4. Morris: "Jurisdiction of the Buganda Courts and the Scope of Customary Law
in Uganda" 1 (1965)J.ALpp.l54-163.
5. Read: "Crime and Punishment in West Africa, Tivilight of Customary
Law, 1964 HOWARD LAW JOURNAL 164,186.
6. Cotran: "Report on Customary Criminal Law Offences in Kenya 1962.
7. Contrail & Rubin: Reading in African Law vol.1, pp.191-199.
8. Kaawa: Crime and Penal Problems in East Africa 1966 E.A.LJ 6-8.
9. Saikwa: An Approach to Penal Administration in East Africa, 1966
E.A.LJ 25-28.
10.Junod: Reform of Penal systems in East Africa 1966 E.A.LJ 25-28.
11.Read: Some Legal Problems in East Africa 1966 E.A.L.J 39-62.
12.Rahim: The Penal Code of Tanganyika 1966 E.A.L.J 37-38,
13.Byamugisha A. Criminal Responsibility under the East African Penal Codes,
Uganda Law Focus vol.l No.2 pp.72-81.
14.A.J..Ashworth: Reason, Logic and Criminal Liability 91 L.Q.R. pp.75-102.
Ill
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY
a) THE BURDEN OF PROOF, STANDARD OF PROOF AND PRESUMPTIONS
OF LAW AND FACT
1. The Uganda Constitution Article 28(3) (a)
2. The Uganda Evidence Act (Cap.43) ss.100-104
3. Woolomington v D.P.P [1935] A.C 44
4. SSebakijje John v Uganda Criminal Appeal No 6 of 2000
5. R v Edwards [1975] WLR 70
6. Mancini v DPP [1942] 1 ALLER 60
7. Sekitoleko v Uganda [1967]E.A 531
8. Raphael v Republic [1973] EA 473 (CA)
9- Wibko Alias Musa v R. [1960]
10. D.P.P v Smith [1961] A.C 290
11. Kayongo's case [1971] H.C.B case no.29.
12. Republic v Kiunga [1963] E.A 172.
13. Kamau v R. [1963] E.A 172.
14. Kalla v R. [1963] E.A 448.
15. Bombay Trading Stores v R. [1963] E.A 589,
16. AH Has'san Mohamed v R. [1959] EA 606
17. Wanga v Republic [1963] E.A 6.
18. Chendari v Republic [1966] E.A 246.
19. Okoth Okale v R [1965] E.A 555
20. Ndege Managwa v R [1965] E.A.C.A or Criminal Appeal No.156 of 1964.
21. Mutesasira Kizza & Abdul Ziwa v Ug. [1978] H.C.B 279.
22. A. Zueberman: The Third Exception to the Woolmington Rule [1970]92 L.W.2
b) ACTUS REUS, MENS REA , OMISSIONS AND CAUSATION
(Intention Recklessness, Negligence, Motive, Malice)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
"Contemporaneity of Act and Intention in Crime" (1970) 86 L.Q.R 208.
"Mens Ra in Statutory offences" 74 L.Q.R 342.
Glanville Williams, "Constructive Malice Revived" 23 MM.L.R 605; 77 L.Q.R.I
Woolmington v D.P.P [1935] A.C 462.
.
D.P.P v Smith [1961] A.C 290.
Wini Beyoiigyera v Uganda SCCA 1/1991
Hyam v DPP[1974]2AllE.R41.
F.M Ssekandi, "Comment on Hyaro v D.P.P" Uganda Law Focus (1974) vol.2
No.2.
9. Orete v Uganda [1966] EA 430.
10. SinghvRl [1963]'E.A 13.
11. R, v Akbarali Jehta 14 E.A.C.A 122.
12. Chandler v D.P.P [1964] A.C 763.
13. R. v Kicklin (l968).
14. Okech v Republic [1968] E.A 509
15. Butiti v Republic [1961] EA 361
16. Katimba v Uganda [1967] E.A 361.
17. Mohamed v Republic [1968] E.A 665
18. Image v R. [1957] E.A 94.
19. R. v Muinda 6 U.L,R163.
20. Daya v Republic [1964] E.A 529.
21. Seta v R. [1962] E.A 523.
22. Patel v Republic [1968] E.A 723.
23. R. v Okulo 6 U.L.R 17
24. Gichinga v R. 25 K-L.r 136
25. R. v Ngundo I.T.L.R (R) 94.
26. R. v Morgan [1957]2 W.L.R 913.
27. Uganda v Kato & 3 Others [1976] H.C.B 204.
28. Uganda v Okol [1976] H.C.B 30729. Uganda v Musisi [1976] H.C.B 89.
30. Uganda Matovu [1977] H.C.B 231
31. Uganda v Obit [1977] H.C.B 286
32. Uganda v Basaija [1977] H.C.B 119
33. Uganda v Senabulya [1978] H.C.B 27
34. Uganda v Bazanye [1978] H.C.B 19
35. Uganda v Nsobya [1978] H.C.B 277.
Articles On Mens Rea
TURNER: The Mental Element in Crime at Common Law (1936) 6 C.L.J 31. Mens
Rea and Motorists (1933) 5 CLJ 61.
A.R WHITE: Intention, Purpose, foresight and desire - (1976) 92 L.Q.R 569.
SELLERS]:
Mens Rea and the Judicial Approach to "Bad Excuse" In
Criminal Law(1975) 15 Journal of Medical Science and the
Law pp-42.
ERICSON R.V:
Responsibility, Moral relativity and response ability: Some
implications of Deviance Theory for Criminal Justice" (1975)
25 University' of Toronto Law Journal 23.
KATENDE J.W:
Why were Punishments in pre-European East Africa mainly
compensative rather than Punitive? 1967 2 Journal of
Denning Law Society, University of Dar-cs-Salaam p.122.
SEIDMAN R.B:
Mens Rea and The Reasonable African: The Pre-Scientific
World View-Point and Mistakes of Fact." (1966) A.C.L.J 14
15 I.C.L.Q 1135.
IV
PARTICIPATION IN AND LIABILITY FOR CRIMES
Parties to and Accessories to Crime and Incitement
S.19, 20, & 21, of the Penal Code Act
1. R v Cogan and Leak [1975] 2 All ER 1059 (aiding and abetting)
2. Attorney General's Reference (No. 1 of 1975) [1975] 2 All ER 684
3. Blakely and Sutton v DPP [1991] RTR 405 (procuring)
4. R v Calhaem [1985] 2 All ER 206 (counseling)
5. R v Bainbndge [1959] 3 All ER 200 (soliciting)
V STRICT LIABILITY
1. Gammon (Hong Kong) Ltd v AG of Hong Kong [1984] 2 ALLER 503
2. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Storkwain Ltd [1986]2 ALLER 635,HL
3. White v R. 10K.L.R40
4. Bombay Trading Stores v R. [1962] E.A 589.
5. Mumir v Republic [1967] E.A 430
6. R. v Nassa Ginners 2 T.L.R 346
7. Max Contactors v R. 24 I K-L.R 40
8. Constandis v R. 4 Z.L.R 12.
9. White House V Lemon (1979)1 ALLER 898
10. Gundy v Le Cocq (1884)13 QBD 207
11. R v Prince (1880) ALLER 881
12. Abdalla V R 1964 EA 270
13. Sweet V Parsley 1969 1 ALLER 347
14. Coopen V Moore 1898 2 QB
15. R V Prince (1874-80 ALLER 881
16. B(A minor V DPP (2000)1 ER 833
15 Sweet V Parseley (1970) AC
16. Warner V MPC (1969)2 AC 256
17. Smedlys Ltd V Breed (1974) AC 839
18. R V Howell (1977)3 ALLER 417
16. Lim Chin Aik [1963] W.L.R 42
VI VICARIOUS LIABILITY
1. R. v Shindu & Joseph 18 K.L.R 172
2. R. v Magajan Ala 20 ICL.R
3. R. v Nazareth 7 E.A.P.L.R 106
4. Prabulal v Republic [1971] E.A 52
5. Din v R. ICL.R 42
6. Lakhani v the Queen 29 K.L.R 177
7. El Harthy v R. 22 E.A.A.CA
8. Gangji v The Crown 8 Z.L.R. 147
9. Linnet v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1946] K.B 290
10 Vane v Yiannapoulos [1964]3 W.L.R 12,18.
11. General Readings:
EUiott Wood caps. 3,4,5
Collingwood Chapter 3
Harris Chapter 2
12. Alien v White Head (1929) ALLER 13
13. R v Winson (1968)1 ALLER 197
14. Coppen v Moore (1898)2 QB 306
VII
DEFENCES
Penal Code Act SS. 7,8,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19, & 20. Kiapi: Leading
Criminal Law Cases pp/238-239.
A) LACK OF JURISDICTION
Penal code SS4,5,23,24,25,26 and 27 of the Penal Code Act
1.
2.
3.
Uganda vs. Mutabazi Kamanyire and Katukura (1971) HCB 129
Rev. JMacLean vs. Uganda (1972) HCB 276.
Uganda vs. Dison Manyu and Anor (1968) HCB 115
4.
Uganda vs vinancio oroma (1976) HCB 84.
Magistrate grade II carried on with trial of a case partly heard by grade I
magistrate – whether he had such jurisdiction under the MCA.
5. Uganda vs. Mario olubutua (1971) HCB 213. Attempted suicide c/s 203 of
penal code-magistrate grade II or III has no jurisdiction.
6. Uganda vs. Vincent sendaza (1975) HCB 107. Driving under the influence of
drink s.119 of the traffic and road safely Act 1970. Whether magistrate grade II
had jurisdiction to try the offence.
7. Uganda vs. Opio Gideon (1975) HCB 176. Being in possession of
unaccustomed goods-whether magistrate Grade 11 had jurisdiction under the
Act.
8. Uganda vs. Ekerist Mugabi (1975) HCB 179.Conviction for hoarding 300 cases
of beer sentence of fine- whether magistrate grade 1 had jurisdiction to impose
the fine.
9. Uganda vs. Ochola and two others (1981) HCB 8. Whether it's within the
jurisdiction of magistrate grade II to impose suspended sentence.
10. Uganda vs. Kafeero Bosco 91991) HCB 1 indecent assault- trial by magistrate
grade III-offence outside jurisdiction of magistrate.
11. Uganda vs. Wesonge Martin (1991) HCB 5-magistrate grade III- sentence of
imprisonment in excess of 6 months.
12. Kalemera Frank vs. Uganda (1998-2000) HCB 5. Appeals from decision of
court martial appeal court- appeal lies to court of appeal not Supreme Court.
13. Karim Baganda and others vs. Uganda (1994) KALR 43-SCCA. Whether court
has jurisdiction to entertain appeal when there has been no conviction in the trial
court.
14. Kasekese Lkwrence Kasake and others vs. Uganda (1998) 1 KALR 93 HCCRA.
Whether a third trial magistrate has no jurisdiction to try an accused already
tried by two magistrates.
B) BONA FIDE CLAIM OF RIGHT
Penal code Act cap section 7
R v Wade
Chibijana v R 12 EACA 104
C) ACCIDENT
Penal code section 8
1. Quninto Etum v Uganda Criminal Appeal No 19 of 1989
2. U v C. Kinobe alias Kirize (1974) HCB 2
3. Tusingwire Teopista & Another v Ug (1996) VI KALR 76- HCCRA
4. PC TITO Muklsa v Ug (1995) 111 KALR 85-SCCA
D) MISTAKE OF FACT AND LAW
Penal Code ss.9
1. R. v Ojambo s/o Mambio [1944] 11 E.A.C.A 97
2. R. v Mutone [1936] E.A.C.A 114
3. R. v Suwatu [1959] E.A 364
4. Leosoni v R. [1961] E.A 364
5. Waera s/o Modoya & Others [1962] E.A 783 (K)
6. Nayanya s/o Kweku v R. 23 E.A.C.A 593 (K)
7. Musa v Republic [1970] E.A 42
8. U v AlfredAkuku 1994 KALR 114 HCCRS
9. R. v Bailey 168 E.R 651
10. R v Chabijana 12 EACA 104
11. Hains Criminal Law pp.49-51
12. R. v Tolson23 Q.B 168
13. Uganda v Akuku, Criminal Case No. 23 of 1993
14. Seidrnan R.B: Mens Rea and The Reasonable African: Pre-Scientific World
View-Point and "Mistake of Fact" (1966)15 I.C.L.Q, 135.
E) INTOXICATION
Penal Code Act Section 12
1. Uganda v. Karasensio Ongwech C.S.C 867 of 1967 (Unreported).
2. AG v Gallagher (1961)3 ALLER 299
3. Ug v D Bungamwizi (1927) HCB 227
4. Nyakite s/o Oyugi [1959] E.A 322
5. Kinuthia s/o Kamau v R (1950)17 E.A.C.A 137
6. Cheminingwa v R. (1956) 23 E.A.C.A 451 (U).
7. Ug v Kanyankole Robert (1984)HCB 23
8. D.P.P v Beard [1920] A.C 479.
9. Ug v David Bitaminize (197 5) H CB 9
10. Broadhurst v R (1964)1 ALL ER 26
11. Ug v Alfred A Kuku (1994) KALR 114 HCCR.S
12. Uganda v Osega [1976] H.C.B 7
13. Uganda v Kato & Others [1976] H.C.B 216
14. Uganda v.Yiga [1978] H.C.B 216
15. Ug v David Living Stone Turakira (1995) 111 KALR 154.
16. Uganda v Bungamwizi [1978] H.C.B 227
17. Uganda v Andrea Mulera [1974] HCB 251
18. Uganda v Robert Kanyankole [1984] HCB 23
19. Uganda v Barikunda [1985] HCB 12
20. Kayumba v Uganda [1987] HCB 1
21. Sesawo s/o Kermesi v Uganda [1979] HCB 1
F) INSANITY Penal Code Sections 11
1. Uganda v Arajaiii Karegyeya Part 1 [1972] U.L.R 10.
2. M'Nathten's Case 8 E.R 718
3. R. v Haynes 175 E.R 718
4. A.G for Australia v Brown [1960] A.C 432
5. Ug v Francisco Munyankindi (1972) HCB 142
6. Ug v Okellos/oKamuleti 1978 HCB 4
7. R v Saidi Kabila Kimunga [1963] E.A 1
8. Sebastino Hakmmana v Uganda 1994 KALR VI 158 SCCA
9. R. v Ngoda [1963] E.A 153
10. U v KankuratireJohn (1975)HCB 134
11. Ellis v R. [1965] E.A 744
12. R v Noor Mohammed Kanji 4 EACA 34
13. Ug v Deo Kule (1972)HCB 15
14. Ug v AventoreOvu (1972)1 ULR 15
15. Uganda v Henry Nyamwasa [1976] H.C.B
16. Uganda v Yiga [1977] H.C.B 216
17. Uganda v Okello [1978] H.C.B 4
18. Uganda v Kato & Another [1976]
19. Keeton: "Guilty bxit Insane."
20. Weihofen: "The Urge to Punish."
21. R. v Magate s/o Kachekakan [1957] E.A 330(U)
22. Uganda v Henry Nyarnwasa [1976] H.C.B 7
23. Uganda v Yiga [1977] H.C.B 216
24. Uganda v OkeUo [1978] H.C.B 4
25. Muswi v R. [1956] 23 E.A.C.A 622
26. R. v Clarke [1972] 1 Aller 219
27. Mbeluke v R. (1959) E.A 479.
28. Ug v Henry Nyamwasa (1976) HCB 44
29. Mental Illness and Criminal Liability (1975) 15 Medical Services Law pp.198.
30. Seidman R.B: Insanity as a Defence under the Penal Code of Ghana 91964)
10 G.L.J. 42.
31. L.K. Moyer: The Morally Abnormal Offender in Sweden: An overview and
comparison with American Law. 22AJ.C.L. pp.71-74.
32. Uganda v Kasuajja [1977] H.C.B 9
33. Uganda v Ssewankambo [1977] H.C.B 161
34. Uganda v OkeUo [1978] H.C.B 4.
35. R v Mandala (1957) R&N 251.
36 R v Ali Chandegere [1978] LRT n 68
37. Keeton: "Guilty but Insane."
G) DIMINISHED RESPONSIBILITY
Penal Code section 194
1. Bryne [1960]2QB396
2. Tandy [1989] 1 ALLER 267
3. Uganda vs Ssebuguzi & Others [1988-1990] HCB 18
4. Ssebakijje John v Uganda Criminal Appeal No 6 of 2000
H) SELF-DEFENCE, DEFENCE OF PERSON, PROPERTY, PUBLIC
INTEREST
Penal Code Ss. 15
1. P.M. Ssekandi:"Self-defence in Uganda" Uganda Law Focus, vol.1
No,l pp.6-18.
2. Ojepan Ignatius v Uganda Criminal Appeal No 25 of 1995
3. Sulemani s/o Ussi v Republic [1963] E.A 442. (Defence of person)
4. R v Bull 173 E.R 723.
5. R v Seully 171 E.R 1213.
6. Ojepan Ignatius v Uganda Supreme Court Criminal appeal no, 25/1995
7. R v Rose (1884) Cox 540
8. Okeyo Kigeni v Rep. [1960] E.A 188 (CA)
9. Oloo s/o Gau v R [1960] E.A 86 (CA)
10. Shibaru s/o Musungu v R. (1955) 22 E.A.C.A 454
11. Ochuku s/o Ochende v rex (1952) 19 E.A.C.A 220 (U)
12. R. v El. Abadi (1946)7 Z.L.R 93.
13. Marwa s/o Robi v R. [1959] E.A (CA) (Defence of property).
14. Rex v Sekendo Bin Mange (1941) 8 E.A.C.A 67.
15. Salim Majala v R E.A.C.A Crirn Appl 5-DSM -75 1977 LRTN 53
16. Duffy (1966)2 WLR 229
17. Muhidiini s/o Asumani v R. [1962] E.A 383.
18. Musambi v. R. [1957] E.A 422 (CA)
19. John Bisset Stenhouse v. R. (1971) 2 UL.R 14.
20. Manzi Mengi v R. [1964] E.A 289. pefence of person)
21. Didas Kabengl v U. Cr. Appeal 19 of 1977 (CA)
22. Munaku v U [1978] 10 H.C.B 179.
23. Uganda v. Kutosi [1978] H.C.B 179.
24. Uganda v Esta & Another [1977] H.C.B 302
25. Uganda v Bugga [1984] H.C.B 10 (Self-defence)
26. Uganda v Barikunda s/o Rwebanda (1985) H.C.B 12.
27. Uganda v Mutahanza (1989) H.C.B 44.
28. Kanalusasi George v Uganda (1989) KALR 60.
29. Uganda v Anzima (1989) H.C.B 55.
30. Uganda v Die Ojok (1992-93) HCB 54
31. R v Moharned Sekendo bin Nyange 8 E.A.C.A. 7
32. Salimu Majala v R E.A.C.A. Criminal Appeal 6-DSO-75
33. Palmer v S [1971] All ER 1077 at 1088
34. Katera & Another v Uganda [1979] RGB 117
35. Ojepan Ignatius v Uganda, Criminal Appeal, No. 25 of 1995
Articles
1. SorrarajahM: Excessive Self-Defence: (-) Further Developments (1975) 24
I.C.L.Q 115
2. Sorrarajah M: Excessive Defence in Commonwealth Law
(1971) 21 C.L.Q pp.759.
3. Elliot I.D.: Excessive self-defence in Commonwealth Law: A comment
(1973) 22 I.C.L.Q 727.
4. James C: The Queensbury Rules of Self-defence (1971) 21 I.C.L.Q. 357.
I) IMMATURE AGE
1. R V F.C (a Juvenile) 2 NRLR 185
2. Uganda v Yowasi Birungi (1973) 1 ULR 56
3. R. v Wamboi Kamau [1965] E.A 548 (K)
4. Mwangi Kamweru & Others v R. (1953) 20 E.A.C.A 251
5. R. v Muola Irove (1944) 11 E.A.C.A 112
6. Kapwepwe v R. N.R.L.R 168
7. R v Opiri s/0 Meope (1927) 11 K.L.R 90
8. B.v R. (1958) 123 J.P 61 (also Elliott & Wood 150).
9. Kean, "The History of the Criminal Liability of Children" 53 L.Q.R pg-364.
10. Williams: Cr. Responsibility of Children, (1954) Criminal Law Review 493.
11. Uganda v. Ojangole & Another. [1978] H.C.B 263.
12. Uganda v Kivumbi [1978] H.C-B 294.
13. Uganda v Patrick Okumu Case No, 320/95 (unrepoited).
14. Uganda v Oloya s/o Yovam Omeke [1977] HCB 4.
J) IMMUNITIES
The 1995 Constitution of Uganda Art 98(4)(5).
Diplomatic Privileges Act Cap.201
Penal Code Act s.13.
1. Oddo v Republic [1970] E.A 256 (T)
2. Anthony Edward Otoi v Uganda Cr. App. No 163 of 1967.
3. Said B Kionywaki v R (1967) H.C.D 443.
K) DOUBL/E JEOPARDY
The 1995 Uganda Constitution, Art.28 (9) (10).
The Penal Code Act S.I8
1. Cosma v R (1955)22 E.A.C.A 450.
2. Seifu v R: [I960] E.A 338
3. Salim Bin Karama v R (1951) 18 E.A.C.A 304
4. Kabunga s/o Magingi v R. (1955) 22 E.A.C.A 387, 390.
5. US Govt v Vatkinson (1969) 2 ALL ER 1151.
6. Loticn &Another v R. 23 (1956) 23 E.A.C.A 566.
L) COMPULSION
Penal Code Ss.14 and 17.
1. Lynch v D.P.P for N. Ireland [1975] 1 All E.R 913.
2. Josia v Republic [1972] E.A 157.
3. Me Brothers Case (1746) KB 997.
4. R. v Steane [1947] K.B 997.
5. R. v Syler & Price (1838)8 C & P 616.
6. R. v GiU [1963]2 All E.R 688
7. "Compulsion., Coercion & Cr. Responsibility" 14 M.L.R 297.
8. "Duress and Aiding and Abetting" 69 L.Q.R 226
9. Cross, 69 L.Q.R.L 354.
10. Uganda v Rev. Fr, Kabishanga & Another (1978) H.C.B 69.
11. R. v Wambogo & (1924) 10 KL.R 3
12. M'Nduyo Kanyoro v R. (1962) E.A 100.
13. Uganda v Charles (1991) H.C.B 36.
M) SUPERIOR ORDERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Magayi v Uganda (1965) E.A 667.
Keighly v Bell (1866) 4 F & F 763/176 ER 781.3
R v James 173 ER 429
R. v Trainer (1864)4 F & F 105/176 ER 488
F &Others v West Berkshire Authority (1989) 2 ALL ER 545.
Uganda v Kadiri Matovu & Another [1983] HCB 27
N) NECESSITY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
R. v. Dudley & Stephens (1884) 14 QBD 273.
R. v Bourne [1939] K.B. 687
R. v. Conway (1988) 3 ALLER 1025
Bukoke v Greater London Council (1971) 2 (ALLER) 254
R v Conway (1988) 3 ALLER 1025
Bodkin Adams (1957) Grim LR 365
R v Howe(1987)AC417
South Work LBC v Williams (1971) ch 734
Buckoke v GLC (1975) ch 655
O) ALIBI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Alfred Bumbo and Others v Uganda SCCA NO 28/1994
Constantino Okwel Alias Magendo v Uganda SCCA 12/1990
Alfred Bombo & others v Uganda SCCA No.28/1994
Kamudini Mukasa v Uganda SCCA No.36/1995
Abdul Ngobi v Uganda SCCA No.10/1991
6. Frank Ndaheba v Uganda SCCA. No.2/1993
7. Ug v Dusaman Sabuni (1981) HCB 1
8. Ug v Ejabu &Anor
(1982) HCB 2
INCHOATE OR PRELIMINARY OFFENCES
(a) ATTEMPTS
Penal Code Ss. 386, 387, & 388
1. R v Dhalla s/o ismail 20 KLR 59
2. R v Shivpuri (1985)1 ALLER 143 H/L
3. R v Robinson (1915)KB 342
4. R v Gullefer (1990)1 WLR 1063
5. R v Campbell (1991) 93 CR Appr 350 C/A
6. R v Jones (1990) 3 ALLER 886
7. Ag's Reference (NO 1/1992) (1993)2 ALLER 190
8. R v Taylor (1859)1 F&F511
9. R v Walker & Hayles (1990) CRIM LR 44 C/A
10. R v O'Brien (1995) CRIM LR 734 C/A
(B) CONSPIRACY
Penal Code Ss. 390, 391 & 392
1. Kabuga s/o Mugingi v. R. (1954) 22 E.A.C.A. 387
2. Vip Chiu Cheung v R (1994)2 ALLER 924
3. R v James (2002) EWCA Crim 1119
4. Crofter hand wooven haris Tweed Co Ltd vs Veitch (1942) AC 439
5. Ongodie & Erimu v. Uganda [1967] E.A. 137
6. R v Anderson (1986)AC 27 H/L
7. Mawji v The Queen [1957] E.A. 126 (PQ
8. Patel v R [1956] E.A.416
9. R v Siracusa (1989) Crim LR 712 C/A
10. Juraa Ramadhan v. Uganda [1976] H.C.B. 189
11. Uganda v Paskali [1976] H.C.B 189
12. LH. Denis: "The Rationale of Criminal Conspiracy" (1977) 93 L.Q. R.39.
(C) INCITEMENT
S. 21 of the Penal Code Act.
Relevant Provisions in the Constitution of Uganda 1995
28. Right to a fair hearing.
(1) In the determination of civil rights and obligations or any criminal charge, a
person shall be entitled to a fair, speedy and public hearing before an
independent and impartial court or tribunal established by law.
(2) Nothing in clause (1) of this article shall prevent the court or tribunal from
excluding the press or the public from all or any proceedings before it for
reasons of morality, public order or national security, as may be necessary in a
free and democratic society.
(3) Every person who is charged with a criminal offence shall—
(a) be presumed to be innocent until proved guilty or until that person has
pleaded guilty;
(b) be informed immediately, in a language that the person understands, of the
nature of the offence;
(c) be given adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his or her
defence;
(d) be permitted to appear before the court in person or, at that person's own
expense, by a lawyer of his or her choice;
(e) in the case of any offence which carries a sentence of death or imprisonment
for life, be entitled to legal representation at the expense of the State;
(f) be afforded, without payment by that person, the assistance of an interpreter
if that person cannot understand the language used at the trial;
(g) be afforded facilities to examine witnesses and to obtain the attendance of
other witnesses before the court.
(4) Nothing done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent
with—
(a) clause (3)(a) of this article, to the extent that the law in question imposes
upon any person charged with a criminal offence, the burden of proving
particular facts;
(b) clause (3)(g) of this article, to the extent that the law imposes conditions that
must be satisfied if witnesses called to testify on behalf of an accused are to be
paid their expenses out of public funds.
(5) Except with his or her consent, the trial of any person shall not take place in
the absence of that person unless the person so conducts himself or herself as to
render the continuance of the proceedings in the presence of that person
impracticable and the court makes an order for the person to be removed and
the trial to proceed in the absence of that person.
(6) A person tried for any criminal offence, or any person authorised
by him or her, shall, after the judgment in respect of that offence, be entitled
to a copy of the proceedings upon payment of a fee prescribed by law.
(7) No person shall be charged with or convicted of a criminal
offence which is founded on an act or omission that did not at the time it took
place constitute a criminal offence.
(8) No penalty shall be imposed for a criminal offence that is severer in degree
or description than the maximum penalty that could have been imposed for that
offence at the time when it was committed.
(9) A person who shows that he or she has been tried by a competent court for
a criminal offence and convicted or acquitted of that offence shall not again be
tried for the offence or for any other criminal offence of which he or she could
have been convicted at the trial for that offence, except upon the order of a
superior court in the course of appeal or review proceedings relating to the
conviction or acquittal.
(10) No person shall be tried for a criminal offence if the person shows that he or
she has been pardoned in respect of that offence.
(11) Where a person is being tried for a criminal offence, neither that person nor
the spouse of that person shall be compelled to give evidence against that
person.
(12) Except for contempt of court, no person shall be convicted of a criminal
offence unless the offence is defined and the penalty for it prescribed by law.