Questions- Lesson 7
1.
A person with recurrent unprovoked seizures is likely to be diagnosed with what mental disorder? (epilepsy)
2.
Alcohol targets neurons that release what neurotransmitter? (GABA)
3.
Alzheimer’s disease is associated with reduced levels of what neurotransmitter?
(acetylcholine)
4.
Alzheimer’s is characterized by the accumulation of these in the brain. (beta amyloid plaques and a modified form of a protein (called tau) that forms tangles in the brain).
5.
Amyotrophic lateral schlerosis is also known as (Lou Gehrig’s Disease).
6.
Anti-seizure drugs typically target synapses that use what neurotransmitter? (GABA)
7.
Bupropion (trade name, Zyban) is used to treat addiction to what drug? (nicotine)
8.
Club drugs, Rohypnol, GHB, and ketamine, all fall into what class of drugs?
(depressants)
9.
Distinguish between a primary and secondary brain tumor. (Primary – arises within the brain; secondary – spreads there)
10.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is occasionally used in the treatment of what disorder?
(depression)
11.
How are auto-immune diseases treated? (steroids)
12.
How do dopamine levels of schizophrenia patients compare to others? (higher)
13.
How do most anti-psychotic medications work? (block or regulate dopamine)
14.
How does local anesthesia differ from analgesia? (local anesthesia interrupts action of specific pain carrying fibers in an area, whereas analgesia creates a loss of pain sensation without loss of sensitivity to touch).
15.
How is epilepsy treated? (anti-seizure drugs or surgery or electrical-stimulation therapy)
16.
In addition to stimulating the reward center of the brain, opiates also target this region.
(amygdala)
17.
In addition to targeting the reward center, alcohol also targets these two brain regions.
(amygdala and hippocampus)
18.
Lithium is used to treat what mental disorder? (bipolar)
19.
MDMA (or Ecstasy) has properties of both hallucinogens and what other class of drugs?
(stimulants)
20.
Name a long-acting oral opiate used to allieviate cravings and withdrawal symptoms in opiate addicts. (Methadone or LAAM)
21.
Name an opioid. (morphine, codeine)
22.
Name an SSRI. (Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Lexapro, there are more)
23.
Name one commonly used local anesthetic. (lidocaine or Novocaine—not used much any more)
24.
Name the three categories of antidepressants. (tricyclics, MAOI’s, and SSRI’s)
25.
Name three risk factors for a stroke. (family history, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol.)
26.
Name three stimulants. (Caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine)
27.
Name three symptoms of huntington’s disease. (jerkiness, mood swings, slurred speech, clumsiness, unsteady gait, difficulty swallowing, loss of balance, impaired reasoning, and memory problems)
28.
Name two disorders treated with SSRI’s. (depression and OCD)

29.
Name two NSAIDS. (ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen)
30.
The use of what drug is the leading preventable cause of death in the US and accounts for
7% of total US health care costs? (tobacco, nicotine)
31.
This disease affects 3-5% of American children and is characterized by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsive behaviors. (ADHD)
32.
What affect do depressants have on heart rate and breathing rate? (lower them)
33.
What anxiety disorder is characterized by repetitive thoughts and behaviors? (OCD,
Obsessive-compulsive disorder)
34.
What are the three parts of the “reward system” of the brain activated by leisure drugs?
(ventral tagmental area, the nucleus accumbens, and the prefrontal cortex)
35.
What childhood disorder is characterized by communication difficulties, delayed development of language, impaired social skills, and narrow, obsessive interests.
(autism)
36.
What class of drugs cause the release of adrenaline from the adrenal glands? (stimulants)
37.
What class of drugs causes increase blood sugar? (stimulants)
38.
What class of drugs is used to treat ADHD? (stimulants such at Ritalyn)
39.
What disease is characterized by a loss of neurons that controls voluntary muscle movements leading to muscle weakening and deteriorating due to disuse.
40.
What diseased is causes when one’s own immune system attacks myelin sheath?
(multiple sclerosis)
41.
What disorder associated with decreased dopamine levels is characterized by slowness of movement, muscular rigidity, tremors and postural instability? (parkinson’s)
42.
What disorder is caused by an extra 21 st chromosome? (down syndrome)
43.
What disorder is characterized by an overwhelming sense of doom that occurs out of the blue and is accompanied by sweating, heart-pounding, dizziness, and shortness of breath.
(panic disorder)
44.
What disorder is characterized by vocal and motor tics? ( Tourette Syndrome)
45.
What do we call the pain that results from damage to the nervous system that is common in diabetic patients? (neuropathy)
46.
What do we call the progressive need for higher drug dose to achieve the same effect?
(tolerance)
47.
What does it mean is a tumor is malignant? (it may spread to other parts of the body through the blood)
48.
What does NSAID stand for? (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
49.
What does SSRI stand for? (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
50.
What hereditary brain disorder has symptoms that appears between age 30 and 50 and progress slowly over about 20 years? (Huntington’s disease)
51.
What is a stroke? (impeded blood supply to the brain)
52.
What is dyslexia? ( a specific reading disorder)
53.
What is edema? (swelling)
54.
What is ischemia? (reduced blood flow to the brain)
55.
What is neurogenesis? (birth of new nerve cells)
56.
What is PTSD stand for? (post-traumatic stress disorder)
57.
What is the active ingredient in marijuana? (THC)
58.
What is the brand name of fluoxetine? (Prozac)

59.
What is the difference between generalized and partial seizures? (generalized result from activity in a wide area of the brain and result in loss of consciousness and convulsions; partial result from localized brain activity and cause more localized effects such as visual or auditory disturbances)
60.
What is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation? (fetal alcohol syndrome)
61.
What is the name of the steroid that substantially reduces impairment following spinal cord injury if administered within eight hours of the injury. (methylprednisolone)
62.
What is tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) used for? (dissolving blood clots that cause strokes)
63.
What medication(s) are used to treat Parkinson’s? (levodopa and carbidopa)
64.
What mental disorder affects 5% of the American population? (depression)
65.
What mental disorder is characterized by alternating periods of manic highs and deep depression? (bipolar)
66.
What neurotransmitter activates the reward center of the brain? (dopamine)
67.
What neurotransmitter is affected by THC? (anandimide)
68.
What neurotransmitter is altered in Parkinson’s patients? (dopamine)
69.
What progressive brain disorder is characterized by forgetfulness and memory loss, disorientation, difficulty with concentration, calculation, language, and judgment.
(Alzheimer’s)
70.
What psychotic disorder is marked by hallucinations and delusions? (schizophrenia)
71.
What region of the brain is overactive in Parkinson’s patients? (basal ganglia)
72.
What two neurotransmitters are usually targeted by antidepressant medications?
(serotonin and norepinephrine).
73.
What was the first antipsychotic medication? Chlorpromazine.
74.
What would naloxone or naltrexone be administered for? To stop an opiate overdose; they block opiates
Lesson 8
1.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a mutation on which chromosome? (X)
2.
How does a SPECT compare to a PET scan? SPECT is less detailed and cheaper
3.
How many pairs of chromosomes are found in human somatic cells? (23)
4.
If you want to find out what brain region is active when someone looks at a picture of a loved one, what brain scan might you use? (PET, SPECT, fMRI,
MRS, MEG)
5.
If you want to get the best possible image of brain tissue anatomy, what brain scan would you use? (MRI)
6.
If you wanted to determine the location of a brain tumor, what brain scan might you use? (MRI or CT scan)
7.
Inhibition of what protein has led to nerve regeneration in the spinal cords of rats? (Nogo-A)

8.
Injection of GDNF (glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor) into the striatum and substantia nigra of impaired monkeys) has been found effective in the treatment of what disorder? (parkinson’s)
9.
MRI stands for what? (magnetic resonance imaging)
10.
Name one virus used in gene therapy that naturally attacks neural cells.
(herpes simplex type I, adenovirus, lentivirus, and adeno-associated virus.)
11.
Name the four DNA nucleotides. (Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)
12.
Name two chromosomes linked to Alzheimer’s disease. (21, 19, 14, and 1)
13.
Name two proteins associated with Alzheimer’s disease. (presenilin 1, presenilin 2, apolipoprotein E, tau, and beta-amyloid protein
14.
NGF (nerve growth factor) has shown promise in the treatment of what disorder in rats? (alzheimer’s)
15.
On what chromosome is the defect in huntington’s disease found? (4)
16.
SPECT stands for what? (single photon emission computed tomography)
17.
This disorder is associated with expanded CAG repeats in a region of chromosome 4 that leads to a dysfunctional protein. (huntington’s disease)
18.
Unspecialized cells that give rise to other cells are called what ?(Stem cells)
19.
What are astrocytes? (glial cells)
20.
What are oligodendrocytes (myelin cells)
21.
What brain scan can detect changes in brain activity over time with the highest time resolution? (MEG)
22.
What childhood eye tumor disease is caused by a mutation on chromosome
13? (inherited retinoblastoma)
23.
What does DNA stand for? (deoxyribonucleic acid)
24.
What does MEG stand for? Magnetoencephalography)
25.
What does PET stand for? Positron emission tomography
26.
What imaging device detects the radioactivity emitted when positively charged particles radioactively decay? (PET scan)
27.
What is DNA composed of? (nucleotides)
28.
What is gene therapy? (using viruses to carry therapeutic genes to the body)
29.
What is the advantage of fMRI over PET scan? (fMRI is non-invasive and does not use radioactivity)
30.
What is the structure of DNA? (double helix)
31.
What organelle in human cells has its own DNA? (Mitochondria)