THREE FROM MICHELLE DE LEO THAT ARE USEFUL/ESSENTIAL FOR ALL YOUR PAPERS:
Hess, Y. D., and Pickett, C. L. "Social Rejection and Self-Versus Other-Awareness." Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology 46.2 (2010): 453-456. Academic Search Complete.
EBSCO. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
This article discuses the psychology involved in being socially unaccepted, or Othered. Those that feel
socially disengaged tend to employ defense mechanisms and protective actions. Those that are not socially
accepted tend to create a buffer between themselves and the Othering, as well as detach themselves from
the anxiety of rejection. Just as the Performer relays a Performed self to the Audience, the Performer is
protecting themselves from the social stigma or rejection from the Audience, using the Performed as the
buffer.
a.
Kenny, D. A., and West, T. V. "Similarity and Agreement in Self- and Other Perception: A MetaAnalysis." Personality & Social Psychology Review (Sage Publications Inc.) 14.2 (2010): 196-213.
Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
This article looks at how one’s perception of themselves is often inconsistent with how others see the
Self. It explores the agreements and similarities among the Self-Other and Other-Other relationships. This
is what happens with the Performer-Performed and the Self-Audience, as the relationship relies on both
sides believing that they are the Self, while also partially the Other for the Other.
b.
Kross, Ethan. "When the Self Becomes Other." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1167.(2009): 35-40. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 18 Nov. 2010.
This article reflects research related to the Self becoming the Othered, and how the Self-now-Othered
deals with the negative feelings associated with the change. It also looks at why and how people’s attempts
to become the Self again succeed and fail. It discusses understanding the Self perspective of the Self before
and after becoming Othered and how the Self becomes immersed in such complexities. This happens with
the Performer becoming the Performed and how the Self deals with such changes.
JENN PURCELL
In Salvation Army, Abdellah Taïa opens about his life as a gay man living in Morocco and traveling to Europe. He
endures a number of hardships and is constantly criticized for his lifestyle choices. Taïa is forced to endure the
ridicule that many people place on him; people are very quick to judge him when he is out in public. In a way,
Taïa is forced into a life as the “other” and is made to feel inferior by those around him. We see this type of
treatment to people in our society, as well. Leading a different lifestyle, that is not considered to be “normal”, is
always looked down upon. People will reject anyone that is different from them or that does not fit the “typical”
stereotype. Taïa’s life parallels the lives of so many homosexual men and women in our society; they are forced to
feel as though they are the “other” and are shunned, in most cases, from our society.
Annotated Bibliography:
1. Altman, Dennis. "Rupture or Continuity? The Internationalization of Gay Identities." Social Text 48 (1996): 77-94.
JSTOR. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/466787.pdf>.
In this essay, Altman discusses the idea of gay identity and what this means. Society has a certain image about what
“homosexual” should look like. There has become this constructed idea of how a person who identifies themselves
as gay should appear. Of course, this also goes along with the idea that there is a behavioral aspect that has been
connected to gay identities; people believe that they act a certain way.
2. Boone, Joseph A. "Vacation Cruises; Or, the Homoerotics of Orientalism." Modern Language Association 110.1
(1995): 89-107. JSTOR. Web. 21 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/463197.pdf?acceptTC=true>.
In this essay, Boone discusses how the Orient displays the idea of sex as being very causal and without consequences.
This relates to the idea that we tend to take sex for granted. Instead of seeing it as a connection between two
people, we visualize it as a heterosexual encounter that does not have any emotions connected to it.
3. Cloud, John. "Bullied to Death." Time 176.16 (2010): 60-63. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.
<http://web.ebscohost.com>.
In this article, Cloud talks about bullying in relation to the recent suicides that have occurred with youths who are
homosexual. The article goes into detail about bullying related suicides which goes along perfectly with my topic.
So many people/youths are discriminated against because they identify themselves as homosexual. This, in turn,
makes them feel like the “other” and out of place.
4. "Homosexuals in the Military." Congressional Digest 89.4 (2010): 103-107. Academic Search Complete. Web. 21
Nov. 2010. <http://web.ebscohost.com>.
This article discusses homosexual men in the military and the policy of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”. At one point, gay men
were not even allowed in the military; it was as if they were feared by others. Although they are now allowed in
the military, the policy of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” is just as bad.
5. Li Kitts, Robert. "Gay Adolescents and Suicide: Understanding the Association." Adolescence 40.159 (2005): 621628. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. <http://web.ebscohost.com>.
Robert Li Kitts illustrates that youths who deal with being homosexual are very much underappreciated and are not
given any of the same treatment that they should be given. The bullying that continues to occur is underemphasized and many people are still unaware of what is going on. This article also discusses why homosexual
youths are at a higher risk of committing suicide; it is because they are left feeling like the “other”.
6. McKinley, Jesse. "Suicides Put Light on Pressures of Gay Teenagers." New York Times [New York] 3 Oct. 2010,
New York ed.: A9. The New York Times. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. <http://www.nytimes.com/
2010/10/04/us/04suicide.html?scp=3&sq=bullying gay youths&st=cse>.
In this New York Times article, McKinley discusses the fact that many teenagers are being bullied in school by their
peers because they are gay. One boy, who was mentioned in the article, told his mother that he was gay and she
accepted him; he ended up hanging himself because he could not tolerate the taunting from his peers.
7. Savin-Williams, Ritch C., and Eric M. Dube. "Parental Reactions to Their Child's Disclosure of a Gay/Lesbian
Identity." Family Relations 47.1 (1998): 7-13. JSTOR. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. <http://www.jstor.org>.
In this article, Savin-Williams and Dube discuss the adjustments that parents have to go through after finding out that
their child is homosexual. They describe it as a grieving process; it is almost like as if someone has passed away.
It should not be this dramatic of a process. Homosexuality should have the same connotation as heterosexuality,
but, of course, it does not.
8. Stelter, Brian. "Campaign Offers Help to Gay Youths." New York Times [New York] 18 Oct. 2010, New York ed.:
A16. The New York Times. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/19/us/19video.html?ref=cyberbullying>.
In this New York Times article, Stelter discusses the “It Gets Better” campaign that has recently come into full effect.
This campaign features well-known celebrities, who identify themselves as homosexual, telling others that it is
okay to be gay. They reinforce the fact that there is nothing wrong with this lifestyle and that you will find people
who accept you.
9. Taia, Abdellah. "Interview with Abdellah Taia." Interview by Brian Whitaker. Al-Bab. N.p.,
Jan. 2009. Web. 21 Nov. 2010. <http://www.al-bab.com/arab/articles/
abdellah_taia_salvation_army.htm>.
This is an interview with Abdellah Taïa where he discusses his book, Salvation Army. He talks about his inspiration for
writing it and about his sexual love interest for his brother. This interview also asks Taïa to talk about his
homosexuality in general.
10. Taia, Abdellah. "The Rule of I." Reality Sandwich. Tel Quel, 19 Mar. 2009. Web. 21 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.realitysandwich.com/rule_i>.
“The Rule of I” is an essay written by Taia where he talks about how, for his childhood years, his life was all about
“we”, meaning him and his family. He was unable to make decisions for himself because everything had to be
approved by the family unit. Taia is a very open person whose main goal is to advocate for freedom and for being
true to yourself. This essay discusses his ideas about how to live by his own “I” and how to be free.
Terez Berchok
The Aliens are Attacking: Cinematic Symbolism of Imperialistic America as a Global Invader
Thesis: In the films Battlefield Earth: A Saga of the Year 3000, Independence Day, Mars Attacks, and
The Day the Earth Stood Still, I’ll be making the argument that a clear parable exists between alieninvader films and America’s history of colonizing the Other.
Bibliography:
Primary Sources:
Battlefield Earth: A Saga of the Year 3000. Dir. Roger Christian. Perf. John Travolta and Forest
Whitaker. Warner Bros. Pictures, 2000. DVD.
I plan on using this film as an allegory of the colonization of North American Indians by European
countries. This film is a futuristic look at the world in the year 3000 which has been hostilely taken
over by aliens. This movie will help me make the point that native North American Indians in
American history were horridly mistreated by colonizing Europeans and that their land was seized
and exploited for the Europeans’ gain without any consideration for the savage “other”, the Native
American.
Independence Day. Dir. Roland Emmerich. Perf. Will Smith, Jeff Goldblum, and Bill Pullman. Twentieth
Century Fox Film Corporation, 1996. DVD.
I plan to use this film to represent that invasion and hostile takeover from technologically advanced
outsiders leaves the invaded helpless, confused, and faced with the end of the world as they know it.
Mars Attacks! Dir. Tim Burton. Perf. Jack Nicholson, Glenn Close, and Sarah Jessica Parker. Warner
Bros. Pictures, 1996. DVD.
I plan to use this film to represent the American military’s intimidating hold over
the Iraqis and their misuse of power over them, that has been going on since America’s infiltration within
the country since the September 11, 2001 attacks. This film portrays a world that has been invaded by
Martians that conduct cruel and sadistic treatments onto humans. America, as an invader of Iraq, has
had incidents with their soldiers inhumanly treating Iraqi prisoners.
The Day the Earth Stood Still. Dir. Robert Wise. Perf. Michael Rennie, Patricia Neal, and Hugh Marlowe.
Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation, 1951. DVD.
I plan to use this film to show how the outsider views the native. This movie will be greatly helpful to my
overall analysis in that it mainly portrays the prospective of the alien.
Secondary Sources:
Bellin, Joshua David. "A Little I Shall Say." Print. Reinterpreting New England Indians and the Colonial
Experience. By Colin G. Calloway and Neal Salisbury. Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts,
2003. 52-83.
This article explains and describes the de-culturalization of the Native Americans through the forced
learning of the English language by European New Englanders.
Grewell, Greg. "Colonizing the Universe: Science Fictions Then, Now, and in the (Imagined) Future."
Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 55 (2001): 25-47. JSTOR. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1348255.
This article is perfect for making my point: that alien movies in the genre of science fiction can be viewed
as allegories of colonization. Grewell outlines many important points and information that is crucial
to my understanding of the “alien movie” being used in this allegorical way.
Herndon, Ruth Wallis and Sekatau, Ella Wilcox. "Colonizing the Children." Print. Reinterpreting New
England Indians and the Colonial Experience. By Colin G. Calloway and Neal Salisbury. Boston:
Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 2003. 137-173.
This essay details how Indian children in early Rhode Island were colonized and forced into servitude.
Klein, Naomi. No War: America's Real Business in Iraq. London: Gibson Square, 2005. Print.
With help from several experts and reporters on terrorism on the current War in Iraq, Klein exposes the
underlying truth behind the reasons why America has taken up military station in Iraq. Her stories on
these current issues expose an imperialist America that is colonizing the country of Iraq by means of
demolishing their culture, violently enforcing new rules and laws that are maintained by America, and
doing so for the means of capital gain. I use these real-life, current events to help make my point that
alien-invader movies can be seen as allegorical to the colonization that is still present today.
Leung, Rebecca. "Abuse Of Iraqi POWs By GIs Probed - 60 Minutes - CBS News." Breaking News
Headlines: CBS News. 28 Apr. 2004. Web. 19 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/04/27/60II/main614063.shtml>.
In this online article, that is also accompanied by three clips from the television broadcast of “60 minutes”
with correspondent Dan Rather reporting, a dreadful and shocking look into the horrid and cruel
mistreatment of POW Iraqis by some American soldiers is told about through reports and
photographs.
Lucanio, Patrick. Them or Us: Archetypal Interpretations of Fifties Alien Invasion Films. Bloomington:
Indiana UP, 1987. Print.
In this book, that analyzes several alien-invader films from the 1950s, Lucanio outlines and characterizes
the narrative structure, conventions, and iconology of the genre.
Plane, Ann Marie. "Falling 'Into a Dream': Native Americans, Colonization, and Consciousness in Early
New England." Print. Reinterpreting New England Indians and the Colonial Experience. By Colin G.
Calloway and Neal Salisbury. Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 2003. 84-105.
This essay explains the hardships that Native Americans had to endure due to the colonization of their
land and culture by Europeans.
Samuels, David. ""These Are the Stories That the Dogs Tell": Discourses of Identity a Difference in
Ethnography and Science Fiction." Cultural Anthropology 11 (1996): 88-118. JSTOR. Web. 14 Nov.
2010. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/656210>.
Samuels’ article is a great source to use to better understand how the literary aspect of science fiction, or
the telling and representation of it, has taken into consideration the sciences of anthropology, and
mainly on the anthropological study of ethnography—or the descriptions of individual human
societies.
Schneider, Tammy. "This Once Savage Heart of Mine." Print. Reinterpreting New England Indians and
the Colonial Experience. By Colin G. Calloway and Neal Salisbury. Boston: Colonial Society of
Massachusetts, 2003. 232-263.
This essay explains how Native Americans were forced to learn and practice Christianity, thus destroying
their ‘Indian Identity.”
Wolverton, Nan. "We, as a tribe, will rule ourselves." Print. Reinterpreting New England Indians and the
Colonial Experience. By Colin G. Calloway and Neal Salisbury. Boston: Colonial Society of
Massachusetts, 2003. 299-340.
This essay describes the struggles that the New England Indian tribe of the Mashpees struggled against
colonizing Europeans to hold on to some of their culture and beliefs.
BRYNN RABINOWITZ
I am writing my paper on James Cameron’s Avatar. I am going to talk about all of the ways that
people justify conquering the Other. This includes the White Man’s Burden, historical background
(the Native Americans and the West), a brief comparison with Pocahontas, the idea of a noble
savage, and some of the ideals that are held by imperialism.
List of Sources
Avatar. Dir. James Cameron. By James Cameron. Prod. James Cameron and Jon Landau. Perf.
Sam Worthington, Zoë Saldana, Stephen Lang, Michelle Rodriguez, and Sigourney Weaver. 20th Century
Fox, 2009. DVD.
(1) “The White Messiah Complex.” Web log post. Long Sunday. TypePad, 7 May 2010. Web.
22 Nov. 2010. <http://www.long-sunday.net/long_sunday/2010/03/the-white-messiah-complex.html>.
This is a blog post where the author compares the opinions of David Brooks and Slavoj Zizek on
James Cameron’s Avatar. This blog post focuses on the fact that the opinions of Brooks and Zizek
complement each other. The author begins by stating Brooks opinion of Avatar. The author states that
“David Brooks [is] apparently offended by the cliché of simple primitives unable to make their own
destiny” (“The White Messiah Complex”). The author then provides a quote from Brooks where
Brooks describes why he does not like the previously mentioned cliché and briefly explains the idea
of the White Messiah Complex. Basically the idea of the White Messiah is that nonwhites need a
White Messiah to lead them on their crusades for freedom, or nonwhites need a white person to save
them. Brooks also talks about the idea that the White Messiah Complex “’creates a sort of two-edged
cultural imperialism. Natives can either have their history shaped by cruel imperialists or benevolent
ones, but either way; they are going to be supporting actors in our journey to self-admiration”’ (“The
White Messiah Complex”). According to the author, Zizek sees Avatar “as the clear expression of
neoimperialist racism” (“The White Messiah Complex”). The author than adds a quote from Zizek on
about this idea of neoimperialist racism. He basically says that the film plays out a white man’s
fantasy. The author than provides another example from Zizek, where Zizek discusses something that
occurred with the Maoists in the state of Orissa in India. The author ends his post by telling the reader
that he liked the film and thinks that people are reading to far into it.
(2) Brooks, David. “The Messiah Complex.” The New York Times 8 Jan. 2010, New York ed.,
A7 sec. The New York Times. 7 Jan. 2010. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/08/opinion/08brooks.html?ref=opinion>.
In this article, David Brooks discusses James Cameron’s Avatar and the idea of the White Messiah
Fable/Complex. This fable is described as
the oft-repeated story about a manly young adventurer who goes into the wilderness in search of thrills
and profit. But, once there, he meets the native people and finds that they are noble and spiritual and
pure. And so he emerges as their Messiah, leading them on a righteous crusade against his own rotten
civilization (Brooks).
This fable of the White man that goes out to save the natives from his own civilization is exactly what
occurs in Avatar. Brooks explains that many films have utilized this fable, including Dances With
Wolves and Pocahantas. In this article, Brooks provides a detailed description of how the film is a
racist fantasy. In the second to last paragraph of his article Brooks goes back to the White Messiah
Fable and describes this fable (this is the quote used in the blog post from Long Sunday).
(3) Zizek, Slavoj. “Return of the Natives.” New Statesman. New Statesman, 4 Mar. 2010. Web.
22 Nov. 2010. <http://www.newstatesman.com/film/2010/03/avatar-reality-love-couple-sex>.
In this article, Zizek describes the film and discusses some of the racist undertones that are found in
this film. He describes also some of the imperialist undertones in this film. Zizek explains how this
film teaches people
that the only choice the aborigines have is to be saved by the human beings or to be destroyed by them. In
other words, they can choose either to be the victim of imperialist reality, or to play their allotted role
in the white man's fantasy.
Zizek is commenting on the idea of racism and the Other. Zizek also provides a modern day example of
what is occurring in the film
(4) Kipling, Rudyard. “The White Man's Burden.” Reading About the World. Ed. Paul Brians,
Mary Gallwey, Douglas Hughes, Azfar Hussain, Richard Law, Michael Myers, Michael Neville, Roger
Schlesinger, Alice Spitzer, and Susan Swan. Vol. 2. Harcourt Brace Custom. Washington State
University. Washington State University, 23 Dec. 1998. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.wsu.edu/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_2/kipling.html>.
This is Rudyard Kipling’s famous poem that was used to justify imperialism. Basically, it is the White
Man’s Burden to save the Native people. This is why the White people have to conquer the natives (to
save them). This poem is a call for people to go and take over the savages. This poem justifies
imperialism.
(5) Pocahontas. Dir. Mike Gabriel and Eric Goldberg. By Carl Binder and Susannah Grant. Perf.
Irene Bedard, Judy Kuhn, Mel Gibson, David Ogden Stiers, John Kassir, Russell Means, Chirsitian Bale,
Linda Hunt, Danny Mann, Billy Connolly, Joe Baker, Frank Welker, Michelle St. John, James
Apaumut Fall, and Gordon Tootoosis. Walt Disney, 1995. Videocassette.
This is the classic Disney film that describes the story of Pocahontas and John Smith. John Smith comes
with the English to obtain gold. The English begin to dig for gold as soon as the land in “The New
World”. Pocahontas is told not to go looking for the newcomers, but she ends up running into John
Smith. At first she is afraid of him, but Grandmother Willow tells her to give him a chance.
Pocahontas teaches John Smith her culture. They fall in love. Pocahontas is supposed to marry
someone else, he dies. John Smith is captured and almost put to death. He is saved by Pocahontas.
The English attack the Indians. Pocahontas’ father is almost killed; he is saved by John Smith. John
Smith must go back to England to get medical treatment because he was shot saving Pocahontas’
father. When analyzed this film is almost exactly the same as Avatar
(6) PBS. "New Perspectives on THE WEST." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. West Film
Project and WETA, 2001. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. <http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/>.
This is the website for a eight-episode documentary on the West. These eight episodes focus on providing
us with the Native American perspective of the conquering of the West. The first episode (“The
People”) is about the people of the West that were there before Lewis and Clark made their famous
exhibition. It also talks about the Lewis and Clark exhibition. The second episode is entitled “Empire
Upon the Trails” and discusses the various ways that people conquered the West in the name of
Manifest Destiny. The third episode is entitled “Speck of the Future” and is about the Gold Rush. The
fourth episode is entitled “Death Runs Riot” and is about the Civil War and the west as well as some
of the other occurrences from 1856 to 1868. Episode five is entitled “The Grandest Enterprise Under
G-d” and is about the move of homesteaders to the West. Episode six is entitled “Fight No More
Forever” and is about what happens when the federal government tightens its grip on the West,
Sitting Bull, and Chief Joseph. The seventh episode is entitled “The Geography of Hope” and is about
the fact that Indian children are taught to forsake their culture among other things. The eighth and
final episode is entitled “One Sky Above Us” and is about Wounded Knee among other things. (There
is a lot of information on the website)
(7) “noble savage.” Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 22 Nov.
2010 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416988/noble-savage>.
This is the definition of “noble savage” that I found on Encyclopædia Britannica. The noble savage is “an
idealized concept of uncivilized man, who symbolizes the innate goodness of one not exposed to the
corrupting influences of civilization”. The idea of the Noble Savage is one of the ways that people
romanticize the Other. This article also has some examples of where the Noble Savage can be found
in literature.
(8) Denby, David. “GOING NATIVE.” New Yorker 85.43 (2010): 76-77. Academic Search
Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.
In this article, Denby discusses the films Avatar and Sherlock Holmes. The article begins with a paragraph
long description of the beauty of Pandora, the world that Cameron created for Avatar. In the second
paragraph, Denby describes how Pandora is invaded by the Marines. The most important sentence in
this paragraph is the final one, where Denby compares Avatar to the story of Pocahantas and John
Smith or Dances with Wolves. In the third paragraph, Denby discusses the notions of science in
Avatar. In the last three paragraphs, Denby talks about Sherlock Holmes.
(9) Frank, Adam. "'Avatar': Science, Civilization, and the Noble Savage in Space." Rev. of
James Cameron's Avatar. Web log post. NPR-National Public Radio. 22 Dec. 2009. 22 Nov. 2010
<http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2009/12/avatar_movie_post.html>.
In this article, Frank explains that the myth of the noble savage is seen in Avatar. According to Frank,
“the story of the noble savage is often a meditation on the ways we are corrupted by the civilization
we create”. Frank goes further to declare that this myth tells people that the only way to have a pure
connection with the world is to be a hunter gather. Technology and science has cut us off from this
purity. Frank goes through the story and explains how it relates to the myth of the noble savage. Like
my other people, Frank compares Avatar to Dances with Wolves. Frank discusses how Sigourney
Weaver’s character is a scientist who sees the world as the native Na’vi do. Therefore, not all science
is bad in this film. The noble savage myth is one of the many ways that people otherize natives in an
attempt to justify conquering them.
(10) “The Other.” CUNY Brooklyn. 4 Feb. 2009. CUNY Brooklyn. 22 Nov. 2010
<http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/other.html>.
This article defines the term “Other” and explains all of the negative connotations associated with this
term. The author defines the Other as “an individual who is perceived by the group as not belonging,
as being different in some fundamental way” (“The Other”). The Other is what is not the Self.
Anyone that is not a member of the group is considered an Other because they are not the Self. The
Other is always seen as lesser or inferior to the group. In any given society, the Other “may have few
or no legal rights, may be characterized as less intelligent or as immoral, and may even be regarded as
sub-human” (“The Other”). The article describes some of the forms that otherness may take. The
article also describes briefly the idea of the Other and the Outsider and provides examples of the
Other in literature.
ERIN MCDOUGALL:
How “fundamentalist” brands of Christianity “others” gay people/caricatures them into an unacceptable “other” –
thereby inciting violence against them. Why is the church, in this case, so invested in promoting a self that only
includes heterosexuality as a possible expression of sexual desire? How is the vision ‘self’ strengthened via
heteronormativity – and how is this self created via advocating heteronormativity?
Bohache, Thomas. "Embodiment as Incarnation: An Incipient Queer Christology." Theology & Sexuality: The Journal
of the Institute for the Study of Christianity & Sexuality 10.1 (2003): 9-29. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO.
Web. 16 Nov. 2010.
Thomas Bohache notes that in the past Christianity was a religion for white, educated males. Over the years other
groups have formed their own Christology to fit their social locations. They developed what Bohache calls
contextual Christologies based on race, class or gender. Homosexuality was one context that had not been
accounted for. Bohache goes on to explain how he formed his own Christology which he calls “queer”
Christology.
Hewitt, Bill, Johnny Dodd, and Michelle York. "Murdered for Being Gay?." People 69.9 (2008): 159-160. Academic
Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.
The article describes how a 15 year old boy was murdered in his high school by another boy because he was a
homosexual. The hatred one boy felt toward those who were different has ruined the lives of countless people.
When we as a society make groups of people an “other” we are setting them up to be hated and dehumanized. They
are robbed of their most basic right: the right to life. Othering on the basis of sexuality has negative consequences
for each party involved.
Jenkins, Phillip. "Defender of the Faith." The Atlantic Monthly. (2003): 46-49. Print.
Phillip Jenkins describes Archbishop Peter Jasper Akinola of Nigeria. Akinola is a traditionalist who presides over
the largest Anglican community in the world. He sees homosexuality as a sin against God. Jenkins describes how
Akinola’s beliefs about homosexuals represent the deep set beliefs of African Christianity. He also addresses the
tensions between the older and younger Anglican churches.
Lax, Ruth. "Socially Sanctioned Violence Against Women: Female Genital Mutilation is its Most Brutal Form."
Clinical Social Work Journal. 28.4 (2000): 403-12. Print.
Ruth Lax studies the use of female genital mutilation as an oppressive tool. When a woman’s sexuality is taken
away it gives men more power and control. The man does not have to worry about pleasing the woman. Lax
describes how the Victorian clergymen and medical professors considered masturbation and manifestations of
female sexuality to be a medical problem. There is a societal belief that women should have no sexuality at all.
Women are an Other in the countries who practice female genital mutilation. Most of the time it is religious beliefs
that support this oppressive and devastating practice.
Leeming, David. "Religion and Sexuality: The Perversion of a Natural Marriage." Journal of Religion and Health. 42.2
(2003): 101-09. Print.
David Leeming believes there has been a split between religion and sexuality. He states that this split is especially
evident in the repression of women and the criminalization of sexual practices of the Abrahamic religions.
Leeming goes on to illustrate that religion and sexuality have been linked in the past because of the commonalities
between religious and sexual experiences. Sexuality began to get a bad name in religion when societies became
male dominated and females lost political and social power.
Rodriguez, Eric M., and Suzanne C. Ouellette. "Gay and Lesbian Christians: Homosexual and Religious Identity
Integration in the Members and Participants of a Gay-Positive Church." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
39.3 (2000): 333. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.
Eric Rodriguez and Suzanne Ouellette describe how gays can have both a religious and a homosexual identity. Just
because someone is a homosexual does not mean they can’t believe in God or go to church. This article focuses on
the Metropolitan Community Church of New York and its attendees. The church does not see homosexuals as
“others” but as important members of the community. The church does not condemn them on the basis of their
sexuality. This helps homosexuals and heterosexuals alike to form friendships and positive identities.
Schwartz, John. "Gay Couple to Sue Over U.S. Marriage Law." New York Times 8 Nov. 2010, New York ed.: A20.
Print.
John Schwartz’s article shows how homosexuals are discriminated against even today. Gays are not given the same
rights as other groups. The main opponents of gay marriage are conservatives who cite the bible and their religious
beliefs are their excuses for not supporting marriage between two people of the same sex. Homosexuals must feel
as though they are an “other” in their own country. They do not have the same rights or liberties.
Welch, Steven. "Sins of the Missionaries: Evangelism's Quest to Conquer the World." Free Inquiry. 24.2 (2004): 24-28.
Print.
Steven Welch describes the lengths to which evangelicals and missionaries are willing to go in order to convert the
peoples of the underdeveloped world from North Africa to East Asia. Welch says that according to the
missionaries the end justifies the means. For Christians religious conquest is a necessity; they feel they are obliged
to do so. These missionaries first see these non-Christians as others who are beneath them but once converted to
the Christian faith will they not still be othered and oppressed except in a different form?
Yeoman, Barry. "Gay No More?." Psychology Today 32.2 (1999): 26. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22
Nov. 2010.
Yeoman describes a group of therapists who believe they are able to convert homosexuals to heterosexuals. People who
attend these group therapy sessions are made to think homosexuality is an addiction. Why would homosexuals feel
the need to walk away from their homosexual identities? They are “others” in their own country, in their
community and in their families. They are oppressed, disrespected , and even hated because of their sexuality. If
they were accepted for who and what they are then they would feel no need to try to convert themselves.
AMBER CROWELL
Thesis Argument: With the bias media representation of Middle Eastern women continuously adhering to the
stereotypes set forth by society’s understanding of the truth, the gap between Americanized, free ‘Self’ and the
entrapped, tortured ‘Other’ of the Middle East only widens. It is essential that consumers realize that American
media is tainted by their need for audience consumption; an audience that is captivated by the pride in our
countries valiant effort at Middle Eastern salvation (or democracy).
Sources:
Li, Qiong, and Marilynn B Brewer. “What Does It Mean to Be an American? Patriotism, Nationalism, and American
Identity After 9/11.” Political Psychology 25.5 (2004): 728-730. Print.
-This article is about Americans construction of nationalistic views that force our concept of desire self and wretched
‘Other’
Wolfsfeld, Gadi. Media and Political Conflict: News from the Middle East. New York: Press Syndicate of the
University of Cambridge, 1999. Print.
-This article is about media’s necessity to adhere to a political agenda to be successful.
“Radio Address by Mrs. Bush.” Weekly Presidential Radio Address . Natioanl Public Radio. 17 Nov. 2001. The
American Presidency Project. Web. Transcript. 17 Nov. 2010.
-Radio address by First Lady Laura Bush in which she refers to the “civilized” people of the world feeling sorry for the
Middle Eastern Woman. Of course, implying that are not civilized.
Abu-Lughod, Lila. “Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and
Its Others.” American Anthroplogist 104.3 (2002): n. pag. EBSCO HOST. Web. 17 Nov. 2010.
-Article in response to radio address by Bush.
“On Deadly Ground: Women of Iraq.” CNN: Special Investigations Unit 15 Mar. 2008: n. pag. Web. 17 Nov. 2010.
-Media coverage on the terrible things happening in Iraq. Provides American audience with savage-like images.
Damon, Arwa. “Gloom, Dispair on Display at Iraqi Women’s Prison.” CNN.com (May 2007): n. pag. Web. 17 Nov.
2010.
-news article regarding women prisoners in Iraq.
Fakhraie, Fatemeh. “CNN’s Sprecial on Women in Iraw: Painting Iraqi Women With the Victim Brush.” Racialicious.
N.p., 17 Mar. 2008. Web 17 Nov. 2010.
-Article in response to this biased coverage.
Bieber, Jodi. Aisha. 2010. Photograph. TIME Magazine
-TIME Magazine Cover of Afghani girl with her nose and ears cut off as a result of disobeying a man.
Abouzeid, Rania. “Iraq’s Unspeakable Crime: Mothers Pimping Daughters.” TIME Magazine 7 Mar. 2009: n. pag.
Web. 17 Nov. 2010.
-Article about Iraq’s prostitution trade. Rania paints this extremist view of nomadism and savagery.
Morley, Hope. “Journalist Criticizes Media Coverage in Middle East: Jeff Jacoby Cites Lack Of Experience as Source
of Bias.” The Daily Orange 2 Apr. 2008: n. pag. Web. 17 Nov. 2010.
-Article that provides reasoning for this biased media coverage.
ALICIA GRANT
On tokenism/being the other in spaces/locations populated by those who belong to a “dominant” group…
Derailing for Dummies. N.p.: Revolutionary Rumors Press, n.d. Print.
 Approaches discrimination, ignorance, and marginalization in a comical way
Drake, St. Clair. "ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE BLACK EXPERIENCE." Black Scholar 11.7 (1980): 2-31. America:
History & Life. EBSCO. Web. 18 Nov. 2010.

Drake talks about anthropologists exploring Black culture and life. He explains that historically, anthropologists
supported racist’s doctrine but it began to change during the “New Negro Movement”. Drake explains how
anthropologists then began to explore African American studies and culture.
Fanon, Frantz. Black Face, White Masks. Trans. Charles L. Markmann. Paris, France: Paris, Editions
de Seuil, 1967. Print.
 Providing personal experiences he faced as he attended a university in France, he discusses how a racist culture
blocks full psychological health to emerge in the culture that it is oppressing.
Jarraway, David R. "Montage of an Otherness Deferred: Dreaming Subjectivity in Langston Hughes."
American Literature 68.4 (1996): 819-847. Print.
 Through his experiences as a Black man in America, Hughes comes to the conclusion that “self” and “other”,
although oppose each other, are used to define both positions.
Latham, James. "Promoting Otherness in Films: Blackness and the Primitive in Early Hollywood Advertising Imagery."
Velvet Light Trap: A Critical Journal of Film & Television 50 (2002): 4. America: History & Life. EBSCO. Web.
17 Nov. 2010.
 James Latham analyzed advertisements and films that appealed to the concept of “otherness” or racial identity. He
discusses racial connotations, stereotypes, and “otherness” in his article
Lenz, Guenter H. "ETHNOGRAPHIES": AMERICAN CULTURE STUDIES AND POSTMODERN
ANTHROPOLOGY." Prospects 16.(1991): 1-40. America: History & Life. EBSCO. Web. 17 Nov. 2010.
 Lenz explains that anthropology was rejected in the 1960’s through the 1970’s because they needed to reconstruct
their framework to include multicultural studies.
Record, Wilson. "White Sociologists and Black Students in Predominantly White Universities." Sociological Quarterly
15.2 (1974): 164-182. America: History & Life. EBSCO. Web. 17 Nov. 2010.
 Examines the perceptions of Black students and White sociologists in predominantly White institutions
San Juan, E. Jr. "RACE AND LITERARY THEORY: FROM DIFFERENCE TO CONTRADICTION." Proteus 7.1
(1990): 32-36. America: History & Life. EBSCO. Web. 17 Nov. 2010.
 E. San Juan discusses how American literature needs to expand their ideals by including multicultural literature
into their canons. Rather than perceiving “other” cultures as subjects, diversity is needed to decrease internalized
inferiority by being exposed to literature from people other than the “superior” group.
Sax, William S. "The Hall of Mirrors: Orientalism, Anthropology, and the Other." American
Anthropologists 100.2 (1998): 292-301. JSTOR. Web. 18 Oct. 2010. <http://www.jstor.org/
stable/683111>.
 William Sax examines the theories of Edward Said and other anthropologists regarding the “other” and theories
regarding anthropology.
Sreekumar, Sharmila. "THE PORTRAIT OF THE ALIEN/THE OTHER IN A MODERN AMERICAN NOVEL: TONI
MORRISON'S 'TAR BABY.'." Indian Journal of American Studies 26.2 (1996): 105-108. America: History &
Life. EBSCO. Web. 17 Nov. 2010.
 Reflecting on Morrison’s novel, Sharmila Sreekumar, in her article, "The Portrait of the Alien/the Other in a
Modern American Novel…”, discusses how the experience of “otherness” has an effect on the identity of AfricanAmericans.
FAITH CONNELL
How the US public education system (one that was meant to close the gap between the nation’s “Powerful” Self and its
“Others” (those with less access) is creating “Others” by giving people an impoverished/crap education…
American Council on Education. “What’s Happening to Public Higher Education?” Do Tenured and Tenure-Track
Faculty Matter? Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2006.
Archer, Deborah N. "Failing Students or Failing Schools: Holding States Accountable for the High School Dropout
Crisis." Lewis & Clark Law Review 12.4 (2008): 1253-65.
Clotfelter, Charles T., Ronald G. Ehrenberg, Malcom Getz, and John J. Siegfried. Economic Challenges in Higher
Education. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1991.
DeYoung, Alan J. Economics and American Education. White Plains, NY: Longman Inc., 1989.
Johnson, Elaine B. The Dismantling of Public Education and How to Stop It. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Education, 2004.
Jorge, Soares. “A Dynamic General Equilibrium Analysis of the Political Economy of Public Education. Journal of
Population Economics. 19.2 (2006): 367-89.
Lieberman, Myron. Public Education: An Autopsy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Russel, David H. Problems and Trends in American Education. Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland Press,
1960.
Stevenson, Harold W., and James W. Stigler. The Learning Gap: Why our schools are failing and what we can learn
from Japanese and Chinese Education. New York: Summit Books, 1992.
Thomas, Shannon A. “The Rise and Fall of Public Education in America.” American School Board Journal. 193.9
(2006): 73.
Annie Hidley
ENG 465
List of Sources
Upon reading Sherman Alexie’s book Ten Little Indians, it is apparent that the notion of the “Other” is largely
constructed by the group observing what they believe to be foreign. Westerners create an idea of The East, and
vice versa. These unfamiliar people will inevitably fall into the prior expectations made by the conquering people.
This construction of difference is necessary for groups of people to create so that they are able to maintain their
own identity. Alexie, a Spokane Indian, in his book Ten Little Indians, illuminates the normalcy of this group that
had for so long been glorified by Westerners. The average American has been taught a specific image and idea of
what a Native American is. Not only did this glorification happen when settlers first traipsed onto the now
American soil, but also much more recently when the “Western” film genre was heightening in popularity. I will
compare the more recent myth of the west as it has appeared in cowboys and Indians types of films, and discuss the
effect this type of thinking has on a culture. Although this embellishment of cultures that acts to further separate
one form another does happen, this is not always a bad thing. In fact, both groups, the “normal,” and the “other,”
agree that these implied differences of cultures is necessary to maintain intrigue and mystery, and a comparison
point.
Alexie, Sherman. "On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City." Poems, Poets, Poetry: An Introduction and
Anthology. Ed. Helen Vendler. 3rdrd ed. N.p.: Bedfords/St Martin's, 1997. 247. Print.
Alexie, Sherman. “I Hated Tonto (Still Do).” Los Angeles Times. 1998.
Alexie, Sherman. "Love, Hunger, Money." High Country News 19 Sept. 1994. Web. 18 Nov. 2010.
Alexi, Sherman. "What Sacagawea Means To Me." Time Magazine 30 June 2003. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. (haha totally self
explanatory)
Coulombe, Joseph. “The approximate size of his favorite humor: Sherman Alexie’s comic connections and
disconnections in The Lone Ranger and Fistfight in Heaven.” The American Indian Quarterly. 26: (2004) 94.
Dirks, Nicholas. “Edward Said and Anthropology.” Journal of Palestine Studies. 33 (2004): 38-54.
Grindle, Donald A. "Taking The indian Out Of The Indian: U.S. Policies of Ethnocide Through Education." Wicazo Sa
Review19.2 (2004): 25-32. ILLIAD. Web. 21 Nov. 2010.
Macintyre, Ben. “Shootin’ Up The Old Western Myth.” The Sunday Times. (2004).
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/ben_macintyre/article393117.ece
Newton, John. "Sherman Alexie's Autoethnography." Contemporary Literature 42.2 (2001): 413-28. Web. 19 Nov.
2010.
Olund, Eric N. "From savage space to governable space: the extension of United States judicial sovereignty over Indian
Country in the nineteenth century." Cultual Geographies 9 (2002): 129-57. EBSCOhost. Web. 18 Nov. 2010.
Sherman Alexie, public interview on The Colbert Report. 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE5sufSwNDc\
Casey Lawton
I’m exploring the self and other concept while studying the conflict between the Rubber Tappers in Brazil and ranchers
who are cutting down trees to raise cattle for meat. Rubber Tappers are more environmentally friendly and
sustainable – they do not need to cut down the trees in order to obtain rubber. They simply in the forest and only
use the materials that they need. Contrastingly, ranchers “buy” the land from the Rubber Tappers and cut down all
the trees. Some trees may be sold for rubber, but ranchers are mostly clearing so that they have open land to raise
cattle on. This cattle is then sold for meat to satisfy our addiction to meat in North America (fast food chains such
as McDonald’s).
It is a necessary evil to have both the rubber tappers as well as the ranchers to supply our need for rubber in our
automobile tires as well as our need for meat. Rubber tappers need meat to eat and ranchers need rubber for the
tires on their machines for cattle ranching and transportation. The “other” for each group is the repressed self,
because they cannot survive without the other. Though it would seem that the rubber tappers are the better people
as they live more sustainably in their Amazon environment, they cannot live without the ranchers, as the ranchers
are their repressed selves. It is a necessary evil to have in our world economy the rubber tappers and the
ranchers because we need both to satisfy our addictions in our world of capitalism and modernity. Though
we want to privilege and support the rubber tappers as the “self” that can live sustainably in the
environment, we cannot survive on our modernity without the existence of the ranchers, the “other” or
“repressed self.”
Brown, Katrina, and Sergio Rosendo. "Environmentalists, Rubber Tappers, and Empowerment: The Politics and
Economics of Extractive Reserves." Development and Change 31 (2000): 207-27. Academic Search Complete.
Web. 21 Nov. 2010.
<http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.oswego.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&hid=17&sid=bf40f1f940fd-407b-ac6e-0e7573b58e6d%40sessionmgr15>.
This article discusses the politics of the rubber tappers, and their affiliations with other organizations. Political
empowerment has been given to large companies, and no improvements have been made concerning the livelihood
and conditions of the poor forest dwellers. Alliances made have not been helpful to those doing the work.
Dirks, Nicholas B. "Edward Said and Anthropology." Journal of Palestine Studies 33.3 (2004): 38-54. JSTOR. Web. 21
Nov. 2010. <http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.oswego.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/3247641.pdf>.
In this article, Edward Said charges that studies completed by anthropologists concerning the Orient are shaped by
assumptions of what should be and colonial rule. We have been misled to believe the Orient in a certain way that
has produced stereotypes of what we believe people of the east to be like. Said believed that we had constructed
the “other” and how they were supposed to act.
Sax, William S. "The Hall of Mirrors: Orientalism, Anthropology, and the Other." American Anthropologist 100.2
(1998): 292-301. JSTOR. Web. 21 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.oswego.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/683111.pdf?acceptTC=true>.
This article by William Sax discusses how anthropology is a study of the Self and the Other, and how we tend to
construct a version of what the Other really is. This article also discusses the Repressed Self, which is the Other
being a reflection of the Self.
ERIN TRUMBLE
Edited Annotated Bibliography
Argument:
When asked what one thinks of a Man or a Woman, everyone has preconceived notions. These opinionated ideas come
out in many different situations. Nowadays with women becoming more common in the business world they have
to face many standards set or lowered for them specifically. There are many different paths to take when you get to
a certain point in your life. These paths include going to college thus getting a job and/or going into the military.
Just because of someone’s gender or sexual orientation, they are persuaded to do things to are targeted for the
“social norms”. The norms often limit women from going into a ‘man’s’ work field including police work and
firefighting, and they also limit people who relate to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LBGT) orientation
to go into the military. There are many different examples of these types of discrimination that go on. People who
are following what they think is right in their lifestyle should not be “Othered” or looked down upon. If they are
not causing harm to themselves or others then there is no problem. Just because society has its own ideas of how a
man or woman should act does not mean the world is going to follow our preconceived utopian ideas. Since the
world is constantly changing we must adapt.
Secondary sources that might be helpful to others:
Lance, Teresa S., Mary Z. Anderson, and James M. Croteau. "Improving Measurement of Workplace Sexual Identity
Management." Career Development Quarterly 59.1 (2010): 19-26. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22
Nov. 2010.
This article provides a study done to view the workplace sexual identity. It introduced me to the terms ‘implicitly’ out
and ‘explicitly’ out and what teachers from grades K-12 did with their sexual orientation. This meaning whether
they decided to cover their sexual orientation or followed one of the previous terms. This article took me awhile to
get through and I still have some things I need to figure out. The tables done for the research a still a bit confusing
for me so will have to take a better look at them
Moradi, Bonnie. "Perceived Sexual-Orientation-Based Harassment in Military and Civilian Contexts." Military
Psychology 18.1 (2006): 39-60. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.
Like another text by the same author, I will be using the article not only to expand my research in the military outlook
but the civilian one as well. There are eight different types of harassment directed against sexual orientation. It
compares the rates of perceived sexual-orientation in harassment in the military to that in the civilian society. This
article provides some great research with charts indicating the percentage of military and civilian reports made
about harassment. The results provide me with some context for figuring out the success that the military has had
in reducing sexual-orientation based harassment.
Moradi, Bonnie. "Sexual Orientation Disclosure, Concealment, Harassment, and Military Cohesion: Perceptions of
LGBT Military Veterans." Military Psychology 21.4 (2009): 513-533. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web.
22 Nov. 2010.
The main reason for choosing this article was because it would further my research in the approach of the acceptance, or
lack thereof, of sexual orientation in the military. It provides me with ideas associated with harassment of sexual
orientation, discrimination and the secrecy expected. This article provides a study which was the first to look into
the relations of sexual orientation disclosure, concealment and harassment in the military. It studies the stance of
the ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t Pursue’ and how it is working in the military. The fact that the military has the
policy is the real issue.
Strong, Tom, and Don Zeman. "‘Othering’ and ‘selving’ in therapeutic dialogue." European Journal of Psychotherapy,
Counselling & Health 7.4 (2005): 245-261. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.
The main ideas of this article are centered on ‘othering’ and ‘selving’ within therapy and counseling. Many people
suffer with their sexual orientation internally. The reasoning to get their ideas out is so they can be happy with
themselves. You are who you are, and there are certain things you can’t change. This article introduces how
outsiders should aide in helping these ‘Othered’ people with their conflicts.
Keri Frazer:
A big problem in schools currently revolves around the case for variation of sexuality or perceived sexuality; if a
student is marked as possibly being gay or lesbian, associating themselves with gays or lesbians, or even showing
any sign of what it means to be gay or lesbian they are targeted and bullied, marked as the “Other”.
Berlonsky, Andrew. “Embracing LGBT-inclusive Bullying Rules Not Just About
Education”. Gay Rights Change. Change.org. 22 November 2010. Web. 20
November 2010. The article addresses Education laws, bullying in relation to
the recent suicides of LGBT teens because of bullying.
Bersani, Leo. “Sociality and Sexuality”. Critical Inquiry 24, 4 (2000): 641-656. JSTOR.
17 November 2010. This text is critical in identifying the type of “Otherness” that comes out of the teenage
representation of Gays, Lesbians and Transgender peoples. Bersani discusses the relations of homosexual erotic
“otherness” and how it affects society. I’m particularly interested in how the “otherness” has affected the education
of adolescences, particularly those in high schools.
Long, Scott. “Nightmare in the Mirror: Adolescence and the Death of Difference”.
Social Text 24 (1990): 156-166. JSTOR. 15 November 2010. This is an article that elaborates how the construction of
differences between adults and youth and the marking that occurs upon the teenager.
O’Donnell, Thomas G. “Car Wrecks, Baseball Caps, and Man-to-Man Defense: The
Personal Narratives of Adolescents Males”. College English 58, 8 (1996): 974978. JSTOR. 15 November 2010. This article discusses mostly how men relate to other men, especially those with
difference qualities. This is about competition within a particular group primarily males.
Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network. Think B4 You Speak. GLSEN. 2010.
Web. 20 November 2010. I feel that this link is really useful to my research because GLSEN stands behind this
campaign that asks people to think before they speak, to not say, “that’s so gay” for indicating something that is
“stupid”.
Marissa Bex- Sources:
My argument is about how the institution of marriage in a heteronormative society creates and defines individual
selfhood and how same-sex marriage poses a threat to that definition of self.
1.) Masci, David. "Future of Marriage." CQ Researcher 14.17 (2004): 397-420. CQ Researcher. Web. 1 Dec. 2010.
<http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2004050700>.
This document takes an in depth look at marriage through the background of marriage, to the issues that are
pushing people away from marriage; what has been proposed to either help sustain and benefit marriages or
alternatives to the traditional ways marriage (such as selecting one’s life partner) that may bring hope to the failing
support of marriage.
2.) Helms, Heather M. "21st century marriage in America." Journal of Marriage and Family 72.5 (2010): PsycINFO.
EBSCO. Web. 1 Dec. 2010.
This article was written in reaction to Andrew Cherlin’s book, The Marriage-go-round which is one of my sources.
This article is offering another take on Cherlin’s conclusion.
3.) Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth, and Sheila O'Connor. Marriage: The Dream That Refuses to Die. Wilmington, Del: ISI
Books, 2008. Print.
This is going to be a great source for me because it discusses marriage as being something enjoyed as a privileged
status for the “social unit” that creates an alliance between families and between sexes. This source provides
frameworks for marriage that show how it defines and classifies roles of selfhood for individuals once the “I”
becomes the “we.”
4.) Cherlin, Andrew J. The Marriage-Go-Round: The State of Marriage and the Family in America Today. New York:
Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. Print.
This book explores the state of marriage in America today; how it has evolved culturally, and in regard to religion
and laws. This book is another one that will help to create a frame of understanding around marriage in a
heteronormative society.
5.) Murstein, Bernard I. Paths to Marriage. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1986. Print.
This book, Paths to Marriage, is one that demonstrates how men and women form their self identity through the
process of selecting a mate. The book shows how the selection process: dating and courtship, has changed since the
19th century, and it also looks at other factors that push people towards marriage; one’s readiness to marry based on
occupation, parental and friendship network influence, and religious attachments.
6.) Beresford, Sarah, and Caroline Falkus. "Abolishing Marriage: Can Civil Partnership Cover it?." Liverpool Law
Review 30.1 (2009): 1-12. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
This article takes a firm stand on the opinion of marriage as a patriarchal and heterosexual structured institution
that is flawed beyond repair or successful reform. This article deconstructs the current legal system that applies to
marriage and how it perpetuates discrimination of the other.
7.) Hertz, Frederick C, and Emily Doskow. Making it Legal: a guide to same-sex marriage, domestic partnership &
civil unions. N.p.: Berkeley Calif, 2009. Print.
This author talks about the differing views on same-sex marriage in Europe as opposed to the US and how in
Europe it seems to be less of an issue that has to do with morality and religion and it provides statistic about
marriage rates and the acceptance of cohabitating in juxtaposition to the U.S. This solidifies how marriage in the
U.S is formed around hereonormativity and how gay marriage is a threat to those who are defined by an Anerican
marriage.
8) George, Robert P, and Jean Bethke Elshtain, eds. The Meaning of Marriage: family, state, market, and morals. Dallas
TX: Spence Pub Co., 2006. Print.
This book represents the paradigm of the deterioration of marriage as a public institution in the last decade and
how it had lead to the questioning of why same-sex couples shouldn’t be allowed to be married.
9.) "4 in 10 Say Marriage is becoming Obsolete." CBS News US. CBS, 18 Nov. 2010. Web. 20 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/11/18/national/main7066624.shtml?tag=chan nelMore;pop>.
This article is about marriage becoming obsolete in the eyes of Americans. While marriage isn’t going to
disappear, the perception of marriage is changing and creates a dynamic worth noting in regards to gay marriage
and or gay partnership in our society.
10.) Kelly, John. "Why Would A Straight Couple Want Civil Partnership?" BBC News Magazine 27 Oct. 2010. Print.
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-11625835.>
This article is about a heterosexual couple in the UK that filed for a civil partnership and was denied. The couple does
not want to be married because they do not believe in marriage in what it stands for. The couple want to be equal
partners instead of a married couple were the wife tends to be seen as subservient to the husband. It shows how a
heterosexual couple has defined themselves based on the aspects of marriage that they don’t agree with.
Nicole Bennett
Sources for Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Paper
Carmack, Heather, Benjamin Bates, and Lynn Harter. "Narrative Constructions of Health Care Issues and Policies: The
Case of President Clinton's Apology-by-Proxy for the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment." Journal of Medical
Humanities 29.2 (2008): 89-109. Ebsco. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
McGreal, Chris. "US says sorry for 'outrageous and abhorrent' Guatemalan syphilis tests." The Guardian 2 Oct. 2010:
26. Web. 12 Nov. 2010.
"Our Man in Guatemala An Interview with Susan Reverby." Boston Review 7 Oct. 2010. Web. 12 Nov. 2010.
Reverby, Susan M. Examining Tuskegee. The University of North Carolina Press, 2009. Print.
Reverby, Susan M. ""Normal Exposure" and Inoculation Syphilis: A PHS "Tuskegee" Doctor in Guatemala, 1946-48."
Journal of Policy History Special Issue on Human Subjects (2011): 1-24. Web. 12 Nov. 2010.
Reverby, Susan. "Wellesley Professor Susan Reverby Unearths 1940s-Era Government Research Project that Generates
White House Response." Wellesley. N.p., 1 Oct. 2010. Web. 12 Nov. 2010.
Rusert, Britt. ""A Study in Nature": The Tuskegee Experiments and the New South Plantation." Journal of Medical
Humanities 30.3 (2009): 155-71. Ebsco. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
Stein, Rob. "U.S. Infected Guatemalans for STD tests." The Washington Post 2 Oct. 2010: A1. Web. 12 Nov. 2010.
"US Government Apologizes for 1940s STD Testing on Guatemalans." Fox News.com. FOX, 1 Oct. 2010. Web. 12 Nov
2010.
"U.S. Government Apologizes for 1940s STD Testing on Guatemalans." Sri Lanka Guardian 2010. Web. 12 Nov. 2010.
DANIELLE ESTEROW
My argument is that Sexuality often causes discomfort in our culture. Although sex is slowly becoming a topic that is
brought up in every day occurrences, sexual preferences cause people to become uncomfortable and lead to
homophobia and heterosexual privilege. Acts against same sex preference can be easily avoided if people are
willing to take time out of their lives to learn about people’s sexualities. Once knowledge is gained, the level of
discomfort will be diminished and the world will be a better and more understanding place.
1. Altenbaugh, Richard J. The American People and Their Education: A Social History. Upper Saddle River: Merrill
a.
2.
a.
3.
a.
4.
a.
5.
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6.
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7.
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Prentice Hall, 2003. Print.
This textbook addresses the issues of gender. It talks of how in the past there was a want, and what was thought to
be a need, for gender-differentiated schooling. This was brought about by the fact that various social forces felt that
some schools and classes were “feminizing” the boys. This goes back to the fact that gender is a social construct. It
relates to Abdellah’s story because he was thought to be effeminate in the way he acted in some people’s eyes.
Bersani, Leo. “Sociality and Sexuality”. Critical Inquiry 24, 4 (2000): 641-651. JSTOR. 30 November 2010.
This article relates to my thesis because it goes into why people are disturbed about homosexuality. It says it is not
because of the sexual aspect of it, it is their mode of life. This way of living goes against what is to be perceived as
normal which does not sit well with a majority of the population.
Boone, Joseph A. "Vacation Cruises; or, The Homoerotics of Orientalism." Modern Language Association 110
(Jan. 1995): 89-107. JSTOR. Web. 14 Nov. 2010. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/463197.pdf>.
This article addresses sexual tourism. It also explains that there is a certain attraction level to the “exotic” for
travelers. They want to experience everything that the foreign culture they are visiting can provide for them. The
“other” being the homosexual foreigner is often desired or dreaded. Some writers fear that if they experience this
“sexual other” that they will never write again. Abdellah Taia, through Salvation Army proves this statement to be
false. He was, whether intentionally or not, a sexual tourist throughout his journey.
Loftus, Jeni. "America's Liberalization in Attitudes toward Homosexuality, 1973 to 1998." American Sociological
Review 5 ser. 66 (Oct. 2001): 762-782. JSTOR. Web. 1 Dec. 2010.
In the article American attitudes towards homosexuality are examined. It goes into questions of why there are
negative attitudes towards the homosexual community based on demographics of the population and ideological
shifts.
Martino, Wayne. "Policing masculinities: Investigating the Role of Homophobia and Heteronormativity in the
Lives of Adolescent School Boys." Journal of Men's Studies 8 (2000): 213-236. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
The question of masculinity needs to be defined. In the research study, it shows how students are grouped and why
they are either masculine or feminine and according to whom. These students identified a group of boys as
“faggots” because they hung out with girls and had “poofter voices.” This study shows practices of homophobia
and what homophobia encompasses. It also shows the role that sexuality plays in determining the traditional views
of masculinity.
McKinley, Jesse. "Suicides Put Light on Pressures of Gay Teenagers." The New York Times [New York] 3 Oct.
2010: A9. The New York Times. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/04/us/04suicide.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss>.
This article reveals the pressures put on gay teens by their peers. Most gay teens have to deal with bullying, teasing
and other abuse by their peers. Those people doing the bullying often do not realize the effect their words or
actions can have on those that they pick on. These teens that are gay are often traumatized by these terrible acts and
are unable to let them go. This article speaks about having that “safe place” for gay teens to turn to when they have
no other support system. It tells the reader that the harassment needs to be stopped and spoken up against in order
to create changes.
Rethinking Schools. Rethinking Our Classrooms: Teaching for Equity and Justice. Trans. Wayne Au, Bill
Bigelow, and Stan Karp. New ed. Milwaukee: Rethinking Schools, Ltd., 2007. Print
This textbook is a good resource, especially for those trying to become a teacher, which gives ideas on teaching for
equality and justice. It touches on the subject of sexism, respect among young children in the classroom and how to
teach it, playing with gender, discipline dealing with name calling and behavior issues, demeaning words such as
“faggot” and how people react to it, and creating a gay and lesbian friendly classrooms. Teachers, especially, need
to know how to incorporate these lessons in their classes. Teaching students about the different genders, sexual
preferences, and acceptance/tolerance will create a more welcoming environment for those around them that are
not “straight.” Teaching students, even from a young age, about these differences can lead to changing worldviews
towards homosexuals. It could lead to less hate crimes and other negative acts towards the gay and lesbian
community.
8.
a.
Rothenberg, Paula S. Race, Class, and Gender in the United States. New York: Worth Publishers, 2010. Print.
This textbook is filled with sources that address the topics that have become an issue in the United States. Parts of
this textbook can further the point I am trying to make in my thesis. These parts include the social construction of
gender, the social construction of sexuality, the invention of heterosexuality, masculinity as homophobia,
homophobia as a weapon of sexism, harassment issues due to sexual preference, gay marriage, the case of Sharon
Kowalski and Karen Thompson (dealing with heterosexism and sexism), the struggle for lesbian and gay inclusion,
anti-gay stereotypes, and a new vision of masculinity (dealing with the issue of masculinity in a classroom).
9.
Savin-Williams, Ritch C., and Eric M. Dubé. "Parental Reactions to Their Child's Disclosure of a Gay/Lesbian
Identity." Family Relations 1 ser. 47 (Jan. 1998): 7-13. JSTOR. Web. 1 Dec. 2010.
a. This article shows the reactions that parents have had when their child comes out to them. It shows the
developmental sequence of stages that the parents go through upon first learning about their child.
10. Skegg, Keren, et al. "Sexual Orientation and Self-Harm in Men and Women." The American Journal of Psychiatry
160 (Mar. 2003): 541-546. Web. 14 Nov. 2010. <http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/160/3/541>
Does homosexuality lead to more self-mutilation and suicide attempts? Studies show that the answer to this question is
yes. As a culture, we need to look at why this occurs. Is it due to discrimination? Is it due to the fact that a large
number of people who come out are not accepted by their friends and families afterwards? We need to change our
attitudes towards their sexual preference and be more open-minded in order to prevent even just the thoughts of
self-harm or suicide.
ABBY BOUCHER
My paper is about Sherman Alexie the Native American writer. My argument is about how Native Americans are
othered and how their histories are erased by the colonizing power.
c. Alexie, Sherman. "On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City." Poems, Poets, Poetry: An Introduction and
Anthology. Ed. Helen Vendler. 3rdrd ed. N.p.: Bedfords/St Martin's, 1997. 247. Print.
d. Alexi, Sherman. "I Hated Tonto (Still Do)." Los Angeles Times 28 June 1998. Web. 3 Nov. 2010.
e. Alexie, Sherman. "Love, Hunger, Money." High Country News 19 Sept. 1994. Web. 18 Nov. 2010.
f. Alexi, Sherman. "What Sacagawea Means To Me." Time Magazine 30 June 2003. Web. 16 Nov. 2010.
g. Ford, Douglas. "Sherman Alexie's Indigenous Blues." MELUS 27.3 (2002): 197-215. Web. 19 Nov. 2010.
h. Grindle, Donald A. "Taking The indian Out Of The Indian: U.S. Policies of Ethnocide Through
Education." Wicazo Sa Review19.2 (2004): 25-32. ILLIAD. Web. 21 Nov. 2010.
i.
Morin, Karen M. "Postcolonialism and native American geographies: the letters of Rosalie La Flesche Farley,
1896-1899."Cultural Geographies 9.2 (2002): 158-80. EBSCOhost. Web. 19 Nov. 2010.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
Newton, John. "Sherman Alexie's Autoethnography." Contemporary Literature 42.2 (2001): 413-28. Web. 19 Nov.
2010.
Olund, Eric N. "From savage space to governable space: the extension of United States judicial sovereignty over
Indian Country in the nineteenth century." Cultual Geographies 9 (2002): 129-57. EBSCOhost. Web. 18 Nov.
2010.
Sax, William S. "The Hall of Mirrors: Orientalism, Anthropology, and the Other." American Anthropologist, New
Series 100.2 (1998): 292-301. Web. 18 Nov. 2010.
"Writing the World." Author! Author! Great Writers on Great Books. Wisconsin Public Radio. 20 May 2007. Web.
22 Nov. 2010.
Michelle DeLeo
Prospectus:
I am interested in the relationship between the Performer and the Performed, as well as the relationship between
the Audience and the Performer, in the case of Self versus Other. I am also interested in how these relationships
differ in Western and Eastern cultures. These binaries will serve as the foundation for my research: Self vs. Other,
Performer vs. Performed, Audience vs. Performer, and Choreographer vs. Choreographed. I would like to explore
theater and dance to better understand the phenomenon that seems to entrance the performer, as well as the
audience.
p.
q.
r.
s.
t.
u.
v.
w.
x.
Citations:
Emigh, John. Masked Performance: The Play of Self and Other in Ritual and Theater. 1996.
Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press. Print.
This book discusses the play that occurs between Self and Other as it appears in rituals and the theater. It
explores the similarities and differences between Eastern and Western cultures and practices in performance, as
well as the similarities and differences that occur within each group. It discusses how the phenomenon of
performance occurs separately from everyday life.
Goellner, E. W., Murphy, J. S. Bodies of the Text. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. Print.
This book connects dance and how it relates to literary studies. In this source, the body is seen as the text. It takes
into account the mind and body as two separate entities that have a relationship centered on social conversations.
Through scholarly dance articles, the book discusses how dance challenges the constructs of literary theory, while
also, in many ways, embracing and using such theory to show meaning and depth.
Green, T. D., and McClearn, D. G. "The Actor-Observer Effect As A Function of Performance
Outcome and
Nationality of Other." Social Behavior & Personality: An International
Journal 38.10 (2010): 1335-1344.
Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 14 Nov.
2010.
This article looks at how the Self perceives itself being reflected to the Other, who is the audience to the Self,
despite the fact that the Other sees himself as the Self who is obtaining an authentic representation of the
Performer, or the other Self. The actor-observer effect, or Performer Performed embodiment for the Audience
member, is a complex relationship based on egocentrism on both sides of the relationship.
Hanna, Judith Lynne. The Performer-Audience Connection: Emotion to Metaphor in Dance and
Society. 1983.
Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. Print.
This book explores how dance is related to human communication, and how the Performer is able to
communicate on an emotional level that is similar in literary works. Through interviews of Performers and
Audience members, the author is able to piece together the puzzle of non-verbal human communication and how it
relates and reflects on societal issues.
Hess, Y. D., and Pickett, C. L. "Social Rejection and Self-Versus Other-Awareness." Journal of
Experimental
Social Psychology 46.2 (2010): 453-456. Academic Search Complete.
EBSCO. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
This article discuses the psychology involved in being socially unaccepted, or Othered. Those that feel socially
disengaged tend to employ defense mechanisms and protective actions. Those that are not socially accepted tend to
create a buffer between themselves and the Othering, as well as detach themselves from the anxiety of rejection.
Just as the Performer relays a Performed self to the Audience, the Performer is protecting themselves from the
social stigma or rejection from the Audience, using the Performed as the buffer.
Kenny, D. A., and West, T. V. "Similarity and Agreement in Self- and Other Perception: A Meta-Analysis."
Personality & Social Psychology Review (Sage Publications Inc.) 14.2
(2010): 196-213. Academic Search
Complete. EBSCO. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
This article looks at how one’s perception of themselves is often inconsistent with how others see the Self. It
explores the agreements and similarities among the Self-Other and Other-Other relationships. This is what happens
with the Performer-Performed and the Self-Audience, as the relationship relies on both sides believing that they are
the Self, while also partially the Other for the Other.
Kross, Ethan. "When the Self Becomes Other." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1167.(2009):
35-40. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 18 Nov. 2010.
This article reflects research related to the Self becoming the Othered, and how the Self-now-Othered deals with
the negative feelings associated with the change. It also looks at why and how people’s attempts to become the Self
again succeed and fail. It discusses understanding the Self perspective of the Self before and after becoming
Othered and how the Self becomes immersed in such complexities. This happens with the Performer becoming the
Performed and how the Self deals with such changes.
Sheets, Maxine. The Phenomenology of Dance. 1966. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of
Wisconsin
Press. Print.
This book delves into the basics of dance (Space, time, movement) and how they create a fluid phenomenon that
is not always acknowledged or the audience and performer are not aware of. It discusses dance as both a
performance and part of the society through a mixture of sound, movement, rhythm, and space. It looks at the
visual representations that appear in dance and how the Audience and Performer perceive them.
JAMES PALADINO
DEATH AS AN OTHER (TO THE LIVING)…
Betty, Stafford. “Accounts of Afterlife from the Dead: How Useful Are They to the Dying?” Journal of
Spirituality & Paranormal Studies 31.1 (2008): 6-13. Academic Search Premiere. Web. 11 Nov. 2010.
Braarvig, Jens. “The Buddhist Hell: An Early Instance of the Idea.” Numen: International Review for the
History of Religions 56.2 (2009): 254-281. Academic Search Premiere. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
Dernbach, Katherine Boris. “Spirits of the Hereafter: Death, Funerary Possession, and the Afterlife in
Chuuk, Micronesia.” Ethnology 44.2 (2005): 99-123. Academic Search Premiere. Web. 14 Nov. 2010.
Dunlap, Jeanetta W. “Reincarnation and Survival of Life After Death: ‘Is There Evidence That Past Life
Memories Suggest Reincarnation?’” Journal of Spirituality and Paranormal Studies 30 (2007): 157-170.
Howard, Robert G., and Kelleher, Daniel R. “The Psychical Experience of Time Described in the Tibetan
Book of the Dead: Mathematical Definitions and Practical Examples.” Journal of Spirituality &
Paranormal Studies 31.1 (2008): 25-38. Academic Search Premiere. Web. 13 Nov. 2010.
Perreira, Todd LeRoy. “’Die before you die’: Death Meditation as Spiritual Technology of the Self in
Islam and Buddhism.” Muslim World 100.2 (2010): 247-267. Academic Search Premier. Web. 13 Nov.
2010.
Rivas, Titus. “Rebirth and Personal Identity: Is Reincarnation an Intrinsically Impersonal Concept?”
Journal of Religion & Psychical Research 28.4 (2005): 226-233. Academic Search Premiere. Web. 13
Nov. 2010.
Routledge, Robin L. “Death and Afterlife in the Old Testament.” Journal of European Baptist Studies 9.1
(2008): 22-39. Academic Search Premiere. Web. 13 Nov. 2010.
Sanchez-Escalonilla, Antonio. “The Hero as a Visitor in Hell.” Journal of Popular Film & Television
32.4 (2005): 149-156. Academic Search Premiere. Web. 15 Nov. 2010.
Stevenson, Ian. Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation. Charlottesville: Virginia UP, 1974. Print.
EVA CONSTANTINE:
Dianne Arbus’ photography of Other beauties – what’s significant about the subject matter of her work?
Goldberg, Jonathan. "Literary Criticism, Literary History and the Place of Homoeroticism." Early
Modern English Poetry: A Critical Companion. 'Ed'. Patrick Cheney. New York: Oxford University
Press, 2007. Print.
Goldberg discusses how in order to define literary history and literary criticism, they usually divulge into
this research through the study of classics individually or in pairs. However, even though Shakespeare’s
poetry portrays love towards a young man and hints towards the homoerotic, critics still refuse this
subtlety as “fantasmatic, spiritual and non-sexual”. Goldberg continues to give details and examples on
how homosexuality coupling and desire is left out of the criticism of much Elizabethan literature as “fatal
homosexual desire”.
Sukonik, Alexandr. "The Productive Limitations of Art Photography." Raritan. 23.2 (2003): 12941. Print.
Sukonik argues that although many individuals may view photography as a second grade art form in
comparison to those naturalistic paintings, photography is rightfully separated as its own genre and stands
by the significance photography can portray. He furthers this by using Diane Arbus as an example-artist,
and how her photography portrays a movement of social change. He also discusses another example of
photography by a Russian photographer, of “two fleshy countrywomen in quilted work jackets in the
Hermitage looking at a painting by Rubens, of a naked woman of about their own build”. A photograph
like this cannot be successfully portrayed in a painting as in order for the humor to be expressed, the
painting would have to be satirical. Although photography has its limitations, as do other art forms, it
holds its place in the art world.
Nash, Graham. "Graham Nash on Diane Arbus's "Child with a Toy Hand Grenade in Central
Park, NYC, 18923"." Aperture. 196.88 (2009): 88. Print.
For a short article of about four paragraphs, I felt this held information that is valuable for my research
because it exemplifies the reason I chose Diane Arbus as my research project. Nash is a songwriter and
was affected by Arbus’ photograph of Child with a Toy Hand Grenade in Central Park and how her
photographs are “images that disturb one's realities and cause one to reflect on why the world is as it is
and the need to accept it as it is”. By illuminating the “others” in society, Arbus is attempting to eradicate
this “otherness”.
Szesnat, Holger. "Philo and Female Homoeroticism." Pacific Theological College. Print.
This article is about Philo of Alexandria and an analyzation of his perspective on female homoertocism
and how the fear goes deeper than just female on female homosexuality. “The most common reason for
such hostility…was the fear of gender role transgression”. The fear stems from gender identity, in
which most of the subjects of Diane Arbus’ photographs challenge.
Seamon, Roger. "From the World is Beautiful to the Family of Man: Plight of Photography as
Modern Art." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 55.3 (1997): 245-252. Print.
Seamons’ article argues that although photography has not been deemed as credible art with any type of
significant value, photography has a value of its own. There is classical art (“pure”) photography and
there is modern art photography, and both are expressive in their own ways. “Photography is the major
artistic medium in the modern world that proclaims that the world is beautiful and that the major task of
the artist is to reveal that beauty in a transparently mimetic way. It is also the modern art that most
consistently expresses the official values of our culture, the belief in human equality and solidarity that
is the basis of the democratic vision” (246). Diane Arbus represents “pure” photography, one which has
not been manipulated. Just because they are not manipulated and fictional, does not mean that her
photography does not transpose a message. Her photographs are expressive in a way which is beyond
what is placed directly in front of us.
Spolsky, Ellen. "Elaborated Knowledge: Reading Kinesis in Pictures." Poetics Today. 17.2 (1996):
157-180. Print.
"INTERVIEW: "Diane Arbus - Nudist Exposed" (2004." American Suburb X. FeedBurner, Web.
16 Nov 2010. <http://www.americansuburbx.com/2009/09/interview-diane-arbus-nudistexposed.html>.
Through an interview between a director and a woman who was photographed by Diane Arbus at a
naturalist community, insight is given as to how the photographed reacted to themselves being put on
display for the world to see. Within her “self”, she felt “good-looking”, but still dieted to lose weight
and got work done to “put things in order”. In fact afterwards, she was finished being a naturalist.
Diane Arbus’ photography challenged the individual to reevaluate her “self” and changed her
appearance in order to fit in with the mold society creates as to what is beautiful, rather than keeping
her own.
Arbus, Diane. Diane Arbus: Revelations. New York: Random House, 2003. Print.
In this book, Arbus includes hundreds upon hundreds of her photographs, including a topless selfportrait of herself taken in the mirror while pregnant. She includes dreams that she transcribed into her
notebooks and quotes that she found significant in one way or another. The titles of her photographs are
simplistic, simply stating the description of the photo itself. Included in Revelations are also articles, an
extensive chronological timeline of her life, and an afterword written by her daughter Doon Arbus.
Arbus, Diane. Diane Arbus. Millerton: An Aperture Monograph, 1972. Print.
The first fifteen pages of this source is primary quotes from Diane Arbus. What she has said in
interviews, classes she gave and her writings. The rest are a collection of Diane Arbus’ black and white
photographs. The quotes give insight on Arbus’ work and art from her own perspective.
Lee, Anthony W., and John Pultz. Diane Arbus: Family Albums. Yale University, 2003. Print.
Diane Arbus: Family Albums contains photographs that were previously not published or seen before
and also articles by the authors with insight into Arbus’ work. Neither artist tries to dissect her work
necessarily, but makes a true attempt to place her work into society as a social enlightenment. There is
an introduction that lays out the format of the entire book and then each author writes an essay about
her “Family Albums”, and what she intended to pursue when creating these albums. What I found most
useful was how the “Family Album” does not only represent a standard family, but how society places
certain individuals with certain characteristics and tendencies into groups, or “families”, of their own.
This is a portrayal of how these individuals that do not even know each other are considered “family”
because they are different from the “norm”.
Inside the Photograph: Writings on Twentieth Century Photography (waiting on ILLIAD arrival)
Frank Lucci
Ever since the pilot episode aired in September of 2004, I have been fascinated with the
television show Lost. The engaging story, the cast of characters, the bizarre twists; everything
about this show appealed to me at some level. It quickly became my favorite show, and held that
position until its conclusion in May of this year. But with the conclusion of the show now I am
fully comfortable with writing about the show at a scholarly level. I did not want to write about
the show, only to have it disprove my theories later on. Now I can write on the island, its
mysteries, and the characters that have fascinated me for so long.
For my Final paper I propose to examine the role of the other in the television show Lost. I
will examine the role of “the other” within the group of survivors (Jin and Sun Kwon, Michael,
etc.) and the role “the other” in context of the survivors versus The Others (people already living
on the island). I will use literature to highlight examples from the show in which the survivors
react to otherness. The show also plays with the concept of the other being savage and wild, as
The Others first appear inferior (they live in huts, have no technology, do not speak) while in
actuality they have a more advanced community than the survivors. (They have houses, access to
radio and television, book clubs, etc.) Finally, I shall show that the survivors themselves fit the
traditional stereotype of “the other” closer than those they consider the other.
1. Arp, Rob and Brace, Patricia. The ethics of Objectification and the search for redemption
in Lost. From The Ultimate Lost and Philosophy: Think Together, Die Alone. Hoboken:
John Wiley & Sons. 2011. Print.
In this essay it is discussed how characters on the show objectify others so that they can
take advantage of them. This is seen prominently in several instances, such as the
survivors objectifying the Others as savage, even after they found out the truth behind
them. This essay explores if moral redemption if applicable to such actions, a topic I will
discuss in my paper.
2. Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White masks. New York City: Grove Press. 1967. Print.
Frantz Fanon writes of how people of African descent put on “masks” when in European
cultures, and the same can be said of the survivors dealing with the Others. When some
characters (Jack and Juliet) are brought to The Others camp they act differently in order
to gain acceptance, but are really plotting against them for personal gain.
3. Fosl, Peter S. Friends and Enemies in the State of Nature: The Absence of Hobbes and
the Presence of Schmitt. From Lost and Philosophy: The island Has its Reasons.
Malden: Blackwell Publishing. 2008. Print.
In this essay Peter Fosl discusses how, while some characters are named after
philosophers (John Locke, Danielle Rousseau, etc.) Some philosophers such as Thomas
Hobbes and Carl Schmitt are left out. Schmitt argued that “the enemy” is needed for a
proper formation of society. In the survivors relationship with the Others the ideals of
Schmitt are clearly seen and acted out.
4. Foucault, Michel. Docile Bodies. From Discipline And Punish, collected in The Foucault
Reader. New York: Pantheon Books. 1984. Print.
Foucault lectures about the importance of individual coercion when persuading people.
This is seen in the interactions between members of the Survivors and The Others. Both
parties try to shift personal alliances of group members by focusing on what they desire.
(Michael wants his son back; Ben wants Jack to perform life saving surgery on him etc)
By doing this both groups begin to shift their perspectives from an us versus them
situation to one of mutual understanding.
5. Gaffney, Karen. Ideology and Otherness in Lost: “Stuck in a Bloody Snow Globe”.
From The Ultimate Lost and Philosophy: Think Together, Die Alone. Hoboken: John
Wiley & Sons. 2011. Print.
This essay discusses the relationship between two of the characters, Jin and Michael.
Both suspect the other of wrongdoing based on their race. (Michael is African American
and Jin is Korean.) This essay explores race and how it causes the othering process to
begin, and the ideologies that shape them. It also shows how the Others marked
themselves as different, and reinforced stereotypes that made them appear to be less
civilized. The survivors did not help matters by making other people fearful of the
Others, despite never seeing or communicating with them.
6. Irigaray, Luce. Approaching the Other as Other. From Luce Irigaray: Key Writings. New
York City: Continuum Press. 2004. Print.
This essay discusses how the othering process is all in the minds of individuals. This is
seen in Lost when characters assume other’s of wrongdoing. Examples of this is Sawyer’s
bias against Sayid due to his previous job as a torturer in the Iraqi Republican Guard, and
Michael and Jin’s constant fighting due to lack of communication (Jin initially only
speaks Korean).
7. Oromaner, Marc. The Myth of Lost. New York City: iUniverse Inc. 2008. Print.
This book gives detailed analysis on each character, including The Others as a whole.
Using this book to showcase The Other’s “normal” standard of living compared to that of
the survivor’s makeshift camp. Specific attention is given to basic necessities the
survivors struggle for (water, food, power) that the Others have in abundance.
8. Schmitt, Carl. Concept of the Political. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1927,
1996. Print.
Expanding on the ideas raised by the previous entry, I will use Carl Schmitt’s book to
highlight particular cases in which the survivors act out Schmitt’s theories in their
dealings with The Others, Most notably the Tale Section’s reaction to The Other’s
hostility.
9. Scott Card, Orson, Editor. Getting Lost: Survival, Baggage, and Starting Over in J. J.
Abrams' Lost. New York City: Benbella Books. 2006. Print.
Using this book is will explore the role the Others play in connection to the survivor’s
views of themselves. By making others of The Others they immediately open a gap
between the groups that leads to misunderstanding and eventual hostility between the
groups. Both see each other as the moral superior to the other, and this causes tragedy and
hatred.
10. Spival, Gayatri Chakravorty. Can the Subaltern Speak? From Colonial Discourse and
Post-Colonial Theory. New York City: Columbia University Press.1994. Print.
Using post-colonial theory in application to Lost, I will show the failure of both parties to
acknowledge each other’s equality, due to the lack of openness between the two groups.
The Other’s make themselves look more impoverished and technologically inferior, thus
the survivors see them as savage. At the same time, The Others view the survivors as
confused, irrational people that have literally crashed into their private world and forced
themselves into their world view. Both see each other as subaltern to the other, and thus
fail to engage in a healthy relationship.