AP Human Geography
Unit II Population and Migration
Test Study Guide
Chapter 2 - Population
Demography – scientific study of population characteristics
Population – Where is the world’s population clustered?
Overpopulation – too many people

2/3 of the world’s population is clustered into 4 regions:
1.
East Asia (China)
2.
Southeast Asia (Mainland & Island – Malaysia, Indonesia for example)
3.
South Asia (India)
4.
Europe (Western)
2.
Similarities – live near oceans (have access to water), low lying fertile soils & temperate climate
3.
All regions in Northern Hemisphere – except SE Asia
POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS
A.
East Asia
 Most populous country (1/5 world’s population) China

Third largest country land area

2/3 people live in rural areas
B.
Southeast Asia

4 th
largest population
 ½ billion people live mainly on islands – most populated country Indonesia
 high percentage of farmers (rural)
C.
South Asia
 1/5 world’s population – most populated country India
 concentrated in river valleys (Ganges & Indus)
 mostly rural farmers
D.
Europe

1/9 the world’s population
 less than 20% are farmers, ¾ people live in urban areas
SPARSLEY POPULATED AREAS
A.
Dry Lands
 20% of the earth’s land
B.
Wet Lands

Located near equator

Soil is depleted of nutrients
C.
Cold Lands

North/South Poles – no permanent residents
D. High Lands

Exceptions to high lands are in Latin America (Chile) & Europe (Switzerland) where the mountainous regions are populated
Vocabulary Review : arable, population densities (physiological, agricultural & arithmetic) TFR, CDR, CBR, doubling time, life expectancy, carrying capacity, dependency ratio
Demographic Transition

Used England as a model since its borders have not changed, lots of population statistics, not affected by migration
Thomas Malthus – ideas on population. J-curve, S-curve

STAGE 1 – Low Growth

High birth & death, no population growth

Began with the agricultural revolution in 8,000 BCE (10,000 years ago)

No country left here today
STAGE 2 – High Growth

High birth & declining death, significant population growth

Began with the Industrial Revolution 1750
STAGE 3 – Moderate Growth

Declining birth rates with already low death rates

Leads to continuing population growth
STAGE 4 – Low Growth

Low birth and low death rates

Very low rate of growth
 Countries with lowest TFR’s

Could lead to ZPG
STAGE 5 – Decline??

Very Low CBR

Increasing CDR

After several decades of low birthrates, Stage 5 country would have very few young women aging into child-bearing years

Increasing older population
Population Pyramids – display age & gender & distribution of males & females
Epidemiological – provides information for the causes of death in each of the four stages of the demographic transition
Stage 1 Deaths

Stage of pestilence & famine – Black Plague
Stage 2 Deaths

Stage of receding pandemics – cholera
Stage 3 Deaths

Stage of degenerative & human-created diseases – heart disease & cancer
Stage 4 Deaths

Delayed degenerative diseases – medicines for cancer have prolonged lives of those affected
Stage 5 Deaths

Anticipated that there could be a emergence of old epidemics – diseases have mutated (resistance to drugs, poverty & improved travel)
Chapter 3 – Migration
Push & Pull -
Three main reasons to migrate
1. Economic – job opportunities, US & Canada are the destinations for economic migrants
2. Cultural – person holds a religious, political or other idea that makes returning to the country dangerous (Internal refugees – Sudan & Columbia, International refugees – Palestinians & Afghans)
3. Environmental – moving to different climates, or to avoid environmental issues – droughts, hurricanes, tornadoes

Vocabulary Review: intervening opportunity, intervening obstacle, refugee, net migration in migration, out migration, enclosure movement, forced migration, voluntary migration, chain migration, illegal
(undocumented) immigrant, brain drain, guest workers
Global pattern of migration is from least developed to most developed countries – economic opportunities
US Immigration from Europe
1.
Colonial Migration
2.
Nineteenth Century Migration a. First Peak (1840-1850)

Northern & Western Europe b. Second Peak (1880)

Northern & Western Europe & Scandinavia c. Third Peak (1890’s – 1900)

Eastern & Southern Europe
*decline during 1930s-1950s – Depression, WWII
3. Recent
a. Asia (1970-1980s)
b. Latin America (1980s – present)
1. Mexico passed Germany in 2006 as the country with the most immigrants that came to the US
Undocumented Immigration to the US

No exact numbers

Patterns of coming to the US involve states that are close to the Mexico border

Border is 2,000 miles long and hard to patrol

Largest numbers of undocumented immigrants come from Mexico

1986 Immigration Reform & Control Act – permitted illegal residents to become US citizens

Quota Laws (1920s)

Hemisphere Quotas

Global Quotas
Post 9/11 Concerns

Concerns change to safeguard the US against future terrorist attacks

Policies affect asylum seekers
Changing Centers of Population
 With each census takes a “center” of population in the US is determined
 US’s center of population has been moving westward for the past 200 years – currently it is Missouri

Largest interregional migration in the US was the opening of the western territories
A. 1790 – Hugging the Coast

All colonial-era settlements were along the east coast
B. 1800-1840 – Crossing the Appalachians

Transportation improvements (Erie Canal)

Settled river valleys between Appalachians and Mississippi

98 th
parallel stop westward migration
C. 1850-1890 – Rushing to the Gold

Shifted more rapidly westward


Gold Rush pulled more people west vs. expanding agriculture

Passed over the Great Plains, because physical environment convinced people unfit for farming
 “Great American Desert”
D. 1900-1940- Filling in the Great Plains

Westward movement slowed during this period

European emigration from Europe offset East to West coast movement

Advances in technology, people could cultivate the area

Expansion of the railroads
E. 1950-2010 – Moving South

Resumed a vigorous movement west as well as now south

Job opportunities and warmer climate

Antagonism between regions has emerged – south has stolen northern industries

Some industries have moved, but most comes from newly established countries
Recent Growth of the South

African –American migration patterns in the US, began to move from the south to the north in the late
20 th
century primarily for job opportunities
Migration within One Region

Industrialization influenced growth in urban areas

Rural to urban - Latin America, Africa & Asia

Most common type of movement in the world (developing)

Those that cannot live in the city end up living on the edge of the city in poor unsanitary condition – favelas, barrios, squatter settlements
Intraregional Migration
Migration from Rural to Urban

Began in the 1800s in Europe and North America, as part of the Industrial Revolution

Seeking economic advancement

Recently urbanization has moved to developing countries of Asia, Latin America and Africa
Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas

In developed nations the migration pattern is from urban to suburban

People do not have to live in the city to work in the city – transportation, work via the internet
 suburbanization
Migration from Urban to Rural

Took place in developed countries late 20 th
century

First time more people immigrated into rural areas than emigrated out of them

Net migration from urban to rural is counterurbanization