Advanced Placement Biology
Instructor – Mrs. P. Sidelsky
BCC CAP Program
Review Sheet
References  The Lifewire – Purves
 Life – The Science of Biology- 7th Edition
 The Bioweb
Study Suggestions
 Study diagrams
 Use either the flash cards on the Internet or make your own flash cards for vocabulary
words
 Study old tests. Study Packets( molecules, cells, and microscopy)
 Use the guided activities, interactive quizzes, and online quizzes on the Lifewire. Each
chapter has a list of animations and activities. Many we have done in class or have been
assigned for review as a part of chapter work
 Use Quia Games
Focus of Exam – Molecules, Cells, and the Structural and Molecular Basis of Cells
Chapters Covered on Exam
 Chapter 2 – Emphasis on Molecules, Covalent Bonding( Polar and Covalent), Water and Its characteristics,
Acids and Bases, Functional Groups, and Intermolecular Interactions
 Chapter 3 - Macromolecules, Basic Four Groups of Macromolecules, Structure, and Function
 Chapter 4 – Structure of Cells, Plant and Animal Cells, Examples of animal cells, The Endomembrane
System, Cytoskeleton, Energy Organelles, Nuclear compartment, Membranes, Vocabulary.
 Chapter 5 ( description of cell membrane and cell wall as it applies to cell structure)
 Chapter 27 – Microbiology – The details of Prokaryote cell structure, Cellular morphology, good and bad
bugs( pathogenic and helpful bacteria)
 Chapter 28 – Dawn of Eukarya – Protists – animal like, plant like, fungal like – The Endosymbiont theory,
the evolution of the eukaryote cell, evidence for the evolution of the energy organelles, functions of the
cellular organelles
 Additional topics – Laboratory –
Electrophoresis
Spectrophotometry
Chromatography
Graphing
Dissolved oxygen and primary productivity
Habitat selection and pill bugs
Microscopy
Aseptic techniques – Microbiological manipulation
Micropipetting
Microscopy ( Light and Electron Microscopy)
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Taxonomy – Classification – Cladograms.
Three Domains
Archaea and Bacterial Domains
Dawn of Eukarya and Eukarya
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Microsopy – Types of Microscopy, Light, Electron microscopy, Phase Contrast, fluorescent microscopy,
slides and staining
Cytotoxicity
Diagrams on Exam
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Major Molecules
Prokaryote cell structure
Morphology of prokaryote cells
Plant and animal cells
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Endomembrane system structures
 Pictures of laboratory cells
 Antibiotic resistance and sensitivity assay
 Electron Micrographs
Vocabulary – Chapter Overview
Chapter Two
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Molecule
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Covalent bond
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Non polar and polar covalent
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Dipole
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Hydrogen bond
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Intermolecular forces
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Surface tension
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Adhesion
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Cohesion
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Capillary action
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Specific heat
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Hydrophobic
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Hydrophilic
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Acidic
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Basic
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Polarity
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Charge
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Organic acids
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Organic bases
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Functional group( basic definition and significance)
Characteristics of the following and molecules
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Hydroxyl
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Carboxyl
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Amino
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Sulfhydryl
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Ketone
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Aldehyde
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Phosphate
Organic Molecules
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Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Cyclic
Aromatic
Single, double, and triple covalent bonds
Hydrocarbons
Organic acids/Bases
Alcohols
Chapter 3
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Hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis
Explain the importance to biochemical reactions
How can you recognize these reactions
What key molecule is involved in both of these reactions?
Macromolecules – Function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Origin of macromolecules from
the Primordial Soup – Stanley Miller experiment( page 36)
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Monomer and polymer
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Bond formation
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Carbohydrates
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Lipids
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Nucleic acids
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Proteins
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Amino acids
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Sugars – monosaccharides( Glucose and fructose and disaccharides( sucrose and lactose). Hexose and
pentoses( deoxyribose and ribose)
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Storage Polysaccharides ( amylose and glycogen)
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Structural polysaccharides ( chitin and cellulose)
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Fatty acids – saturated and unsaturated. Trans fatty acids and health
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Triglycerides
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Steroids – cholesterol and hormones
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Vitamins – Vitamin A, D, E, and K.
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Nucleic acids – RNA and DNA
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Purines and pyrmidines
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Nucleotide and nucleoside
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Double helix ( complementary base pairing, directionality of the strand, 3’ and 5’, hydrogen bonds,
phosphodiester bonds)
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RNAs( t- RNA, mRNA, rRNA( 16s rRNA)
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ATP
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Protein structure – primary , secondary, tertiary, quaternary
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Polypeptide chain
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Alpha helix and beta sheet
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Folding of the molecule
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Collagen and hemoglobin( examples of quaternary structure)
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Amino acids ( types). Basic structure of amino acids. Classification of amino acids
Chapter 27 – Three Domains – Focus on Archaea and Bacteria
Carl Woese and Karl Stetter – Their contributions
Archaea
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Extremophiles
Halophiles
Acdiophiles
Thermophiles
Hyperthermophiles
Psychrophiles
Psychrotrophs
Methanogens
Prokaryote cell structure
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Capsule
Cell wall ( Gram Positive and Gram Negative)
Cell membrane
Mesosome
Nucleoid region
Chromosome characteristics in prokaryotes
Plasmids
Flagella
Pili ( sex which are conjugative and attachment which are called fimbriae)
Inclusions( starch and phosphates)
Morophology
 Coccus – streptococcus, staphylococcus, and diplococcus
 Bacilli – streptobacilli and bacilli with endospores
 Spiral – vibrio, spirillum, and spirochetes
Pathogens
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Toxins ( endotoxins and exotoxins)
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Flagella ( motility) and Fimbriae( attachment)
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Antibiotic resistance and susceptibility
Bad Bugs
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Clostridium( sp)
Borrelia burgdorferi
Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA)
Streptococcus pyogenes( strep throat)
Streptococcus ( GAS). Group A streptococci
E. coli ( O 157:H7)
Shigella
Salmonella
Yersinia pestis
Wigglesworthia glossinidia
Anthrax
Neisseria ( sp)
Major Nutritional Categories( describe) Important
Photoautotrophs ( phototrophs, photolithoautotrophs)
Chemoheterotrophs(chemoorganoheterotrophs)
Chemoautotrophs( chemolithoautotrophs)
Photoheterotrophs
Chapter 28 – Dawn of Eukarya
Major Concepts
Endosymbiosis ( Primary and secondary)
Steps in the transition from prokaryote to eukaryote
Endomembrane system, compartmentalization, and organelles
Terms
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Cladogram
Taxonomy
Monophyletic
Polyphyletic
Alveolata
Diplomonads and parabasalids
Oomycetes
Slime molds
Dinoflagelates
Euglenoids
Kinetoplastids
Chlorophyta
Choanoflagellida
Fungi, animals, and plants
Amoeba
Apicomplexams
Brown and red algaes
Diatoms
Cell structures
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Vacuoles
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Water vacuoles
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Flagella
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Cilia
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Cell walls
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Eye spots
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Macronucleus
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Micronucleus
Life Cycle
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Sexual – Conjugation
Asexual
Alternation of generations
Fungal life style – saprophytes( saprobe)
Be able to identify
Diatoms
Amoeba
Euglena
Paramecium
Filamentous alage
Colonial algae( Volvox)
Chlamydomonas
Parasitic Life Cycle
Malaria – Plasmodium – Anopheles mosquito( vector)
Sleeping sickness – trypanosome – Tsetse fly( vector)
Chapter 4 ( Overview)
Lynn Margulis- Evidence for endosymbiosis
Cell organelle packets
Microscope packets
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Structure and function of cell organelles
Endomembrane system
Lysosomal function
Attached and free ribosome and protein synthesis( class notes)
Cytoskeleton ( centrioles, spindle fibers, cilia, and flagella) and movement – motor proteins( dynein and
kinesin) Components ( actin and myosin)
Energy organelles ( mitochondria and chloroplasts)
Structure and function of eukaryote nuclear compartment
Cell membrane
Cell Wall ( Plants)
Plant and animal cells ( comparison). Diagramatic and structural
Electron Micrographs –
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Identification of cell organelles
Analysis of Plant, Liver, and Salivary glands