ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
BIO 210 LAB
OBJECTIVES
from
Porter/Borg A&P Guide
Fourth Edition
Students are responsible for all objectives for each lab quiz.
The optional final quiz may be taken to replace a missed
quiz or to replace one low grade if all quizzes are taken.
Objectives for the final quiz are the combined objectives for
each of the five regular quizzes.
Objectives for Lab Quiz #1
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY, CHEMISTRY & CELL
The student will identify locations as given on lab models (Tortora text pg 14):
 Directional Terminology
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 Superior
 Inferior
 Anterior (ventral)
 Posterior (dorsal)
 Lateral
 Medial
 Superficial
 Deep
 Proximal
 Distal
Parietal & Visceral membranes
 Pericardium
 Pleura
 Peritoneum
The student will locate the following body regions on models:
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Body Regions
(Atlas pg 2 and Tortora text pg 14):
 Cervical region
 Thoracic region (thorax)
 Axillary region (axilla)
 Brachial region (brachium)
 Antecubital region (cubital fossa)
 Antebrachial region (antebrachium)
 Palmar region
 Pubic region
 Lumbar region
 Gluteal region
 Popliteal region (popliteal fossa)
 Plantar region
Atlas (page 5)
 Facial region
 Cranial region
 Umbilical region (umbilicus)
 Inguinal region
 Patellar region
Additional regions
 Sacral region
 Femoral region
 Calcaneal region
The student will identify planes as demonstrated on torso or organ models:
 Planes of reference
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Frontal
Transverse
Sagittal
Compare Midsagittal and Parasagittal
The student will identify cavities as given on models (Atlas pg 4) :
 Ventral Cavity (general)
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Thoracic cavity (specific)
 Mediastinum (most specific)
 Pleural cavity (most specific)
 Pericardial cavity (most specific)
Abdominopelvic cavity (peritoneal cavity) (specific)
 Abdominal cavity (most specific)
 Pelvic cavity (most specific)
Dorsal Cavity (general)
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Cranial cavity (specific)
Vertebral cavity (specific)
The student will locate the diaphragm (a skeletal muscle).
The student will recognize and locate the following organs in the correct cavity as
shown on models:
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Brain
Spinal cord
Liver
Heart
Lung
Stomach
Trachea
Esophagus
Pancreas
Bladder
Ovary
Kidney (location is retroperitoneal)
Spleen
The student will identify the regions of the abdominopelvic cavity:
 Quadrants
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Right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower
9 Regions
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Right and Left: hypochondriac, lumbar, iliac (inguinal)
Umbilical, epigastric, hypogastric
Chemistry
The student will locate elements on the periodic table and give the following:
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Atomic weight
Atomic number
Number of protons, neutrons, electrons
The student will give symbols for the following elements:
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Chlorine
Iron
Carbon
Zinc
Calcium
Oxygen
Potassium
Sodium
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
The student will describe what happens to the light bulb using solutions that are:
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Strong acids or bases and weak acids or bases
Neutral pH
Electrolyte or Nonelectrolyte
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The student will define the following:
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The function of a buffer
Acid
Base
The student will measure pH with indicator paper and determine the pH of the
solution.
The student will identify the following molecular models:
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DNA
Water
Glucose
Fatty acid
Amino acid
The student will define:
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Cell
Organelle
The student will identify the parts of a cell from models and give a general
function as given in the atlas, pg 12, Table 2.1:
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Plasma membrane (cell membrane)
Cytoplasm (the term cytosol is more specific and excludes any organelles)
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) RER & SER
Ribosome
Mitochondrion
Golgi complex (apparatus)
Lysosome
Centrioles
Nucleus & Nuclear membrane (envelope)
Nucleolus
Chromatin
The student will identify the stages of the cell cycle on the starfish mitosis slides
and cell models (Be able to place all models in the correct order):
 Cytokinesis (also define)
 Interphase
 Mitosis (define and identify stages): Prophase,Metaphase,Anaphase,Telophase
The student will describe what happens to a cell placed in the following solutions:
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Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Objectives for Lab Quiz #2
MICROSCOPE, TISSUES, & INTEGUMENT
The student will know the parts of the microscope from the microscopes used in
lab. The student will know the function and how to use each part:
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Ocular lenses (eyepiece)
Body tube
Arm
Nosepiece
Rotating nosepiece
Objective lenses
Stage
Stage (slide) clips
Mechanical stage
Mechanical stage control
Fine adjustment
Coarse adjustment
Base
Power switch
Light control
Substage light
Condenser
Iris diaphragm lever
The student will identify why a given slide is not viewable.
The student will identify the proper way to store a microscope.
The student will define:
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Tissue – Identify the four categories
Histology
The student will identify the tissues as given on the TISSUES list using the
microscope and transparencies. (Atlas, Chpt 3, pg 19-28;Tortora text pg 121-127, 130-132)
The student will identify the following layers of the skin from the microscope and
model: (Integumentary System, Atlas pg 29-32)
 Epidermis
 Dermis
 Hypodermis (subcutaneous)
The student will identify the following cell layers of the epidermis on the
microscope and model:
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Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
The student will identify the following structures from the microscope or model:
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Pacinian corpuscle (lamellated corpuscle)
Meissner’s corpuscle
Hair root and shaft and follicle
Sebaceous gland
Papillary and reticular layers of the dermis
Arrector pili muscle
Suderiferous gland- Eccrine & Apocrine
TISSUES
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
TISSUE:
MUSCLE TISSUE
SLIDE or LOCATION:
Simple squamous
Stratified squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
Transitional
lung
epidermis (skin)
kidney
digestive tract
trachea lining
bladder
TISSUE:
FEATURES:
Skeletal striations,multinucleated
Cardiac
striations, intercalated
disc,branched, nucleus
Smooth
nonstriated, nucleus
NERVOUS TISSUE
CELL:
Neuron
LOCATION:
brain, spinal cord
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Elastic
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Blood
Bone
loose
adipose
spleen, lymph node
aorta wall
tendon
dermis (reticular region)
trachea
epiglottis, ear
intervertebral disc
blood
bone
BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers (elastin)
Fibroblasts
Chondrocytes & Osteocytes in lacunae
Erythrocyte (red blood cell)
Leukocyte (white blood cell)
Cilia on pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Intercalated disc
Objectives for Lab Quiz #3
BONES
AXIAL SKELETON
Surface features definitions in atlas, pg 50 & Skeletal System pg 33-57
Skull
BONES:
frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid
vomer
zygomatic
maxilla
palatine
lacrimal
nasal
mandible
Thorax
FEATURES:
supraorbital foramen (notch)
zygomatic process
external acoustic (auditory) meatus
mastoid process
styloid process
BONES:
sternum
ribs
FEATURES:
manubrium, body
jugular notch
xiphoid process
costal cartilage
true (1-7)
false (8-12)
floating(11-12)
occipital condyles
foramen magnum
sella turcica
greater & lesser wings
cribriform plate,crista galli
orbital plate
perpendicular plate
middle nasal concha
temporal process
palatine process
Vertebrae
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
C1-C7
atlas (C1)
axis (C2)
odontoid process (dens)
T1-T12
L1-L5
5 fused
3 or more fused
lacrimal fossa & foramen
mandibular condyle & notch
& angle; coronoid process
mental foramen
ALSO:
Hyoid bone
OTHER FEATURES:
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
inferior nasal concha
zygomatic arch
transverseprocess
optic foramen
orbit
infraorbital foramen
SUTURES:
Squamosal (squamous)
lambdoidal (lambdoid)
sagittal
coronal
OTHER FEATURES of VERTEBRA:
body
vertebral foramen (canal)
spinous process (bifid on cervical)
lamina
pedicle
anterior, middle, posterior cranial fossa
superior articular process
intervertebral disc
inferior articular process
FETAL SKULL:
anterior fontanel
anteriolateral fontanel
posterior fontanel
posteriolateral fontanel
frontal bone
parietal bone
temporal bone
occipital bone
BONES
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES:
FEATURES:
BONES:
Shoulder
clavicle
scapula
ilium
glenoid fossa
acromion
coracoid process
spine of scapula
superior & inferior angle
FEATURES:
Hip
sacroiliac joint
iliac crest
anterior superior iliac spine
anterior inferior iliac spine
ischium
ischial tuberosity
ischial spine
greater sciatic notch
lesser sciatic notch
pubis
symphysis pubis
(pubic symphysis)
OTHER FEATURES:
os coxae (coxal bone)
acetabulum
obturator foramen
sacroiliac joint
Arm & Hand
humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
head
deltoid tuberosity
greater tubercle
lesser tubercle
capitulum (articulates with radius)
trochlea (articulates with ulna)
olecranon fossa
coronoid fossa
medial & lateral epicondyles
head
radial tuberosity
styloid process
olecranon process
trochlear notch
coronoid process
styloid process
8 bones of wrist
hamate
`
capitate
trapezoid
trapezium
triquetrum
pisiform (some consider fused with
triquetrum for 7 carpals)
lunate
scaphoid
I-V
proximal phalanx
middle phalanx
distal phalanx
Leg & Foot
femur
patella
tibia
head
neck
fovea capitis femoris
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
linea aspera
medial & lateral condyles
base & apex
tibial tuberosity
intercondylar tubercles
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
anterior crest
medial malle
anterior crest
lateral malleolus
7 bones
calcaneous
talus
cuboid
medial cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
lateral cuneiform
navicular
I-V
proximal, middle, distal
Objectives for Lab Quiz # 4 ARTICULATIONS &
BODY MOVEMENTS
The student will identify body movements ( in atlas, pg 58-67):
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Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Abduction
Adduction
Inversion
Eversion
Rotation
Circumduction
Pronation
Supination
The student will identify the following articulations:
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Suture
 Frontal
 Sagittal
 Lambdoidal (lambdoid)
 Squamosal (squamous)
Symphyses
 Symphysis pubis (pubic symphysis)
 Sacroiliac joint
 Intervertebral joints
Synovial
 Hinge
 Tibiofemoral (Knee)
 Medial and lateral condyles of femur
 Anterior cruciate ligament
 Humeroulnar (Elbow)
 Olecranon of ulnar and troclear of humerus
 Ball-and-socket
 Coxal Joint (hip)
 Acetabulum of os coxae & head of femur
 Glenohumeral Joint (Shoulder)
 Glenoid fossa of scapula and head of humerus
MUSCLES
Use models to identify muscles (Tortora Text, pg 314-375 and atlas, pg 68-85)
Head & Neck
Buttocks & Leg
Frontalis
Occipitalis
Temporalis
Masseter
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
Zygomaticus
Sternocleiodomastoid
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Hamstrings
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Trunk
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Diaphragm
External obliques
Internal obliques
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Gracilis
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Peroneus longus
Tendons
calcaneal (or Achilles) tendon
aponeurosis of external oblique muscles
iliotibial tract
Shoulder, Arm & Hand
Deltoid
Infraspinatus
Teres major and minor
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Abductor pollicis longus
Muscles on the Cat
Triceps brachii
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Atlas, pg 86-93; Tortora text, pg. 389
Neuron: Identify on the model
Cell body
Axon terminal
Mitochondria
Myelin sheath
Dendrite
Axon hillock
Nissl Body
Node of Ranvier
Axon
Nucleus
Neurofibril
Supporting Cells: Know location & Functions
TABLE 12.1, PG 392-393, TORTORA TEXT
Satelite cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependyma
Schwann cells
Brain: Dissection and Model
PART:
Meninges
Olfactory bulbs
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Mammillary bodies
Ventricles
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal body
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
FEATURES:
Dura Mater
Arachnoid
Pia Mater
Infundibulum
lateral, third, fourth
Cerebral aqueduct
sulcus (sulci)
Gyrus (gyri)
longitudinal fissure
transverse fissure
Cerebral lobes: frontal, parietal,
temporal, occipital
corpus callosum
septum pellucidum
fornix
cerebral cortex
intermediate mass
corpora quadrigemina
arbor vitae
Nerves (Tortora Text, pg 485-489)
Cranial nerves
Names & Roman Numerals & Functions
Locate I & II on sheep brain; locate II, VIII, X on models
Locate 31 pair of spinal nerves on models (Identify as C1…L5, C0)
Locate sciatic, phrenic, brachial on models
Brain: Dissection and Models
TORTORA TEXT, PG 424
Gray matter:
Anterior, posterior, lateral horns
Gray commissure
Funiculus (funiculi)
White matter:
Central canal
Roots
dorsal & ventral
Dorsal root ganglia
Spinal nerves
Anterior median fissure
Posterior median sulcus
Nerves on the Cat
Brachial plexus
Phrenic
Sciatic
Brachial
Vagus
Eye Dissection and Model
Atlas, Chpt 11, pg 97-98
Extrinsic muscles
Choroid
Lens
Aqueous humor
Anterior cavity
Conjunctiva
Ciliary body
Retina
Vitreous body
Posterior cavity
Sclera
Iris
Optic disc
Cornea
Pupil
Optic nerve
Ear Model
ATLAS, CHPT 11, PG 97-98
Outer ear
Tympanic membrane
Middle Ear
Inner Ear
Auricle (pinna)
External auditory (acoustic) meatus
Ossicles:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Auditory tube
Vestibule
Oval & round window
Cochlea
Organ of Corti
Semicircular canals
Endolymph & Perilymph (location)
Reflex, Vision, & Hearing Tests
Reflex Arc:
receptor, sensory neuron, CNS, motor neuron, effector
The student will know how to perform and the response in the following muscle stretch reflexes
and know which spinal nerves are being tested (not responsible for specific nerve #):
Biceps reflex
Cervical 5,6
Supinator (brachioradialis)reflex
Cervical 5,6
Triceps reflex
Cervical 6,7,8
Knee (Patellar) reflex
Lumbar 2,3,4
Ankle reflex
Lumbar 5, Sacral 1,2
The student will know how to perform the following sensory tests and the appropriate
responses:
Vibration
Temperature
Two- point discrimination
Red reflex
Corneal reflex
Pupillary reflex
Weber test
Rinne Test
Astigmatism
Color Blindness – Ishihara’s Color Plates
Snellen Chart – 20/20; 40/20; 20/40