Pope John Paul II High School
Study Guide Second Semester Exam
Sophomore English
Vocabulary:
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Study Definitions, Synonyms, and Parts of Speech for words in Units 10-
12.
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Use returned tests to help you study.

Use www.vocabtest.com
and www.vocabularyworkshop.com
to help you study. o Focus on definitions you missed on your test.

Create Flash Cards on Quizlet.
Literary Terms/ Devices: Know definitions for the following from Oedipus the King:
Refer to text pages 460 -461 and 468.
 tragedy aside parados
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irony (verbal, situational, dramatic)
 drama
 dialogue comedy tragic hero oracle tragic flaw
 stage directions soliloquy prologue strophe antistrophe
Literary Terms/ Devices from Dante’s Inferno: Refer to text pages 656 -657; 672,
674, 691
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allegory
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Canto
 terza rima imagery purgatorio inferno paradisio characterization (direct/indirect) allusion

Create Flash cards for these terms on Quizlet.
Grammar for Writing:
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Revising, Proofreading/Editing in Essays o Revising and Editing questions will include the following:

Addition of words and phrases
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Prepositional phrases
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Participles and Participial phrases
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Gerunds and Gerund phrases
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Infinitives and Infinitive phrases
 Subject/Verb Agreement - focus on indefinite pronouns
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Correct Verb Tense
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Order of sentences and/or paragraphs
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Correct Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement
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Appositives / Appositive Phrases
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Correct Use of First, Second, Third Person Point of View
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Parallel Structure

Literature:
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Oedipus the King - Text pages 460 – 526 o Review all online resources o Review the play o Know the Characters o Review all tests and handouts

The Kite Runner – Make sure you have read the entire book o Refer to handouts that include vocabulary, plot summaries and quotations (handouts were distributed to you and are still posted on my website under Literature Circles). o Review all Study Guides and Summaries as well as the character list that can be found under Literature Circles on my website: mrs-sullivan.com
 Dante’s Inferno: Cantos I, III, V, and XXXIV – Text pages 656
- 692 o Review all online resources – powerpoints, videos, notes, handouts o Review the name of all characters and their relationship to other characters o Review all returned tests o Review all handouts o Create Flashcards for yourself on Quizlet.com by setting up a free account. o Review notes posted on mrs-sullivan.com under the heading
Literature. o Review all of the Cantos.
Grammar:
 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases – Grammar for Writing
Book pages 137 – 138 o The bird on the stamp is a scarlet tanager.
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Participles and Participial Phrases: o A participle is a verb form that acts as an adjective modifying a noun or pronoun.

There are two kinds of participles: present (-ing ending), and past (-ed ending)
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The past participles of irregular verbs have different endings: written, known, run, seen, etc. o Participle:
We listened to the speaker’s opening remarks.
o Participial Phrase: An article published recently by Julia Reed says that the military look is always in fashion .

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Gerunds and Gerund Phrases – text pages 143 – 144 o A Gerund is a verb form that ends in –ing and acts as a noun, and it can be used as a subject, direct object, object of a preposition, and a predicate noun.
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Jogging is Matt’s favorite exercise. (subject)
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The magazine article discusses jogging. (direct object)
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His early morning habit is jogging. (Predicate noun)
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It details the benefits and drawbacks of jogging. (object of the preposition. o Gerund Phrases are made up of a gerund and all of its modifiers and complements. A Gerund Phrase’s modifiers includes adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases. The entire phrase functions as a noun.
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Walking the dog is Zach’s responsibility. (subject)
 Lauren’s least favorite job is walking the dog. (Predicate noun)
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Luckily, Zach likes taking the dog for a walk. (direct object)
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Lauren and Zach fight about doing jobs around the house.
(Object of the preposition)
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Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases : Text Pages145 -146 o An Infinitive is a verb form that is almost always preceded by the word “to.” In a sentence, an infinitive can act a noun, an adjective, or an adverb
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I plan to compete. (Infinitive as a noun)
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I was among the first runners to enter. (Infinitive as an adjective)
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I am eager to win. (Infinitive as an adverb) o An Infinitive Phrase is a phrase made up of an infinitive and all of its modifiers and complements. It may contain one or more prepositional phrases.
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To land on the moon was once a dream. (Infinitive Phrase used as a noun – subject)
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We ran the race to raise money for medical research.
(Infinitive Phrase used as an adverb)
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Subject/verb agreement when using Indefinite Pronouns – text
Page 193 o Each of the poem's sections is divided into cantos. (Singular subject takes singular verb)

2.
Each of the sinners is punished according to the plan of symbolic retribution.

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3. Everything is dark and dreary in the woods.
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4. One of the characters in the story represents reason.
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5. Another of the great poets is Homer.
Fragments and Run-On Sentences o Fragment: studying all night
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Correction: Add a subject – The students were studying all night. o Run-On: We went to the store, we didn’t have enough money.
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Correction: Add correct punctuation and/or conjunctions.
 We went to the store , but we did not have enough money.
( Added a coordinating conjunction turning sentence into a compound sentence which has two independent clauses connected by the conjunction “and” plus a comma).

We went to the store ; we didn’t have enough money. ( Added a semicolon turning the sentence into a compound sentence).
 We went to the store . W e didn’t have enough money. ( Added a period and capitalized the first letter of “We” to turn the
Run-On Sentence into two separate sentences.

Although we went to the store, we didn’t have enough money.
( Added a subordinating conjunction to turn the sentence into a Complex Sentence with one dependent clause and one independent clause).
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Possessive Forms of Nouns – o The boy’s bike o The boys’ bikes
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Pronouns and Their Antecedents – page 193
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Know the difference between the following words: than / then to /two/ too accept / except affect / effect your /you’re there/ their / they’re a lot / allot of / have