Chapter 17 – Life Cycle Nutrition: Adulthood and the Later Years
Multiple Choice
01.
What fraction of the U.S. population is at least 65 years old?
a. 1/100
b. 1/30
c. 1/8
d. 1/3
02.
Approximately how many years is the human life span?
a. 75
b. 100
c. 115
d. 130
03.
What is the life expectancy of males and females in the United States?
a. 62-68 years
b. 69-81 years
c. 82-86 years
d. 87-90 years
04.
What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States?
a. 21-30 years
b. 35-50 years
c. Over 65 years
d. Over 85 years
05.
Approximately what percentage of a person’s life expectancy is under control of her genes?
a. 0
b. 25
c. 50
d. 75
06.
Approximately what percentage of a person’s life expectancy is dependent upon his personal
behavior?
a. 0
b. 25
c. 50
d. 75
07.
What would be the physiological age of a 75-year-old woman whose physical health is
equivalent to that of her 50-year-old daughter?
a. 25 years
b. 50 years
c. 70 years
d. 125 years
08.
Studies of adults show that longevity is related, in part, to all of the following except
a. weight control.
b. regularity of meals.
c. short periods of sleep.
d. no or moderate alcohol intake.
09.
What is the most important predictor of a person’s mobility in the later years?
a.
b.
c.
d.
BMI
Alcohol use
Chronological age
Regular physical activity
10.
When older mice are first placed on a diet in which the energy is restricted to 70% of normal,
how many months does it take to observe positive changes in genetic activities?
a. 1
b. 4
c. 8
d. 12
11.
What minimum reduction from the usual intake of energy in people brings about measurable
improvements in body fat, blood pressure, insulin response, and blood lipids?
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 40%
d. 50%
12.
Which of the following is a proposed mechanism for energy restriction and improved
longevity in animals?
a. Reduced oxidative stress
b. Increased metabolic rate
c. Enhanced lipid oxidation
d. Accelerated growth and development
13.
Which of the following is a finding from studies of diet restriction in rats?
a. Restriction of specific nutrients exerted antiaging effects
b. Energy-restricted diets led to life extension in 90% of the rats
c. Energy-restricted diets led to lowering of the metabolic rate and body temperature
d. Restriction of food intake only after rats reached maturity, but not before, resulted in
extension of life span
14.
Which of the following is a feature of energy intake and longevity?
a. Improvements in longevity depend on reducing energy intake but not on the amount
of body fat
b. Restriction of energy intake in genetically obese animals does not seem to improve
longevity
c. Biochemical markers for longevity in humans are improved only when energy intake
is reduced by at least one-third
d. The activities of the genes of older mice on energy-restricted diets are similar to
those of mice on standard diets
15.
What is sarcopenia?
a. Loss of central visual activity
b. Loss of muscle mass and strength
c. Aging-induced chronic inflammation of the stomach
d. Intestinal dysmotility from excessive use of laxatives
16.
The relationship of overweight and health risks diminishes with age, starting after age
a. 45.
b. 55.
c. 65.
d. 75.
17.
Which of the following is a feature of the stress response in men and women?
a. Women’s general reactions to stress are different than those of men
b.
c.
d.
The ability to respond is weaker in older women compared with older men
The secretion of epinephrine is suppressed in elderly women compared with elderly
men
Psychological stressors such as divorce or death of a loved one are handled much
less well by elderly men compared with elderly women
18.
All of the following are characteristics of body weight and older people except
a. a higher body weight reduces the risk of sarcopenia.
b. being overweight at age 75 does not reduce longevity.
c. being moderately overweight may not carry health risks.
d. a low body weight may be more detrimental than a high one.
19.
A person with dysphagia has
a. no teeth.
b. low immunity.
c. difficulty swallowing.
d. diminished muscle mass.
20.
Which of the following is a characteristic of aging and the immune system?
a. Immunity in older people does not seem to be affected by regular exercise
b. In the United States, infectious diseases are a minor cause of deaths in the elderly
c. Immune function does not decline with age in people who maintain good nutrition
d. Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating older people who have deficient immune
systems
21.
Atrophic gastritis is typically characterized by all of the following signs except
a. inflamed stomach mucosa.
b. lack of hydrochloric acid.
c. abundant bacteria in the stomach.
d. insufficient secretion of pepsinogen and gastrin.
22.
A person who is edentulous has
a. no teeth.
b. low immunity.
c. difficulty swallowing.
d. diminished muscle mass.
23.
Which of the following is a finding from studies on nutritional status and lifestyle?
a. Men living alone eat less than men living with others
b. The level of education does not appear to be related to the incidence of malnutrition
c. Men and women living in federally funded housing have a very low risk for
malnutrition
d. Women living alone usually make poor food choices but often consume adequate
amounts of food
24.
Among the elderly, malnutrition is most common in those living
a. in nursing homes.
b. with their children.
c. at home with others.
d. at home by themselves.
25.
All of the following are characteristics of tooth loss in the elderly except
a. people without teeth have low intakes of fiber and vitamins.
b. properly-fitted dentures are less effective than natural teeth.
c. people without teeth commonly consume fewer fruits and vegetables.
d. the consumption of applesauce instead of apples and creamed corn instead of corn on
the cob reduces nutrient bioavailability and impairs nutritional health.
26.
A person with a pressure ulcer has damage to her
a. skin.
b. colon.
c. mouth.
d. stomach.
27.
Approximately what percentage decline in basal metabolism is seen in an 80-year-old person
compared with a 40-year-old?
a. 1-2
b. 2-4
c. 4-8
d. 8-16
28.
Approximately what percentage decline in total energy expenditure is seen in a 70 year old
versus a 30 year old?
a. 2
b. 10
c. 20
d. 30
29.
What is the highest age group recognized in the Dietary Reference Intakes?
a. 40 years and over
b. 50 years and over
c. 65 years and over
d. 71 years and older
30.
Which of the following describes the nutrient needs of older people?
a. They vary according to individual histories
b. They remain the same as in young adult life
c. They increase; therefore, supplementation is required
d. They decrease for vitamins and minerals due to changes in body composition
31.
Which of the following is a feature of elderly people and water metabolism?
a. They do not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth
b. They have a higher total body water content compared with younger adults
c. They show increased frequency of urination which results in higher requirements
d. They frequently show symptoms of overhydration such as mental lapses and
disorientation
32.
What is the minimum number of glasses of water per day recommended for older adults?
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10
33.
Marie is an 80-year-old woman with a BMI of 27 who has been admitted to the hospital for
dehydration. She lives alone and her diet is very high in desserts and sweets and she only
drinks diet colas. On morning hospital rounds, the attending physician asks the group of
interns what they recommend for the patient. With which intern should you disagree?
a. Intern A: Try to lose enough weight to achieve a desirable BMI
b. Intern B: Try to incorporate soft fruits and cooked vegetables into the diet
c. Intern C: Try to avoid sodas that contain caffeine as they may contribute to
dehydration
d. Intern D: Try to drink at least 6 glasses of water a day (or the equivalent in fruit
juices)
34.
Vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly is least likely to occur from
a. intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
b. insufficient intake of vitamin B12.
c. reduced output of intrinsic factor.
d. reduced output of hydrochloric acid.
35.
Mary is 75 years old and has been getting sick recently and losing weight. After assessing all
symptoms, her doctor diagnoses atrophic gastritis and prescribes an antibiotic. All of the
following are symptoms associated with this condition except
a. diarrhea.
b. acid reflux.
c. weight loss.
d. severe stomach pain.
36.
John is 60 years old and has been experiencing numbness in his hands for the past 3 months.
His doctor suspects that John is not producing enough hydrochloric acid and intrinsic
factor and encourages him to eat more foods containing vitamin B 12. What is wrong with
this suggestion?
a. People missing intrinsic factor cannot digest foods containing vitamin B 12 and will
develop diarrhea
b. Intrinsic factor is not associated with vitamin B 12 and eating more foods containing it
would have no effect on John’s health
c. It is improbable that a lack of hydrochloric acid production and intrinsic factor are
associated with the numbness that John is experiencing
d. Because John has no intrinsic factor, he cannot efficiently utilize vitamin B 12 from
natural sources and would need a vitamin B12-fortified food or supplement
37.
All of the following are characteristics of vitamin B 12 nutrition in older people except
a. the RDA is the same as for younger adults.
b. older adults are advised to obtain most of their vitamin B12 from fortified foods and
supplements.
c. up to 30% of those over 50 years of age are at risk of vitamin B 12 deficiency due to
atrophic gastritis.
d. the DRI Committee recommends that older people increase their meat intake to
provide adequate vitamin B12.
38.
Which of the following is a feature of calcium nutrition in the elderly?
a. The DRI is 800-1000 mg
b. Calcium intakes are well below recommendations
c. Calcium supplements are not effective sources of calcium due to poor digestibility
d. Calcium from food is not well absorbed due to the intake of calcium-binding
laxatives
39.
Which of the following statements describes one aspect of mineral nutrition of older adults?
a. Zinc intake is adequate for about 95% of this group
b. Calcium intakes of females are near the RDA for this group
c. Iron-deficiency anemia in this population group is less common than in younger
adults
d. Calcium allowances for this group have recently been increased by the Committee
on Dietary Reference Intakes
40.
A condition that increases the likelihood of iron deficiency in older people is
a. lack of intrinsic factor.
b. loss of iron due to menopause.
c. blood loss from yearly physical testing procedures.
d. poor iron absorption due to reduced stomach acid secretion and/or use of antacids.
41.
Which of the following is a recent finding of vitamin D nutrition in the elderly?
a. Self-synthesis capacity is high
b. The skin’s capacity to synthesize the vitamin is reduced
c. The presence of atrophic gastritis reduces bioavailability of the vitamin
d. Symptoms of deficiency include dermatitis and diminished taste acidity
42.
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D nutrition in the elderly?
a. Aging reduces the kidneys’ ability to convert vitamin D to its active form
b. Most elderly receive near-RDA amounts of the vitamin
c. The RDA for vitamin D in the elderly is lower due to less excretion by the kidneys
d. Most elderly rely primarily on self-synthesis of the vitamin due to their greater time
spent outdoors
43.
What are the thickenings that occur to the lenses of the eye, thereby affecting vision,
especially in the elderly?
a. Retinitis
b. Keratoids
c. Cataracts
d. Rhodolipids
44.
Jimmy is 33 years old and his obese parents each have cataracts in both eyes. They rarely eat
fruits or vegetables and prefer a meat and potatoes existence. To reduce his risk of
developing cataracts like his parents, Jimmy should incorporate all of the following into
his diet except
a. maintaining a healthy body weight.
b. eating a variety of foods that contain carotenoids.
c. eating a variety of foods that contain vitamins C and E.
d. getting enough sleep at night to preserve the integrity of his eyes.
45.
All of the following are characteristics of age-related macular degeneration except
a. it is the leading cause of vision loss in older people.
b. risk factors include sunlight-induced oxidative stress.
c. dietary omega-3 fatty acids from fish may be protective.
d. therapy includes elimination of purine-containing foods.
46.
All of the following are features of osteoarthritis except
a. high BMI is a risk factor.
b. nicotine intake reduces inflammation and increases flexibility.
c. it is the most common type of arthritis that disables older people.
d. weight loss improves the symptoms in the hands as well as the weight-bearing joints.
47.
Which of the following types of diets has been shown to prevent or reduce arthritis
inflammation?
a. High in simple sugars, low in canned fruit
b. High in animal protein, low in canned fruit
c. Low in polyunsaturated fat, high in oleic acid
d. Low in saturated fat, high in omega-3 fatty acids
48.
All of the following are features of arthritis except
a. the immune system is directly involved in rheumatoid arthritis.
b. weight loss improves the pain in the hands from osteoarthritis.
c. weight-bearing exercises often aggravate the pain from osteoarthritis.
d. supplements of glucosamine and chondroitin seem to reduce the pain of arthritis.
49.
What nutrients appear to be protective of cataract formation?
a. Iron and calcium
b. Chromium and zinc
c.
d.
Vitamin B12 and folate
Vitamin C and vitamin E
50.
What organ is affected by macular degeneration?
a. Bone
b. Eyes
c. Liver
d. Kidneys
51.
Which of the following foods seems to benefit rheumatoid arthritis in some people?
a. Milk
b. Olive oil
c. Iodized salt
d. Refined cereals
52.
Approximately what fraction of U.S. adults over age 85 have Alzheimer’s disease?
a. 1/10
b. 1/4
c. 1/3
d. 1/2
53.
What percentage of U.S. adults are affected by Alzheimer’s disease by age 65?
a. 0.5
b. 1
c. 10
d. 20
54.
All of the following are characteristics of gout except
a. it has a higher prevalence in men.
b. dairy products seem to be protective.
c. it is considered a common form of arthritis.
d. it promotes formation of neurofibrillary tangles.
55.
Glucosamine and/or chondroitin supplements are used by some people to treat symptoms of
a. arthritis.
b. sarcopenia.
c. pressure ulcers.
d. mild memory loss.
56.
Factors known to be related to the appearance of Alzheimer’s disease include all of the
following except
a. an increase in free radicals.
b. an increase in beta-amyloid.
c. a decrease in acetylcholine synthesis.
d. a decrease in homocysteine synthesis.
57.
Which of the following is a characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease?
a. It affects 60% of those over 80 years of age
b. It is responsive to dietary choline supplementation
c. It is associated with stability of brain nerve cell number
d. It is associated with clumps of beta-amyloid protein in the brain
58.
Which of the following is a feature of food choices and eating habits of older people?
a. The quality of life among older people has not improved since 1995
b. Older people spend less money on foods to eat at home than younger people
c. People over 65 are less likely to lose weight by dieting than are younger people
d. Most older people think of themselves as generally unhappy and in poor health
59.
Goals of the federal Older Americans Act nutrition program include the provision of all of the
following except
a. transportation services.
b. high-cost nutritious meals.
c. opportunity for social interactions.
d. counseling and referral to other social services.
60.
What is a congregate meal?
a. A meal provided for the elderly in a place such as a community center
b. A meal prepared for the elderly that meets one-third of the Dietary Recommended
Intakes
c. A meal prepared for disadvantaged people of all ages to encourage communal
gathering of diverse population groups
d. A meal provided through the Nutrition Screening Initiative for the elderly and served
primarily to church congregations
61.
All of the following are features of the Meals on Wheels program except
a. it is administered by volunteers.
b. it operates at least 5 days a week.
c. it provides the same social benefits as congregate meals.
d. the only qualification to receive benefits is achieving the age of 60 years.
62.
A principal reason that congregate meals are preferable to Meals on Wheels is that
a. the cost of administering congregate meals is lower.
b. there are more social benefits to congregate meals.
c. nutritional benefits are greater with congregate meals.
d. more meals per week are served with congregate meals.
63.
Which of the following is a program that provides low-income older adults with coupons that
are exchangeable for fresh vegetables and fruits at community-supported farmers’
markets and roadside stands?
a. Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program
b. Food Security for the Disadvantaged Elderly
c. Old Age and Survivors Health Benefits Program
d. Elderly Nutrition and Maintenance Food Co-Op
64.
Rose is a 73-year-old spunky, energetic woman who is wheel-chair bound. She cannot go to
the grocery store and has no family members nearby. Which of the following would be
the most appropriate suggestion for ensuring that Rose is obtaining adequate nutrition?
a. Suggest she attend congregate meals
b. Sign her up for the Meals on Wheels program
c. Suggest that Rose enter a nursing home that will cater to her every need
d. Have a volunteer buy in bulk from a grocery warehouse once a month and deliver the
food to Rose
65.
What fraction of prescription drugs sold in the United States is taken by people over 65 years
of age?
a. 1/10
b. 1/5
c. 1/3
d. 1/2
66.
How does aspirin reduce inflammation and pain?
a. It acts as a sedative and barbiturate
b. It promotes wound healing and blood clotting
c. It interferes with the synthesis of prostaglandins
d.
It binds to nerve receptors involved in pain perception
67.
What is the primary action of the medication megestrol acetate?
a. It relieves depression
b. It promotes weight loss
c. It promotes weight gain
d. It lowers blood pressure
68.
A major side effect from the regular use of some antipsychotics, antidepressants, and
corticosteroids is
a. anemia.
b. chronic constipation.
c. substantial weight gain.
d. insomnia, loose stool, and acid reflux.
69.
What are the known consequences of taking a single two-tablet dose of aspirin?
a. It inhibits monoamine oxidase activity
b. It doubles the bleeding time of wounds
c. It increases production of prostaglandins that enhance fever
d. It is excreted very rapidly in people taking vitamin C supplements
70.
What two nutrients are known to interfere significantly with the utilization of the antibiotic
tetracycline?
a. Iron and calcium
b. Zinc and chromium
c. Vitamin B12 and folate
d. Vitamin C and vitamin E
71.
Regular use of antacids interferes significantly with absorption of all of the following except
a. iron.
b. zinc.
c. folate.
d. vitamin B12.
72.
All of the following are characteristics of aspirin use except
a. it acts as a pro-clotting agent.
b. it should not be taken before surgery.
c. it works faster when taken on an empty stomach.
d. it irritates the stomach lining, especially on an empty stomach.
73.
Which of the following foods in particular must be restricted in the diet of a person taking a
monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug?
a. Soybeans
b. Aged cheeses
c. Acid-forming foods
d. Cruciferous vegetables
74.
Which of the following drugs has a chemical structure similar to folate?
a. Tyramine
b. Coumadin
c. Tamoxifen
d. Methotrexate
75.
What ingredient commonly used as a sweetener in liquid medicines often causes diarrhea?
a. Sorbitol
b. Maltose
c. Saccharin
d.
Aspartame
Matching
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
600
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
5
10
13
33
Energy
Cataracts
Vitamin D
Number of people per 100 of the U.S. population who are at least 65 years old
Dietary restriction of this extends lifespan
Loss of muscle mass
Percentage of people over age 60 with atrophic gastritis
Term that describes difficulty swallowing
A condition characterized, in part, by an inflamed stomach and abundant bacteria
Lack of this substance is a symptom of atrophic gastritis
09. Term that describes a person without teeth
Percent decline per decade in energy needs from age 50 and on
Low intake of milk by elderly people contributes to deficiency of this nutrient
Thickening of the eye lenses that occurs with aging
Nutrient that may reduce inflammation of rheumatoid arthritic joints
Type of arthritis involving defective immune system
Type of arthritis resulting in deterioration of joint cartilage
Percentage of U.S. adults age 65 years or less with Alzheimer’s disease
Substance that is essential to memory process
Substance found in brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease that may trigger free-radical
formation
Intake of this substance along with milk reduces calcium absorption
Intake of this substance interferes with utilization of many cardiovascular and central nervous
system drugs
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
Dysphagia
Aluminum
Sarcopenia
Edentulous
Vitamin B12
Tetracycline
Acetylcholine
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
T.
Osteoarthritis
Grapefruit juice
Atrophic gastritis
Hydrochloric acid
Omega-3 fatty acids
Rheumatoid arthritis